16. All annual message quotes, LLA, vol. 2, 393-415.
17. Michael Vorenberg, "Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 14, Summer 1993, 23.
18. George W. Julian, Political Recollections (Chicago: McClurg, 1884), 61; CW, 5:434.
19. Rosetta Douglass to FD, 12/28/62.
20. DM, 1/63.
21. FDA, 790.
22. FDP, 3:546-48.
23. FDA, 790-1.
24. FDA, 791; DM, 3/63.
25. DM, 3/63.
26. DM, 3/63; FDA, 791-2; FDP, 3:546-48.
CHAPTER 9: "GIVE THEM A CHANCE"
1. Philip S. Foner, The Life and Writings of Frederick Douglass (New York: International, 1950-1955), 3:204.
2. FD to Theodore Tilton, 10/21/62, Frederick Douglass Papers, New York Historical Society; FD to S.J. May, 1/28/63, Thomson-Kenney Collection, Connecticut State Library, Hartford, Connecticut.
3. DM, 3/63; FDP, 549-69.
4. Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 12/5/62, LC.
5. H. Ford Douglas to FD, 1/8/63, in DM, 2/63.
6. Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1956), 42; William K. Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation (New York: Viking, 2001), 160; Andre Trudeau, Like Men of War: Black Troops in the Civil War, 1862-1865 (New York: Little, Brown, 1998), 18; Ruth Rosenberg-Naparsteck, "A Growing Agitation: Rochester Before, During and After the Civil War," Rochester History XLVI (January and April 1984): 29.
7. CW, 5:423; AL to Nathaniel Banks, 3/29/63, ALP; AL to Andrew Johnson, 3/26/63, ALP.
8. FDP, 3:567.
9. Charles Heller, Portrait of an Abolitionist: A Biography of George Luther Stearns (Westport: Greenwood Press, 1996), 143.
10. Ibid., 145.
11. Ibid., 139.
12. Ibid., 146.
13. Louis F. Emilio, History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment of the Massachusetts Volunteer Infantry, 1863-1865 (Boston: 1894), 12.
14. Benjamin Quarles, Frederick Douglass (New York: Da Capo Press, rpr. 1997), 205; FD to William C. Whiting, 4/17/63, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans.
15. DM, 2/63; DM, 6/63.
16. FD to William C. Whiting, 4/17/63, Amistad Research Center, New Orleans.
17. Martha Greene to FD, 7/7/64, LC.
18. Henry O. Waggoner to FD, 8/27/66; William S. McFeely, Frederick Douglass (New York: W. W. Norton, 1991), 224.
19. NationalAnti-Slavery Standard, 9/6/62.
20. Lewis Douglass to Amelia Loguen, 6/14/62, 8/12/62, Howard University.
21. DM, 3/63.
22. DM, 7/63; DM, 4/63.
23. DM, 3/63; David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass's Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 159.
24. DM, 3/63; FD to Gerrit Smith, 3/6/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University.
25. George Steams to FD, 3/24/63, LC; FD to Gerrit Smith, 6/19/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University.
26. DM, 3/63; FD to Gerrit Smith, 6/19/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University.
27. DM, 3/63; FD to Gerrit Smith, 3/6/63, 6/19/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University.
28. Rosine Draz to FD, 3/16/63, 5/12/63, Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 4/3/63, LC.
29. George Evans to FD, 6/6/63, LC.
30. Peter Burchard, One Gallant Rush (New York: St. Martin's Press, 1965), 91-92.
31. FD to Gerrit Smith, 6/19/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University; McFeely, Frederick Douglass, 225; Cornish, The Sable Arm, 148; Boston Transcript, 5/28/63; Liberator, 6/5/63; Emilio, A History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment, 31-33, Maria Diedrich, Love Across Color Lines: Ottilie Assing & Frederick Douglass (New York: Hill & Wang, 1999), 247.
32. Liberator, 6/5/63.
33. FD to Gerrit Smith, 6/19/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University; Emilio, A History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment, 33.
34. Burchard, One Gallant Rush, 136.
35. Lewis Douglass to Amelia Loguen, 7/20/63, LC; Emilio, A History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment, 68-83.
36. DM, 8/63; Trudeau, Like Men of War, 85; Lewis Douglass to Amelia Loguen, 7/20/63, LC.
37. Lewis Douglass to Amelia Loguen, 7/20/63, LC.
38. DM, 8/63.
39. FDA, 781.
40. Heller, Portrait of an Abolitionist, 155.
41. Rosine Draz to FD, 7/12/63; Mary Carpenter to FD, 7/10/63, LC.
42. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Free Press, 1989), 124-29; Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom:Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience: A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861—1867 (Freedom: A Documentary History of Emancipation) (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983), 518.
43. FDP, 590-98.
44. FDA, 793-94.
45. FDS, 537.
46. George Winston Smith and Charles Judah, Life in the North During the Civil War: A Source History (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1966), 143.
47. Charles Douglass to FD, 7/6/63, LC.
48. DM, 2/63.
49. Emilio, A History of the Fifty-Fourth Regiment, 179; James McPherson, The Negro s Civil War: How American Negroes Felt and Acted During the War for the Union (New York: Vintage Books, 1965), 200; Corporal James Henry Gooding to AL, 9/28/63, in Berlin, ed., Freedom: Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience, 385-86.
50 . Blight, Frederick Douglass's Civil War, 164.
51. Edwin Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men: Letters from African-American Soldiers in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1992), 229-30.
52. Trudeau, Like Men of War, 257; Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 35, 118; Redkey, A Grand Army of Black Men, 211.
53. Trudeau, Like Men of War, 76; Berlin, ed., Freedom: Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience, 589.
54. Trudeau, Like Men of War, 246.
55. Ira Berlin et al., Free at Last: A Documentary History of Slavery, Freedom, and the Civil War (New York: New Press, 1992), 450-51.
56. Liberator, 5/22/63.
57. DM, 8/63.
58. DM, 8/63.
CHAPTER 10: FIRST MEETING
1. Jerrold M. Packard, The Lincolns in the White House: Four Years That Shattered a Family (New York: St. Martin's Press, 2005), 7-10, 162; Margaret Leech, Reveille in Washington: 1860-1865 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941), 10.
2. William K. Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 1861— 1865 (New York: Viking, 2001), 212; Ernest B. Furgurson, Freedom Rising: Washington in the Civil War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2004), 193.
3. Daniel Mark Epstein, Lincoln and Whitman: Parallel Lives in Civil War Washington (New York: Random House, 2004), 98-99; Matthew Pinsker, Lincoln's Sanctuary:Abraham Lincoln and the Soldiers' Home (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 109; Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 267; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 261.
4. Ronald C. White Jr., Lincoln's Greatest Speech: The Second Inaugural (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 26; Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 267.
5. Furgurson, Freedom Rising, 12; Leech, Reveille in Washington, 236, 251; Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 79.
6. Daily National Republican, 8/10/63; Furgurson, Freedom Rising, 332.
7. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society; George Steams to FD, 8/8/63, LC.
8. National Anti-Slavery Standard, 9/6/62; Michael Vorenberg, "Abraham Lincoln and the Politics of Black Colonization," Journal of the Abraham Lincoln Association 14, Summer 1993, 35-36.
9. Douglass's third autobiography mentions the Stanton meeting second, but the account he laid out in a letter to Steams a few days after the meetings puts the Stanton meeting first. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society.
1
0. FDP, 5:340.
11. FDA, 787; Benjamin Thomas and Harold M. Hyman, Stanton: The Life and Times of Lincoln's Secretary of War (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1962), 161-63.
12. FDA, 787; Thomas and Hyman, Stanton, 163, 166; Klingaman, Abraham Lincoln and the Road to Emancipation, 97.
13. David H. Donald, Lincoln Reconsidered (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1956), 71.
14. CW, 6:357.
15. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society.
16. FDA, 787.
17. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society. In Douglass's autobiography he writes of the commission as his idea, but the account from the time period says otherwise. Since the autobiography was written decades later, we believe his private letter to Steams is more trustworthy.
18. FDA, 787.
19. Joseph T. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle: The Civil War Alliance of Black Soldiers and White Officers (New York: Free Press, 1989), 37; Dudley T. Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1956), 113-14, 123-26; Louis S. Gerteis, From Contraband to Freedman:Federal Policy Toward Southern Blacks, 1861-1865 (Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1973), 120; AL to Edwin Stanton, 7/21/63, ALP.
20. Glatthaar, Forged in Battle, 69; Mary Frances Berry, Military Necessity and Civil Rights Policy: Black Citizenship and the Constitution, 1861-1868 (Port Washington: Kennikat Press, 1977), 62.
21. Ira Berlin et al., Free at Last: 113; Brig. Genl. Thomas Ewing to Lt. Col. CW. Marsh, 8/3/63, in Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom: Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience: 229.
22. Affidavit of a Kentucky Black Soldier's Widow, 3/25/65, in Berlin, ed., Freedom:Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience, 269.
23. Michael Burlingame, ed., Lincoln Observed: Civil War Dispatches of Noah Brooks (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1998), 80-84; FDP, 3: 606.
24. Brooks, Lincoln Observed, 84-86; Benjamin Thomas, Abraham Lincoln (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1952), 456.
25. FDP, 3:606; FDP, 5:539; FDA, 785.
26. FDP, 3:606.
27. AL to Mary Todd Lincoln, 8/8/1863, ALP.
28. FDA, 785; Benjamin Thomas, Abraham Lincoln, 457; FDP, 5:539; Brooks, Lincoln Observed, 84-86; Victoria Radford, Meeting Mr. Lincoln: Firsthand Recollections of Abraham Lincoln by People, Great and Small, Who Met the President (Chicago: Ivan R. Dee, 1998), 98.
29. FDA, 785; FDP, 3:606; FDP, 5:341; John C. Waugh, Reelecting Lincoln: The Battle for the 1864 Presidency (New York: Crown, 1997), 77-78; Harold Holzer, ed., Lincoln As 1Knew Him: 119-20; Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 507.
30. FDA, 785; FDA, 809; P.M. Zall, ed., Abe Lincoln Laughing: Humorous Anecdotes from Original Sources by and about Abraham Lincoln (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1995), 21.
31. FDA, 809; FDP, 5:538.
32. Allen Thorndike Rice, Reminiscences of Abraham Lincoln by Distinguished Men of His Time (New York: North American Review, 1888), 186; FDA, 785-86; FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society; FDP, 5:539-40.
33. FDP, 5:539-40; FDP, 5:539.
34. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society.
35. FDP, 5:539-42.
36. FDP, 5:539-42; FDA, 787.
37. FDP, 3:607-8.
38. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society.
39. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 168.
CHAPTER 11: "CLENCHED TEETH AND STEADY EYE"
1. Charles Sumner to AL, 8/7/63, ALP.
2. CW, 6:410-11.
3. FD to George L. Steams, 8/12/63, Abraham Barder Papers, Pennsylvania Historical Society; FDA, 785-86; FDP, 3:608, 5:540-41.
4. Abraham Lincoln to Ulysses S. Grant, 8/9/63, ALP.
5. Ulysses S. Grant to Abraham Lincoln, Sunday, 8/23/63, ALP.
6. Mark E. Neely Jr., The Last Best Hope of Earth: Abraham Lincoln and the Promise of America (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1993), 120; Zachariah Chandler to Lyman Trumbull, 8/6/83, in Trumbull Papers, Library of Congress.
7. Paul M. Angle, Here I Have Lived: A History of Lincoln's Springfield (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 1950), 96; Ronald C. White Jr., The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words (New York: Random House, 2005), 193-98.
8. White, The Eloquent President, 193-98,216.
9. DM, 8/63.
10. CW. Foster to Brigadier General Daniel H. Rucher, U.S. Vol. Depot Quarter Master, Washington, D.C., LC; C W . Foster to FD, 8/13/63, LC
11. FD to E.M. Stanton, 8/17/63, National Archives, RG94, Washington, D.C.
12. FD to Thomas Webster, 8/18/63, Gratz Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
13. CW. Foster to FD, 8/21/63, LC.
14. FD to Thomas Webster, 8/18/63, Gratz Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
15. Christoph Lohmann, ed., Radical Passion: Ottilie Assing's Reports from America and Letters to Frederick Douglass (New York: Peter Lang, 2000), 270.
16. FDA, 788.
17. Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 12/10/63, LC; FDA, 788; David W. Blight, Frederick Douglass's Civil War: Keeping Faith in Jubilee (Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1989), 172.
18. Benjamin Quarles, Frederick Douglass (New York: DaCapo Press, 1997), 213; Blight, Frederick Douglass's Civil War, 172.
19. FDA, 773.
20. Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 12/10/63, 8/19/64, LC
21. Charles Douglass to FD, 9/18/63, LC; FD to Gerrit Smith, 10/10/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University.
22. Charles Douglass to FD, 9/18/63, LC; FD to Gerrit Smith, 10/10/63, Gerrit Smith Papers, Syracuse University; Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 12/10/65, LC
23. FD to "My dear friend," 11/21/63, Frederick Douglass Papers, Yale University.
24. FD to Gerrit Smith, 10/18/63, GSP.
25. FD to "My dear friend," 11/21/63, Frederick Douglass Papers, Yale University.
26. Charles Douglass to FD, 9/18/63, LC; FD to "My dear friend," 11/21/63, Frederick Douglass Papers, Yale University.
27. Charles Douglass to FD, 9/8/63, LC
28. Ira Berlin, ed., Freedom: Volume 1, Series II: The Black Military Experience, A Documentary History of Emancipation, 1861-1867 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989), 633-36.
29. Charles Douglass to FD, 9/8/63, LC
30. Julia Griffiths Crofts to FD, 12/10/65, LC
31. Rosine Draz to FD, 8/17/63, 10/1/63, LC
32. CW, 7:83-84.
CHAPTER 12: "AN ABOLITION WAR"
1. FDP, 3:3.
2. FDP, 3:3-24.
3. CW, 7:49; FDP, 4:12.
4. CW, 7:50.
5. FDP, 4:xix.
6. War of the Rebellion Official Records, Series II, Vol. VI.
7. Edwin M. Stanton to AL, 4/2/64, LC; Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 186.
8. Andrew Ward, River Run Red: The Fort Pillow Massacre in the American Civil War (New York: Viking, 2005), 200, 220, 225, 269.
9. Dudley Taylor Cornish, The Sable Arm: Black Troops in the Union Army, 1861-1865 (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1956), 176-77; Ward, River Run Red, 327.
10. Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro, 174; Liberator, 4/29/64.
11. CW, 7:301-3.
12. Abraham Lincoln to Cabinet, 5/3/64, ALP.
13. Ronald C. White Jr., Lincoln's Greatest Speech: The Second Lnaugural (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2002), 174-77; AL to Charles Sumner, 5/19/64, CW, suppl: 243.
14. Trudeau, Like Men of War: Black Troops Ln the Civil War, 1862-1865 (New York: Little, Brown, 1998), 207-8; William D. Stoddard, Inside the White House in War Times: Memories and Reports of Lincoln's Secretary (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1980), 173.
15. Ronald
C White Jr., The Eloquent President: A Portrait of Lincoln Through His Words (New York: Random House, 2005), 261.
16. CW, 7:281-83.
17. FDP, 4:19.
18. Charles Douglass to FD, 5/31/64, LC.
19. Charles Douglass to FD, 5/31/64, LC.
20. National Anti-Slavery Standard, 7/2/64.
21. Pension file, Charles R. Douglass (Laura A.), I, 5 Mass. Cav. And F, 54 Mass. Inf., WC 898,477, Record Group 15 (Records of the Veterans Administration), National Archives Building, Washington, D.C.
CHAPTER 13: REVOLUTIONARY DIALOGUE
1. Blake McKelvey, Rochester, The Flower City: 1855-1890 (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1949), 67.
2. New York Times, 5/22/64.
3. Don E. Fehrenbacher and Virginia Fehrenbacher, eds., Recollected Words of Abraham Lincoln (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1996), 486.
4. Benjamin Quarles, Lincoln and the Negro (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1962), 226-27.
5. AL to Michael Hahn, 3/13/64, ALP.
6. Liberator, 2/10/65.
7. AL to Nathaniel P. Banks, 8/5/63, ALP.
8. John Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen (New York: Longmans, Green, 1907), 2, 19.
9. Eaton, Grant, Lincoln and the Freedmen, 90.
10. Rochester Union and Advertiser, 9/5/64.
Douglass and Lincoln Page 34