and Khazars, here, here
Julius Caesar, here, here
Jurjān, here
Justin II, Emperor, here
Justinian, Emperor, here, here
Juvenal’s Satires, here
Kabul, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Kalinin, here
Kalmyk tribe, here
Kamenev, Lev, here
al-Kāmil, Sultan, here
Kandahar, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Kannenberg, Arthur, here
Karachaganak gas field, here
Karachi, here, here, here
Karaj dam, here, here
Karakorum, here, here, here, here
Karakum desert, here
Karzai, Hamid, here
Kashani, Ayatollah, here, here
Kashgar, here, here, here, here, here
al-Kāshgharī, Mamūd, here
Kavad, Shah, here
Kavanagh, Corporal Charles, here
Kavtaradze, Sergei, here
Kazakhs, here, here
Kennan, George, here
Kennedy, John F., here, here
Kerry, John, here, here
KGB, here, here, here
Khan, General Ayub, here
Khan, Daoud, here
Khan, Muqarrab, here
Khar’kov, here
Kharg island, here
Khā ājib, Yūsuf, here
Khatami, Mohammad, here
Khazars, here, here, here, here
conversion to Judaism, here, here, here
Kherson, here
Khiva, here, here
Khokand, here, here
Khomeini, Ayatollah, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
and export of Islamic revolution, here, here
and hostage crisis, here
and Iran–Iraq War, here
rapprochement with US, here, here
Khoramshahr, here, here
Khost tunnels, here
Khrushchev, Nikita, here
Khukh Ordung, here
Khusraw I, Shah, here, here
Khusraw II, Shah, here
Khwārazm, here
al-Khwārizmī, Muammad ibn Mūsā, here
Kiev, here, here, here, here, here, here
al-Kindī, here
Kirdīr, inscription of, here, here, here
Kissinger, Henry, here, here, here
Kitabgi, Antoine, here
Kitchener, Lord, here
Knights Hospitaller, here
Knights of the Garter, here, here
Knights Templar, here, here
Knox D’Arcy, William, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Kokhe, here
Kolhapur, here
Komondo islands, here
Korean War, here, here
Korla monitoring site, here
Kovno, here
Kraftwerk Union AG, here, here
Kraków, sack of, here
Kristallnacht, here
Kublai Khan, here
Kucha, here
Kūfa, here
Kurds, here, here, here, here
Kuropatkin, General Alexei, here
Kushan empire, here, here, here, here, here, here
Kushk, here
Kutadgu Bilig, here
Kuwait, here, here, here, here
and founding of OPEC, here
Iraqi invasion, here
Kvaternik, Slavko, here
Kyrgyz, here, here
Kyrgyzstan, ‘Tulip Revolution’, here
La Rochelle, here
Laccadive islands, here
Lagos, here
Lahore, here, here
Lake Mälar, here
Lambton, Ann, here
lamps, inscriptions on, here
Lansdowne, Lord, here, here, here
Laos, here
lapis lazuli, here, here, here, here
las Casas, Bartolomé de, here, here
Lawrence, T. E., here
Lay of Rigr, here
Le Corbusier, here
Leibniz, Gottfried, here
Leiden University, here
Lenin, Vladimir, here, here
Leningrad, here, here, here
Leo X, Pope, here
Leonardo da Vinci, here
Lepanto, battle of, here
LeQueux, William, here
Lermontov, Mikhail, here
lettres de marque, here
Levant Company, here
Levi, Primo, here
Levshin, Alexei, here
Lewinsky, Monica, here
Li Xian, here
Libya, here, here, here, here
Lichnowsky, Prince, here
Liebmann, General Kurt, here
life expectancy, increased, here
literacy, decline in, here
Litvinov, Maxim, here
Liu Dong, here
Lloyd George, David, here, here
Lockerbie bombing, here
Lodi dynasty, here
London, here, here, here, here
longships, Viking, here, here
Lopez, Jennifer, here
Loraine, Sir Percy, here
Louis IX, King (of France), here, here
Low Countries, here, here, here, here
see also Dutch Republic
Lu Zhi, here
Lucca, here
Lufthansa, here
Lund, expansion of, here
Luoyang, here, here, here
Luther, Martin, here, here
Lytton, Lord, here
Lyubech, here
Ma Huan, here
Macarius, bishop of Jerusalem, here
Macassar, here
Macau, here, here, here
McFarlane, Robert, here
Machpelah, cave of, here
Maclean, Colonel, here
Macmillan, Harold, here
Madagascar, here
Madeira, here
Madras, here, here, here
madrasas, here
Madre de Deus, here
Magellan, Ferdinand, here
Magno, Alessandro, here
Mahdia, here
Maikop, here
Mainz, here
Maiskii, Ivan, here
Makhachkala, Anzhi, here
Malacca, here, here, here
malaria, here
Malay peninsula, here, here, here
Malindi, here
Mamluks, here, here
Manchuria, here, here
Manhattan Project, here
Mani (prophet), here
Manichaeans, persecution of, here
Manichaeism, here, here
Manila, here, here
Manners, Lady Diana, here
Mansa Musa, here
Manuel I, King (of Portugal), here, here
Manzikert, battle of, here
Mao Zedong, here
Margarit, Pedro, here
Maria-Theresa, Empress, here
Mark Antony, here
marriage, age at, here
Marriott, Alfred, here
Martel, Charles, here
Martial, here
Marx, Karl, here, here, here
Mary, mother of Jesus, here, here, here
Mary I, Queen, here
Mashad, here
Masjed Soleymān oil wells, here
Masjid-i Shāh mosque, here
al-Masūdī, here
mathematics, here, here, here, here
Maurice, Emperor, here
Mauritania, here
Mauritius, here
Maxentius, Emperor, here
Mayan empire, here
Mazdak, here
measles, here
Mecca, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
haram (pagan shrine), here
the Kaba, here, here, here
and Portuguese trade, here
rise of, here
and Yom Kip
pur War, here
Medes, here
‘Median fire’, here
Medici, Cardinal Ferdinando de, here
Medici, Grand Duke Francesco de, here
medicine and pharmacology, here
Medina (Yathrib), here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Mehmed II, Sultan, here
melons, Spanish, here
Menander, King (of Bactria), here
Menéndez de Avilés, Pedro, here
Merchant Adventurers Company, here
Merv, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
‘mother of the world’, here
Meshed, here
Messina, here
methamphetamines, here
Methodius, here
Mexía, Pedro, here
Mexico, discovery of oil, here, here
Meynell, Alice, here
Michelangelo, here
Michiel, Doge Vitale, here
Middle East Anti-Locust Unit (MEALU), here
Midway, battle of, here
Milindapañhā, here
Mill, John Stuart, here
Milvian Bridge, battle of, here
Ming dynasty, here, here, here
miniature painting, here
Minsk, here, here
Mitteis, Ludwig, here
Moctezuma, here
Mogadishu, here
Mogharebi, General Ahmad, here
Mohács, battle of, here
Molotov, Vyacheslav, here, here, here, here, here
Moltke, Helmuth von, here
Mombasa, here
‘monarchy, revival of’, here
Möngke, Great Khan, here
Mongols, here, here, here
administrative system, here
cultural impact of conquests, here, here
headgear, here
known as ‘Tatars’, here
and miniature painting, here
and religious tolerance, here
and spread of plague, here
and violence, here
monotheism, triumph of, here
Morgan, J. P., here
Morocco, here, here, here
Morris, William, here
Mosasadegh, Mohammed, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Moscow, here, here, here, here
Moscow Olympics, here
Moses, here
Mosul, here, here, here, here, here
Moẓaffar od-Dīn, Shah, here, here
Mughal empire, cultural achievements, here
Muammad, Prophet, here, here, here, here, here, here
date of his death, here
hijra, here
his image on coins, here
and plague, here
and succession, here, here
al-Muktafī, Caliph, here
Multan, here
Mumbai, here
Mun, Thomas, here
Mundy, Peter, here
Munich Olympic Games, here
Murad, Sultan, here
Murano glass, here
Murmansk, here, here
Murphy, Richard, here
Muscat, here
music, Chinese enjoyment of, here
Musil, Robert, here
musk, here, here, here
Mussolini, Benito, here
al-Mustaim, Caliph, here
Mutawakkil, Wakīl Ahmed, here, here
Muziris, here
Myos Hormos, here
myrrh, here
Mysore, here
‘nabobs’, here
Nagasaki, here
Naim, Prince, here
Nairobi, embassy bombing, here
Najaf, here
Naksh-i-Rustām, here
Nanjing, here
napalm, here
Naples, here
Napoleon Bonaparte, here, here
Nāir-i Khusraw, here
Nasser, Gamal abdel, here, here, here
Natanz nuclear facility, here
National Museum of Qatar, here
NATO, here
Nau Taforeia, here
Navigation Act, here
Nazarbayev, Nursultan, here
Nazarenes, here
Nestorius, Patriarch, here
Neurians, here
New England, settlement in, here
Newton, Isaac, here
Nicaea, here
Nicaraguan Contras, here
Nicene creed, here
Nicholas I, Tsar, here
Nicholas II, Tsar, here
Nicks, Elihu, here
Nicolson, Sir Arthur, here, here
Nile floods here, here
9/11 attacks, here
Nine Years War, here
Nineveh, here
Nisa, here
Nīshāpūr, here, here, here, here
Nisibis, here, here, here
Nixon, Richard M., here, here, here
nökürs (Mongol warriors), here
Norman mercenaries, here
North, Lord, here
North Korea, here
‘Northern Tier’, here
Northern Wei dynasty, here
North-West Frontier, here
North-West Passage, here
Norwegian neutrality, violation of, here
Novgorod, here, here, here, here, here
nuclear technology, here, here
nutmeg, here, here, here, here, here, here
Obama, Barack, here, here, here, here
Odessa, here, here, here
Offa, King (of Mercia), here
Ogarkov, General Nikolai, here
Ögödei, Great Khan, here, here
oil price
effects of instability on, here, here, here
falling, here
rising, here, here, here, here
Oirats, here, here
Omar, Mullah, here, here
OPEC
founding of, here
and rising oil price, here, here
Ophir, mines of, here
opium, here, here, here
orange trees, Emperor Bābur’s, here
Ordás, Diego de, here
Orenburg, here
Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons, here
Orme, Robert, here
Oseberg, here
Osirak nuclear reactor, here
Ottoman empire
collapse of, here
competition with Portuguese, here
contraction and decline, here
cultural achievements, here
economic stagnation, here
First World War aims, here
relations with England, here
relations with Germany, here
rise of, here, here
Russian attack on, here
social structures, here
Ouseley, Sir Gore, here
Outremer, colonies founded in, here
Oxford University, here
oyster beds, here, here
Padua, here
Page, Walter, here
Pakistan, here, here, here, here, here
and hunt for bin Laden, here
nuclear capacity, here, here
Palestine
British-controlled, here, here
and Jewish immigration, here, here
Palestine Liberation Front, here
Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), here
Palmerston, Lord, here, here
Palmyra, here, here
Pals Battalions, here
Panjikent, here, here
paper-making, here
paper money, here
Paris
secret registration of Jews, here
siege of, here
Parsons, Sir Anthony, here, here
Parthian language, here
Partitio terrarum imperii Romaniae, here
Pasargadae, here
Paschooski, Dr, here
Passover, here
Pattanam, here
Pa
ul V, Pope, here
Pearl Harbor, here
pearls, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Pecheneg nomads, here, here, here
Pedro IV, King (of Aragon), here
Pegolotti, Francesco, here, here
Penang, here
People’s Liberation Army, here
pepper, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
from crocodile swamps, here
supply and demand, here
Pepys, Samuel, here
Perak, here
Persepolis, here, here
Persia (Persian empire)
Anglo-Persian agreement, here
bureaucracy, here, here
Christian church in, here, here, here, here, here
collapse of, here, here
cultural renaissance, here
expansion of empire, here, here
and founding of monasteries, here
and independence, here
and Indian trade, here
markets and bazaars, here
oil reserves, here, here, here, here, here
and overthrow of Seleucids, here
relations with China, here
relations with England, here, here, here, here, here, here
relations with Russia, here, here, here, here
resurgence and adoption of Zoroastrianism, here, here
road network, here, here
Roman alliance, here, here
Roman incursions, here, here
Roman wars, here, here, here, here, here
rulers’ love of gifts, here
tolerance of minorities and religions, here, here
Persian Corridor, here, here
Persian epic literature, here
Persian language, purification of, here
Persian wall, maintenance of, here
Perugia, here
Peshawar, here, here, here
Peter the Venerable, abbot of Cluny, here
Petra, here
Petraeus, General David, here
Petrarch, here
Petronius’ Satyricon, here
Philip, King (of Macedon), here
Philip II, King (of France), here
Philippines, here, here
phoenixes, here
Phokas, Emperor, here
Piacenza, here
Picasso, Pablo, here
Piero della Francesca, here
pigeon racing, here
pigments, imports of, here
pilgrimages, to Holy Land, here
Pincheng, here
pipelines, here
piracy, here, here
Pisa, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here
Pitt, William, the Elder, here
Pius V, Pope, here
plague, here, here
see also Black Death
Pliny the Elder, here, here
Pliny the Younger, here
Plutarch, here, here
Poindexter, Admiral John, here
Poitiers, here
Poland
invasion of, here, here
and Nazi–Soviet pact, here, here
post-war territory, here
and resettlement of Jews, here
Poliane, here
Polk, William, here
Polo, Marco, here, here, here
Polotsk, here
polytheism, decline of, here
Pontius Pilate, here, here
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