A physician who had two kids Email to Anne-Marie Slaughter, February 22, 2013.
43 percent of the men “Life Interests—1992 and 2012,” Work/Life Integration Project, Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania, worklife.wharton.upenn.edu/research/life-interests-of-wharton-students/1992-and-2012. For a more descriptive account of the findings, see Stewart D. Friedman, Baby Bust: New Choices for Men and Women in Work & Family (Philadelphia: Wharton Digital Press, 2013).
a third of male millennial HBS grads Robyn Ely, Pamela Stone, and Colleen Ammerman, “Rethinking What You ‘Know’ About High-Achieving Women,” Harvard Business Review, December 2014, hbr.org/2014/12/rethink-what-you-know-about-high-achieving-women.
“Most men stress” Marc Tracy, “Here Come the Daddy Wars,” New Republic, June 14, 2013, newrepublic.com/article/113490/daddy-wars-will-be-mommy-wars-men.
an almost equal number of fathers and mothers Kim Parker and Wendy Wang, “Modern Parenthood: Roles of Moms and Dads Converge as They Balance Work and Family,” Pew Research Center Social and Demographic Trends, March 14, 2013, pewsocialtrends.org/files/2013/03/FINAL_modern_parenthood_03-2013.pdf.
Or more precisely Joan Williams, Unbending Gender: Why Family and Work Conflict and What to Do About It (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 22.
“the face-time warrior” Brigid Schulte, Overwhelmed: Work, Love and Play When No One Has the Time (New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2014), p. 77.
The firm’s key HR problem Padavic, Ely, and Reid, “The Work-Family Narrative as a Social Defense,” p. 19.
As Padavic, Ely, and Reid wryly conclude Ibid., p. 20.
“ ‘Fixing the women’s problem’ ” Debora L. Spar, Wonder Women: Sex, Power, and the Quest for Perfection (New York: Sarah Crichton Books, 2013), p. 201.
“I am beyond tired” Email to Anne-Marie Slaughter, April 8, 2013.
Twenty percent of U.S. companies Ariane Hegewisch and Yuko Hara, “Maternity, Paternity, and Adoption Leave in the United States,” Institute for Women’s Policy Research, May 2013, iwpr.org/publications/pubs/maternity-paternity-and-adoption-leave-in-the-united-states-1.
36 percent allow employees Kenneth Matos and Ellen Galinksy, “2014 National Study of Employers,” Families and Work Institute, April 2014, familiesandwork.org/downloads/2014NationalStudyOfEmployers.pdf.
The HR department may roll out flex policies Ibid., p. 30.
the National Study of Employers finds a virtual chasm Ibid.
“can’t get someone right there” Fredric R. Van Deusen, Jacquelyn B. James, Nadia Gill, Sharon P. McKechnie, “Overcoming the Implementation Gap,” Boston College Center for Work and Family, February 2007, p. 30, bc.edu/content/dam/files/centers/cwf/research/publications/pdf/BCCWF%20Flex%20Study%202007.pdf.
“Girls don’t ask” Patrick Jenkins and Harriet Agnew, “Sexism and the City,” Financial Times, January 17–18, 2015, ft.com/intl/cms/s/2/7c182ab8-9c33-11e4-b9f8-00144feabdc0.html#axzz3UTFyp2mH.
“flexibility stigma” Joan C. Williams, Jennifer Glass, Shelley Correll, and Jennifer L. Berdahl, Special Issue: The Flexibility Stigma, Journal of Social Issues, 69, no. 2 (2013).
“flexibility is as valuable as compensation” Email to Anne-Marie Slaughter, June 21, 2012.
a law firm associate named Carlos Joan Blades and Nanette Fondas, p. 48.
even if his firm had said yes Scott Coltrane, Elizabeth C. Miller, Tracy DeHaan, and Lauren Stewart, “Fathers and the Flexibility Stigma,” Journal of Social Issues 69, no. 2 (2013): 279–302.
Patterns like these Anna Beninger and Nancy M. Carter, “The Great Debate: Flexibility vs. Face Time,” Catalyst, July 2013, catalyst.org/knowledge/great-debate-flexibility-vs-face-time-busting-myths-behind-flexible-work-arrangements.
More than 70 percent Maria Shriver, “The Female Face of Poverty,” Atlantic, January 8, 2014, theatlantic.com/business/archive/2014/01/the-female-face-of-poverty/282892.
Consider the case of Rhiannon Broschat Jon Graef, “Fired Whole Foods Worker Rhiannon Broschat-Salguero: ‘I’m Not Going to Choose My Job Over My Son,’ ” Chicagoist, February 9, 2014, chicagoist.com/2014/02/09/fired_whole_foods_worker_rhiannon_b.php.
“Why Women’s Economic Security Matters” Transcript, “Why Women’s Economic Security Matters for All,” Center for American Progress, Washington, D.C., September 18, 2014, cdn.americanprogress.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/09.18.14-CAP-Womens-Economic-Security-transcript.pdf.
Walmart, Jamba Juice Jenny Brown, “Enough with the Just In Time Schedules, Say Retail Workers,” Labor Notes, November 19, 2012, labornotes.org/2012/11/enough-just-time-schedules-say-retail-workers#sthash.sFnhjWIq.dpuf.
“Hotel housekeepers” Susan J. Lambert, “When Flexibility Hurts,” New York Times, September 20, 2012, nytimes.com/2012/09/20/opinion/low-paid-women-want-predictable-hours-and-steady-pay.html.
She and her son lost two homes Jodi Kantor, “Working Anything but 9 to 5,” New York Times, August 13, 2014, nytimes.com/interactive/2014/08/13/us/starbucks-workers-scheduling-hours.html.
The day after Kantor’s article Jodi Kantor, “Starbucks to Revise Policies to End Irregular Schedules for Its 130,000 Baristas,” New York Times, August 14, 2014, nytimes.com/2014/08/15/us/starbucks-to-revise-work-scheduling-policies.html.
“Mr. Darman sometimes managed” Maureen Dowd, “Campaign Profile; A Primer: How the White House Budget Czar Not Only Survives, but Thrives,” New York Times, September 22, 1992, nytimes.com/1992/09/22/us/1992-campaign-campaign-profile-primer-white-house-budget-czar-not-only-survives.html.
Virginia Rometty Andrew Nusca, “IBM’s Rometty: ‘Growth and Comfort Don’t Coexist,’ ” Fortune, October 7, 2014, fortune.com/2014/10/07/ibms-rometty-growth-and-comfort-dont-coexist.
“I was lying on the floor” Arianna Huffington, Thrive: The Third Metric to Redefining Success and Creating a Life of Well-Being, Wisdom, and Wonder (New York: Harmony Books, 2014), p. 1.
The moral of the ad “The First Ever 2014 Cadillac ELR: Poolside,” YouTube video, posted by Cadillac, February 7, 2014, youtube.com/watch?v=qGJSI48gkFc.
“You know what really needs attention?” Brigid Schulte, “5 Reasons Why You Shouldn’t Work Too Hard,” Washington Post, February 21, 2014, washingtonpost.com/blogs/she-the-people/wp/2014/02/21/5-things-you-get-from-working-too-hard/?tid=pm_pop.
Cadillac was disparaging Diana T. Kurylko, “Mercedes Beats BMW in Luxury Race,” Automotive News, January 6, 2014, autonews.com/article/20140106/RETAIL01/301069959/mercedes-beats-bmw-in-luxury-race.
Last I checked Rebecca Ray, Milla Sanes, and John Schmitt, “No Vacation Nation Revisited,” Center for Economic Policy, May 2013, cepr.net/documents/publications/no-vacation-update-2013-05.pdf.
led Henry Ford to establish Robert Asher and Ronald Edsforth, with Stephen Merlino, eds., Autowork (Albany, NY: State University of New York Press, 1995), p. 156.
After he cut hours Schulte, Overwhelmed, p. 161.
Futurist Sara Robinson Ibid., p. 162.
we should change the rhythm Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi, Creativity: Flow and the Psychology of Discovery and Invention (New York: HarperCollins, 1996), pp. 129–30.
Without play Douglas Thomas and John Seely Brown, A New Culture of Learning: Cultivating the Imagination for a World of Constant Change (Scott’s Valley, AZ: Create Space Independent Publishing Platform, 2011), eBook, loc. 1370–89.
Timothy Keller Timothy Keller, Every Good Endeavor (New York: Dutton, 2012), p. 41.
Americans think about leisure Ibid., p. 42.
“simply contemplate” Ibid., p. 41. I owe these insights to Anand Giriharadas, “Keeping One’s Work in Perspective,” New York Times, December 29, 2012, nytimes.com/2012/12/29/us/29iht-currents29.html.
World Happiness Report John F. Hel
liwell, Richard Layard, and Jeffrey Sachs, eds., World Happiness Report 2015 (New York: United Nations Sustainable Development Solutions Network, 2015), worldhappiness.report/ed/2015.
“As soon as that baby’s lips” “Paul Tudor Jones Comments on the Lack of Female Traders,” Washington Post, May 23, 2013, washingtonpost.com/local/education/paul-tudor-jones-comments-on-the-lack-of-female-traders-during-u-va-event/2013/05/07/871a3fc4-b723-11e2-aa9e-a02b765ff0ea_story.html.
women spoke up for his overall character Michelle Celarier, “Hedge Fund Women Not Bashing Paul Tudor Jones for Saying Having Babies Makes Women Lousy Traders,” New York Post, May 25, 2013, nypost.com/2013/05/25/hedge-fund-women-not-bashing-paul-tudor-jones-for-saying-having-babies-makes-women-lousy-traders.
others said they were grateful Jacki Zehner, “Can Mothers Be Traders?,” LinkedIn Post, May 25, 2013, linkedin.com/today/post/article/20130525134605-25295057-can-mothers-be-traders.
Moreover, Jones explained “Paul Tudor Jones Comments on the Lack of Female Traders.”
Here Jones is simply wrong Brad M. Barber and Terrence Odean, “Boys Will Be Boys: Gender, Overconfidence and Common Stock Investment,” Quarterly Journal of Economics 16, no. 1 (2001): 261–92; Meredith Jones, “Women in Alternative Investments: A Marathon, Not a Sprint,” Rothstein Kass, December 2013, kpmg-institutes.com/content/dam/kpmg/kpmginstitutes/pdf/2014/women-in-alternative-investments.pdf.
in a book entitled Scarcity Sendhil Mullainathan and Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: The New Science of Having Less and How It Defines Our Lives (New York: Henry Holt, 2013).
Financial expert and neuroscientist John Coates John Coates, The Hour Between Dog and Wolf: Risk-Taking, Gut Feelings and the Biology of Boom and Bust (New York: Penguin Press, 2012).
“their call on the market” Ibid., pp. 273–74.
“If you’ve lived a life” Joan C. Williams, “Why Men Work So Many Hours,” Harvard Business Review, May 29, 2013, blogs.hbr.org/cs/2013/05/why_men_work_so_many_hours.html.
Chapter 4: Competition and Care
the “sticky floor” Barbara Presley Noble, “At Work: And Now the ‘Sticky Floor,’ ” New York Times, November 22, 1992, nytimes.com/1992/11/22/business/at-work-and-now-the-sticky-floor.html.
But the growing numbers of talented women Judith Warner, Perfect Madness: Motherhood in the Age of Anxiety (New York: Riverhead Books, 2005).
Women hold less than 15 percent “Statistical Overview of Women in the Workplace,” Catalyst, March 3, 2014, catalyst.org/knowledge/statistical-overview-women-workplace.
Almost two-thirds Maria Shriver and Olivia Morgan, The Shriver Report: A Woman’s Nation Pushes Back from the Brink (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2014); Laryssa Mykyta and Trudi J. Renwick, “Changes in Poverty Measurement: An Examination of the Research SPM and Its Effects by Gender,” U.S. Census Bureau Working Paper, January 2013; Suzanne M. Bianchi, “Feminization and Juvenilization of Poverty: Trends, Relative Risks, Causes, and Consequences,” Annual Review of Sociology 25 (1999): 307–33; Sara McLanahan and Erin Kelly, “The Feminization of Poverty: Past and Future,” in Handbook of the Sociology of Gender (New York: Plenum Publishing Corp., 1999), pp. 127–45; Diane Pearce, “The Feminization of Poverty: Women Work and Welfare,” Urban & Social Change Review 11, nos. 1–2 (1978): 28–36.
“Elite or poor” Alison Wolf, The XX Factor: How the Rise of Working Women Has Created a Far Less Equal World (New York: Crown Publishers, 2013), eBook, pp. 17–18.
“along with language” Sarah Blaffer Hrdy, “The Past, Present and Future of the Human Family,” Tanner Lectures on Human Values, delivered at the University of Utah, February 27 and 28, 2001, tannerlectures.utah.edu/_documents/a-to-z/h/Hrdy_02.pdf.
“It was like all of a sudden” Pamela Stone, Opting Out? Why Women Really Quit Careers and Head Home (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2007), p. 145.
Half of single moms “Single Motherhood in the United States—A Snapshot,” Legal Momentum, Women’s Legal Defense and Education Fund, 2012, legalmomentum.org/sites/default/files/reports/single-mothers-snapshot_0.pdf.
American single parents Timothy Casey and Laurie Maldonado, “Worst Off—Single Parent Families in the United States: A Cross-National Comparison of Single Parenthood in the U.S. and 16 Other High Income Countries,” Legal Momentum, Women’s Legal Defense and Education Fund, December 2012, legalmomentum.org/sites/default/files/reports/worst-off-single-parent.pdf; Matt Bruenig, “The Poorest Norwegian Children Are Twice as Rich as the Poorest American Children,” Demos: An Equal Say and An Equal Chance for All, January 12, 2015, demos.org/blog/1/12/15/poorest-norwegian-children-are-twice-rich-poorest-american-children.
Ranie Sherr Terrie Morgan-Besecker, “Minimum Wage Earners Struggle to Survive,” Times-Tribune, December 22, 2013, thetimes-tribune.com/news/minimum-wage-earners-struggle-to-survive-1.1605234.
María, a single mom in Providence Ajay Chaudry, Juan Pedroza, and Heather Sandstrom, “How Employment Constraints Affect Low-Income Working Parents’ Child Care Decisions,” Urban Institute, Brief 23, February 2012, urban.org/UploadedPDF/412513-How-Employment-Constraints-Affect-Low-Income-Working-Parents-Child-Care-Decisions.pdf.
the entire reform of U.S. welfare programs “1996 Welfare Amendments,” Social Security History, ssa.gov/history/tally1996.html; Mary B. Larner, Donna L. Terman, and Richard E. Behrman, “Welfare to Work: Analysis and Recommendations,” The Future of Children 7, no. 1 (Spring 1997), futureofchildren.org/futureofchildren/publications/docs/07_01_Analysis.pdf; Mary Daly and Joyce Kwok, “Did Welfare Reform Work for Everyone? A Look at Young Single Mothers,” Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco Economic Letter, August 3, 2009, frbsf.org/economic-research/publications/economic-letter/2009/august/welfare-reform-single-mothers.
The result is that a mother with dependent children Joan Entmacher, Katherine Gallagher Robbins, Julie Voghtman, and Lauren Frohlich, “Insecure & Unequal: Poverty and Income Among Women and Families 2000–2012,” National Women’s Law Center, September 2013, nwlc.org/sites/default/files/pdfs/final_2013_nwlc_povertyreport.pdf; Casey and Maldonado, “Worst Off.”
Gayle Pritchard Elizabeth Warren and Amelia Warren Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap: Why Middle-Class Mothers and Fathers Are Going Broke (New York: Basic, 2003), pp. 97–122.
motherhood is “the single biggest risk factor” Ann Crittenden, The Price of Motherhood: Why the Most Important Job in the World Is Still the Least Valued (New York: Henry Holt, 2001), p. 6.
gave a commencement address at Vassar Gloria Steinem, “ ‘Women’s Liberation’ Aims to Free Men Too,” Washington Post, June 7, 1970.
Alice Walker coined the term “womanism” Alice Walker, In Search of Our Mothers’ Gardens: Womanist Prose (San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983); Patricia Hill Collins, “What’s in a Name? Womanism, Black Feminism, and Beyond,” Black Scholar 26, no. 1 (Winter/Spring 1996): 9–17.
“From Private Woman” Catherine Rottenberg, “Hijacking Feminism,” Al Jazeera, March 25, 2013, aljazeera.com/indepth/opinion/2013/03/201332510121757700.html.
“equal rights, justice” Catherine Rottenberg, “Happiness and the Liberal Imagination: How Superwoman Became Balanced,” Feminist Studies 40, no. 1 (2014), bgu.ac.il/~rottenbe/FeministStudies40-1-Rottenberg.pdf.
“It’s been more than forty years” Susan Faludi, “Feminism for Them?,” The Baffler, no. 24 (2014), thebaffler.com/past/feminism_for_them.
“As a mother to four” Email to Anne-Marie Slaughter, August 10, 2012.
hundred million–plus hours Riane Eisler and Kimberly Otis, “Unpaid and Undervalued Care Work Keeps Women on the Brink,” The Shriver Report, January 22, 2014, shriverreport.org/unpaid-and-undervalued-care-work-keeps-women-on-the-brink/#_edn2.
“the pauperization of motherhood” Nancy Folbre, “The Pauperization of M
others: Patriarchy and Public Policy in the United States,” Review of Radical Political Economics, 16, no. 4 (1985): 72–88.
in a 2012 volume on care provision Nancy Folbre, ed., For Love and Money: Care Provision in the United States (New York: Russell Sage Foundation, 2012), p. xiv.
that difference has a far greater impact Michelle Budig and Melissa Hodges, “Differences in Disadvantage: How the Wage Penalty for Motherhood Varies Across Women’s Earnings Distribution,” American Sociological Review 75, no. 5 (2010): 705–28; Michelle Budig, “The Fatherhood Bonus and the Motherhood Penalty,” Third Way Next, 2013, content.thirdway.org/publications/853/NEXT_-_Fatherhood_Motherhood.pdf.
“A stay-at-home mother” Warren and Tyagi, The Two-Income Trap, p. 59.
I asked Pew Research to crunch the numbers Email from Richard Fry/Gretchen Livingston at Pew Research to Anne-Marie Slaughter, June 24, 2014.
traditionally “feminine” skills Hanna Rosin, The End of Men (New York: Riverhead Books, 2012), pp. 4–5.
“women dominate twenty” Ibid., p. 85; Liza Mundy, The Richer Sex, pp. 62–68.
9 percent of nurses in the United States “Male Nurses Becoming More Commonplace, Census Bureau Reports,” United States Census Bureau, February 25, 2013, census.gov/newsroom/press-releases/2013/cb13-32.html.
“There has never been a national effort” Lonnae O’Neal Parker, “Four Years Later, Feminists Split by Michelle Obama’s ‘Work’ as First Lady,” Washington Post, January 18, 2013, washingtonpost.com/lifestyle/style/feminists-split-by-michelle-obamas-work-as-first-lady/2013/01/18/be3d636e-5e5e-11e2-9940-6fc488f3fecd_story.html.
“I declared myself a womanist” Taigi Smith, “What Happens When Your Hood Is the Last Stop,” in Daisy Hernández and Bushra Rehman, eds., Colonize This! Young Women of Color on Today’s Feminism (New York: Seal, 2002), pp. 54–64.
“to some power in herself” Mary Helen Washington, ed., Invented Lives: Narratives of Black Women 1860–1960 (Garden City, NY: Anchor, 1987), p. 395.
Unfinished Business Page 27