11. FD to English Correspondent, Liberator, 9/16/64.
12. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 174-75.
13. AL to Nathaniel P. Banks, 8/9/64.
14. In Memoriam Frederick Douglass (Philadelphia: John C Yorston, 1897), 70-71.
15. FDA, 795.
16. Noah Brooks, Mr. Lincoln's Washington: Selections from the Writings of Noah Brooks, Civil Correspondent, ed. P. J. Staudenraus (South Brunswick, N.J.: T.Yoseloff, 1967), 7.
17. John C Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle of the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown, 1997), 262; Thurlow Weed to William H. Seward, August 22, 1864, ALP; Henry J. Raymond to AL, August 22, 1864, ALP.
18. David Goodman Croly and George Wakeman, Miscegenation: The Theory of the Blending of the Races, Applied to the White Man and Negro. 1864 (Upper Saddle River, N.J.: Literature House/Gregg Press, rpr. 1970), 1-2, 8-9.
19. Tyler Dennett, ed., Lincoln and the Civil War in the Diaries and Letters of John Hay (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1939), 203; CW, 7:145.
20. Edwin M. Stanton to AL, 4/2/64, ALP; Fehrenbacher and Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln, 187; DM, 8/63, Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1956), 258-59; William K. Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861-1865 (New York: Viking, 2001), 256.
21. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 198.
22. William P. Dole to AL, 8/18/64, ALP.
23. CW, 7:506; Ida Tarbell, The Life of Abraham Lincoln, 2 vols. (New York: Lincoln Memorial Association, 1900), 2:201-3.
24. Daily National Intelligencer, 8/19/64; Daily National Republican, 8/19/64; Daily Morning Chronicle, 8/19/64.
25. Dictionary of Wisconsin Biography (Madison: State Historical Society of Wisconsin, 1960).
26. CW, 7:508.
27. FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/15//64, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library; FDP, 4:542.
28. Harold Holzer, Lincoln As L Knew Him: Gossip, Tributes, and Revelations From His Best Friends and Worst Enemies (Chapel Hill: Algonquin Books, 1999), 193; Rufus Rockwell Wilson, ed., Lincoln Among His Friends: A Sheaf of Intimate Memories (Caldwell, Id.: Caxton Printers, 1942), 179; Wilson, Lincoln Among His Friends, 360.
29. Rosine Draz to FD, 5/30/64, 7/5/64, LC.
30. FDA, 796, Daily National Intelligencer, 8/19/64, CW, 7:451.
31. Cincinnati Enquirer, 7/25/64.
32. Charles Robinson to AL, 8/7/63, ALP.
33. FDA, 796.
34. CW, 7:500-1.
35. The primary account of this meeting comes from FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/15/64, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library. Douglass also left accounts in FDA, 796; FDP, 5:541; FDA, 797. Allen Thorndike Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Review, 1888), 320.
36. FDA, 716, 757-60.
37. J.G. Randall, Lincoln: The Liberal Statesman (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1947), 28; DM, 11/62.
38. Cornish, The Sable Arm, 158-60.
39. Augustus Montgomery to General William Rosecrans, 5/17/63, ALP.
CHAPTER 14: GOING HOME
1. FDA, 796.
2. FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/15/64, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library.
3. CW, 7:507.
4. Francine Curro Cary, Urban Odyssey: A Multicultural History of Washington, D. C (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1996), 31; Andrew Boyd, Boyds Washington and Georgetown Directory (Washington: Hudson Taylor, 1864); Andrew Hilyer, ed., The Twentieth Century Union League Directory (Washington: Union League, 1901).
5. John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 175.
6. FD to AL, 8/29/64.
7. CW, 7:514.
8. Lewis Douglass to FD, 8/22/64, LC.
9. File 620 (C.T.) 1879, entry 360, Letters Received, Colored Troops Division, Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
10. National Archives microfilm publication M817, Compiled Service Records of Volunteer Union Soldiers Who Served with the 5th Massachusetts Cavalry (Colored), roll 80, Record Group 94, Records of the Adjutant General's Office, National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
11. Charles Douglass, 9/15/64, LC.
12. Chicago Tribune, 9/5/64.
13. Official Proceedings of the Democratic National Convention Held in 1864 at Chicago (Chicago: Times Steam Book and Job Printing House, 1864), 60-61.
14. Philip S. Foner, Frederick Douglass (New York: Citadel Press, 1964), 231.
15. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 216.
16. FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/15/64, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library.
17. FD to William Lloyd Garrison, 9/17/64, LC.
18. Martin B. Pasternak, Rise Now and Fly to Arms: The Life of Henry Highland Garnet (New York: Garland Publishing, 1995), 4.
19. Pasternak, Rise Now and Fly to Arms, 117.
20. Pasternak, Rise Now and Fly to Arms, 118.
21. Larry E. Nelson, "Black Leaders and the Presidential Election of 1864," Journal of Negro History (January 1978): 53; Edwin Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men:Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 207.
22. Proceedings of the National Convention of Colored Men, held in the city of Syracuse, N Y., October 4, 5, 6, and 7, 1864; with the bill of wrongs and rights, and the address to the American people (Boston: J. S. Rock and G. L. Ruffin, 1864), Library of Congress; Michael Vorenberg, Final Freedom: The Civil War, the Abolition of Slavery, and the Thirteenth Amendment (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2001), 158-59.
23. Redkey, A Grand A rmy of Black Men , 2 1 3.
24. FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/15/64, Buffalo and Erie County Public Library.
25. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 2X7.
26. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 143-44.
27. Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 141-42.
28. Christopher Phillips, Freedoms Port: The African American Community of Baltimore, 1790-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997), 131-40; Dickson J. Preston, Young Frederick Douglass: The Maryland Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1980), 97-98.
29. FDP, 4:38-40.
30. Preston, Young Frederick Douglass, 163-64; New York Independent, 3/2/65.
31. Preston, Young Frederick Douglass, 163-64.
32. FDP, 4:38-50.
CHAPTER 15: SACRED EFFORTS
1. Mary Carpenter to FD, 3/25/65, LC
2. FDP, 4:59-60; FDP, 4:62.
3. FDP: 4:66-67.
4. Charles Douglass to FD, 2/19/65, LC
5. Lewis H. Douglass et al. to Hon. E. M. Stanton (Jan. 1865), D-51 1865, Letters Received, ser. 360, Colored Troops Division, RG 94 (B-584); Charles Douglass to FD, 2/9/65, LC; Rosetta Douglass Sprague to FD, 2/21/65.
6. AL to Edward Bates, 6/24/64, ALP; Mary Frances Berry, Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy: Black Citizenship and the Constitution, 1861-1868 (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977), 68-70.
7. James McPherson, The Negro s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 202-3.
8. Frank A. Rollin, Life and Public Services of Martin R. Delany (New York: Arno Press, 1969), 172-76.
9. Ronald C White Jr., The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words (New York: Random House, 2005), 297.
10. Richard Striner, Father Abraham: Lincoln's Relentless Struggle to End Slavery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), 233.
11. Christoph Lohmann, ed., Radical Passion: Ottilie Assing's Reports from America and Letters to Frederick Douglass (New York: Peter Lang, 2000), 298-300.
12. Charles Douglass to FD, 2/9/65.
13. Rosine Draz to FD, 4/23/65, LC
14.
FDA, 800.
15. George Templeton Strong, The Diary of George Templeton Strong: The Civil War, 1860-1865, ed. Allan Nevins and Milton Halsey Thomas (New York: Macmillan, 1954), 500; Doris Kearns Goodwin, Team of Rivals: The Political Genius of Abraham Lincoln (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2005), 680.
16. Mary Merwin Phelps, Kate Chase: Dominant Daughter: The Life Story of a Brilliant Woman and Her Famous Father (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1935), 133, 138, 167.
17. FDA, 800.
18. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 165; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington: 1860-1865 (New York, Harper & Brothers, 1941), 366; Allen T. Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Review, 1888), 320; Ronald C. White Jr., Lincoln's Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 32-33; FDA, 800; FDP, 5:542.
19. London Times, 3/20/65.
20. George Fort Milton, The Age of Hate: Andrew Johnson and the Radicals (New York: Coward-McCann, 1930), 147.
21. Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 320-21.
22. FDA, 801; White Jr., Lincoln's Greatest Speech, 42.
23. Harold Holzer, Lincoln at Cooper Union: The Speech That Made Abraham Lincoln President (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2004), 111-114; 77K New York Herald, 3/6/65.
24. FDP, 5:343.
25. DM, 10/61.
26. CW, 8:333.
27. FDP, 5:544.
28. FDA, 803.
29. FDP, 5:544.
30. FDP: 5:544.
31. Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln, 322; FDP: 5:544; Burlingame, Lincoln Observed, 169; FDA, 804.
32. FDP: 5:544.
33. FDA, 804.
34. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes: Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House, ed. Frances Smith Foster (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 120.
35. White, Lincoln's Greatest Speech, 183.
36. AL to Thurlow Weed, 3/15/65; CW, 8:356.
CHAPTER 16: "IT MADE US KIN"
1. Blake McKelvey, Rochester, The Flower City: 1855-1890 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949), 69-71; Blake McKelvey, Rochester on the Genesee: The Growth of a City. (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1973), 85.
2. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 236-37; Edwin Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861—1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 177.
3. FDP, 69-74.
4. McKelvey, Rochester, 71.
5. CW, 8:400-5.
6. Edward Steers Jr., Blood on the Moon: The Assassination of Abraham Lincoln (Lexington: University of Kentucky Press, 2001), 91.
7. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 192; Rosine Draz to FD, 4/27/65, LC; Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 4/28/65, LC
8. Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men, 200.
9. FDP, 4:76-79.
10. FDA, 809-10.
EPILOGUE: AMERICAS STEPCHILDREN
1. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 247; FD to Mary Todd Lincoln, 8/17/65, Frederick Douglass Papers, Yale University.
2. Elizabeth Keckley, Behind the Scenes: Thirty Years a Slave, and Four Years in the White House, ed. Frances Smith Foster (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2001), 227, 248, 254.
3. Benjamin Quarles, Frederick Douglass (New York: Da Capo Press, rpr. 1997), 226.
4. Philip S. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International, 1950-1955), 4:182-93.
5. New York Tribune, 2/12/66; Maria Diedrich, Love Across Color Lines: Ottilie Assing &Frederick Douglass (New York: Hill & Wang, 1999), 270.
6. FDA, 820-22.
7. Nathan Irvin Huggins, Slave and Citizen: The Life of Frederick Douglass (Boston: Little, Brown, 1980), 126.
8. Rochester Union and Advertiser, 1/8/66.
9. Mary Frances Berry, Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy: Black Citizenship and the Constitution, 1861-1868 (Port Washington, N.Y.: Kennikat Press, 1977), 84.
10. James McPherson, Abraham Lincoln and the Second American Revolution (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 16-19, 24.
11. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 7.
12. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 3.
13. Oration of Frederick Douglass Delivered on the Occasion of the Unveiling of the Freedman's Monument in Memory of Abraham Lincoln, in Lincoln Park, Washington, D.C., April 14th, 1876; with an Appendix (Washington, D.C., 1876), 1-15 (rpr. New York, 1940).
14. W. E. B. Du Bois: Writings (New York: Library of America, 1986), 1196.
15. Kenneth O'Reilly, Nixon's Piano (New York: Free Press, 1995), 66.
16. Ibid., 89.
17. James Washington, ed., A Testament of Hope: Essential Writings of Martin Luther King, Jr. (San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1986), 217.
18. Waldo E. Martin Jr., The Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 276.
19. Ibid., 277.
20. FDS, 485.
APPENDIX: AFTERMATH—THE DOUGLASS FAMILY
1. Rosetta Douglass Sprague to Frederick Douglass, 9/17/76, LC; William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 288; Lara Becker Lui, "Douglass Kin Graves Found," Rochester Democrat and Chronicle, 5/2/2003.
2. National Anti-Slavery Standard, 8/19/65.
3. Lewis Douglass to FD, 6/9/65, Howard University; National Anti-Slavery Standard, 12/7/65.
4. Rosine Draz to FD, 7/18/65, LC; FD to James M. McKim, 4/29/65, Cornell University Anti-Slavery Papers.
5. Waldo E. Martin, The Mind of Frederick Douglass (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1985), 251.
6. W. E. B. Du Bois, The Souls of Black Folk, in Three Negro Classics (New York: Avon Books, 1999), 215.
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