by Simon Baatz
48. Trial Transcript, fols. 1337-1338, 1706.
49. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 26-27.
50. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 28-29, 46, 89-90 ; Nathan F. Leopold Jr., Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 112; Minutes of Phi chapter, Zeta Beta Tau, Bentley Historical Library, University of Michigan.
51. "Differed in College Life," New York Times, 2 June 1924.
52. "Il Circolo Italiano," Cap and Gown 28 (1923): 186.
53. "The Undergraduate Classical Club," Cap and Gown 28 (1923): 167. 54. Official Transcript (Nathan Freudenthal Leopold Jr.), Office of the Registrar, University of Chicago.
55. "Honorary Order Elects Fifteen to Membership," Daily Maroon (Chicago), 16 March 1923.
56. Nathan F. Leopold Jr., "Reason and Instinct in Bird Migration," The Auk 40 (July 1923): 409-414; Nathan F. Leopold Jr., "The Kirtland's Warbler in Its Summer Home," The Auk 41 (January 1924): 44-58; Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 171.
57. Official Transcript (Richard A. Loeb), Office of the Registrar, University of Michigan; "Richard Loeb of Chicago Michigan's Youngest Grad," Chicago Daily Tribune, 1 June 1923.
58. Trial Transcript, fols. 1776-1777, 1795, 1833, 1835-1837, 1917, 1920, 1922-1923.
59. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 46.
60. Trial Transcript, fols. 1857-1858, 1927-1928, 1941-1942, 1945-1947, 1949-1954.
61. Ibid., fols. 1672-1673.CH A P T ER 3 : PL A N N I NG T H E M U R DER
1. Nathan Leopold Jr. to Richard Loeb, 10 October 1923, quoted in Trial Transcript, fol. 3815.
2. "2,000 Marines Go to Michigan with Team," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 November 1923; "Wolverines, Marines in Grid War Today," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 10 November 1923.
3. "2,000 Marines"; Sam Greene, "Michigan-Marine Corps Game Saturday Certain to Be Colorful Spectacle," Detroit Free Press, 10 November 1923.
4. "Denby Watches Michigan Trim Marines, 26 to 6," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 November 1923; Lloyd Northard, "Amid Pomp and Ceremony Michigan Scores over Quantico Marines, 26 to 6," Detroit Free Press, 11 November 1923.
5. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 87-88.
6. Ibid., fol. 88.
7. Ibid., fol. 89.
8. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 96.
9. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 89.
10 . Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 97.
11. Ibid.; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 94.
12. Trial Transcript, fols. 1449-1450; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fols. 94-95.
13. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 98-99; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 98.
14 . William Alanson White Notes (Leopold), fols. 16-17; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 59, 100; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 101. 15. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 100; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 103.
16. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 105; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fols. 100 -101.
17. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 8:20 p.m., fol. 297.
18. Trial Transcript, fol. 125.
19. Ibid., fol. 126.
20. Ibid., fols. 113 -117, 121-122.
21. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 47; Trial Transcript, fols. 155, 163.
22. Trial Transcript, fol. 163.
23. Ibid., fols. 144 -146.
24. Ibid., fols. 148-151.
25. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 204.
26. Ibid., fol. 205.
27. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 1:35 a.m., fol. 363.
28. Ibid., fol. 363.
29. Ibid., fol. 366.
30. Leopold Loeb Statement on Trip to South Side, 1 June 1924, fols. 156-158. 31. "State Shows Every Step in Its Proof before Grand Jury," Chicago Daily Journal, 4 June 1924; Adler Statement, 2 June 1924, 12:40 a.m., fols. 333, 335-336, 337-338, 341, 344.
32. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 51.
33. Christopher B. Booth, "The Kidnaping Syndicate," Detective Story Magazine 66 (3 May 1924): 1-47, on pp. 26, 36-37; "Franks Death Letter Like Current Story in Magazine," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 May 1924.CH A P T ER 4 : T H E M U R DER
1. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 66.
2. Walter Scott Hastings, Edwin Preston Dargan, 1879-1940: American Critic and Man of Letters (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1941).
3. George R. Havens, "E. Preston Dargan: A Career of Scholarship (1879 -1940)," Books Abroad (Autumn 1941): 412- 415.
4. Ibid., 414-415.
5. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 10:30 p.m., fols. 447-449.
6. Ibid., fol. 406; Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 10:30 p.m., fols. 446-447, 491-492.
7. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 211.
8. Ibid., fols. 212-214.
9. Ibid., fol. 213.
10 . Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 55; Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 213-214; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 10-12.
11. Trial Transcript, fols. 262-263.
12. Additional Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 1:00 a.m., fol. 513-514; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 17.
13. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 56.
14 . "Four Boys on Kidnaping List," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924; "Young Millionaires Tell How They Killed Franks," Chicago Daily Journal, 31 May 1924.
15. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 56.
16. Ibid., fols. 56-57; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 16-17. 17. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 215.
18. Trial Transcript, fols. 668-669.
19. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fols. 57-58.
20. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 215-216. 21. Ibid., fol. 217.
22. Ibid., fols. 217-218.
23. Ibid., fol. 219.
24. "Have You Seen These Clothes Worn by Boy?" Chicago American, 23 May 1924.
25. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 248.
26. Ibid., fols. 220, 248; Trial Transcript, fol. 35; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 5, 20-21.
27. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 221, 248. 28. Ibid., fol. 249; Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 68. 29. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 224.
30. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 63.
31. Ibid., fols. 64, 66.
32. Ibid., fols. 65, 66.
33. Ibid., fol. 67; Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 232-233.
34. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 68.
35. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 233-234. 36. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 68; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 25.
37. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 68; Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 234.
38. Leopold Loeb Statement on Trip to South Side, 1 June 1924, fols. 157-158. 39. "Moron Theory Gains Favor in Franks Murder Inquiry," Chicago Daily Journal, 23 May 1924.
40. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 69; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 24.
41. Trial Transcript, fols. 234-237; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 25-26; Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 235, 236.CH A P T ER 5 : T H E R A NSOM
1. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 278.
2. Trial Transcript, fols. 265-267; Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 70; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 9, 27; "Clinch Youths' Confessions," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 1 June 1924.
3. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 71.
4. Ibid., fol. 72; Trial Transcript, fols. 292-293; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 7.
5. Leopold Statement, 2 June 1924, 12:01 a.m., fols. 327-328.
6. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol
. 73; Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 8; Nathan F. Leopold Jr., Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 28.
7. Leopold Loeb Statement on Trip to South Side, 1 June 1924, fols. 164-165.
8. Trial Transcript, fols. 365-366
9. Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fol. 28.
10 . Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 74.
11. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 1:35 a.m., fol. 406.
12. Ibid., fol. 407.
13. Ibid., fol. 354.
14 . Trial Transcript, fols. 387-388.
15. Ibid., fols. 397, 402.
16. Ibid., fols. 388.
17. Ibid., fol. 388.
18. "Slain Boy's Teacher Hidden," Chicago Daily News, 23 May 1924; Trial Transcript, fol. 388.
19. Trial Transcript, fols. 389, 403.
20. Ibid., fols. 400, 404
21. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fol. 74.
22. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years, 38-40.
23. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fols. 74-75.
24. Ibid., fol. 75.
25. Trial Transcript, fols. 376-377, 383-384.
26. Ibid., fols. 441-445.CH A P T ER 6 : T H E I N T ER ROGAT ION
1. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 284-285, 286.
2. Trial Transcript, fols. 467-468.
3. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 1:35 a.m., fol. 369.
4. Ibid., fols. 381-382.
5. Ibid., fol. 377.
6. Ibid., fols. 429-432. See also Additional Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 1:00 a.m., fol. 516.
7. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 1:35 a.m., fols. 366-367.
8. Ibid., fol. 363.
9. Ibid., fol. 366.
10 . Ibid., fols. 371-373.
11. Ibid., fols. 397-399.
12. "Gin Party Leopold Alibi; Seek Death Typewriter," Chicago Daily Journal, 30 May 1924.
13. "Kin Aid Two in Franks Tangle," Chicago Daily Journal, 30 May 1924; "Both Fathers Stunned," Chicago Daily News, 31 May 1924.
14 . "Gin Party."
15. "Youth Retain Friends' Faith during Their Long Ordeal," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 31 May 1924.
16. "Kin Aid Two."
17. "Parents Disbelieve Confession; Battle of Millions Is Looming," The World (New York), 1 June 1924.
18. "Youth Retain."
19. Trial Transcript, fol. 397
20. "Cub Reporters Win Franks Glory," Chicago Daily News, 31 May 1924. 21. Trial Transcript, fols. 676-677.
22. Ibid., fol. 208.
23. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 6:30 p.m., fol. 439-440.
24. Additional Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 11:45 p.m., fol. 499. 25. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 10:30 p.m., fols. 450-452.
26. Ibid., fols. 484-485.
27. Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 1:35 a.m., fol. 391.
28. Additional Leopold Statement, 30 May 1924, 11:45 p.m., fols. 495-497. 29. Ibid., fols. 505, 505-506, 510.
30. Trial Transcript, fols. 262-264, 267.
31. Ibid., fols. 261-264.
32. "Shake Leopold-Loeb Alibi," Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 May 1924; "Confess as Auto Ride Alibi Is Swept Away," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924. 33. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 193.
34. Ibid., fols. 193-194.
35. Additional Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 1:00 a.m., fols. 512-514. 36. Trial Transcript, fols. 2624-2625; Additional Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 1:00 a.m., fol. 514.
37. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 194-196; "Confess," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924; Orville Dwyer, "Clinch Youths' Confessions," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 1 June 1924.CH A P T ER 7: T H E CON FE SSIONS
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 3037.
2. Ibid., fols. 1588-1589; "Young Millionaires Tell How They Killed Franks," Chicago Daily Journal, 31 May 1924.
3. Trial Transcript, fols. 1637-1638.
4. Loeb Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:00 a.m., fols. 44-45.
5. Ibid., fols. 61-62, 65.
6. Ibid., fol. 75.
7. Leopold Statement, 31 May 1924, 4:20 a.m., fols. 5, 42.
8. "How Franks Boy Was Killed Is Told," Chicago Daily News, 31 May 1924; Charles V. Slattery, " 'Hang Leopold and Loeb,' Says Crowe; Killed Boy to Pay Blackmailer Theory," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924; "Killers Collapse," Chicago American, 31 May 1924; "Young Millionaires."
9. "Let Law Take Its Course, Says Franks, Father of Slain Boy," Chicago Daily Journal, 31 May 1924; "Father of Franks Boy Voices Deep Sympathy for Families of Culprits," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924. 10. Leola Allard, "Agony of Mothers of Slayers and Slain in Tragedy of Crime," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924; Maurine Watkins, " 'Dick Innocent,' Loebs Protest; Plan Defense," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 1 June 1924. 11. Maureen McKernan, "Leopold Family a Big Factor in City's Business," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 1 June 1924.
12. "Re-Enact Franks Murder," Chicago Evening Post, 31 May 1924; "Four Boys on Kidnaping List," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 1 June 1924. 13. " 'Experience' Seen as Motive," Chicago Daily News, 2 June 1924; "Modernistic Books Made Slayers of Students, Rosenwald Theory," Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924.
14 . Irving Cutler, The Jews of Chicago: From Shtetl to Suburb (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1996), 197-205; Lindsay Denison, "Leopold and Loeb Families Scored by Close Friend," The World (New York), 5 June 1924. 15. "Sad for Parents of Boys in Kidnaping," Chicago Daily News, 31 May 1924.
16. Slattery, " 'Hang Leopold and Loeb.' "
17. Trial Transcript, fol. 158.
18. Ibid., fol. 688; Charles V. Slattery, "Untold Tales in Franks Case," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 31 August 1924.
19. Trial Transcript, fols. 476-477.
20. Ibid., fols. 256-257.
21. Ibid., fols. 258-259.
22. Ibid., fols. 690, 691, 694.
23. Orville Dwyer, "Clinch Youths' Confessions," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 1 June 1924.
24. Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1941), 380-381.
25. " 'I Wrote Note, Loeb Killed Him,' Says Leopold in First Interview," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 2 June 1924.
26. "3000 See Search for Typewriter," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 2 June 1924.
27. " 'I Wrote Note.' "
28. Morrow Krum, "'This'll Be the Making of Me,' Says Loeb Boy," Chicago Daily Tribune, 2 June 1924.
29. " 'I Wrote Note.' "
30. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 166-168. 31. Trial Transcript, fols. 2645-2648; "Dr. Hugh T. Patrick," New York Times, 6 January 1939.
32. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 170-180. 33. Trial Transcript, fol. 3288; Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 180.
34. Trial Transcript, fols. 3284-3286, 3337; "Deaths: William Otterbein Krohn," Illinois Medical Journal 52 (1927): 176; "Dr. W. O. Krohn, Noted Alienist, Taken by Death," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 July 1927. 35. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fol. 185.
36. Lewis J. Pollock, "A Tribute to Archibald Church," Quarterly Bulletin of Northwestern University Medical School 26 (1952): 293-294.
37. Leopold Loeb Statement, 1 June 1924, 2:50 p.m., fols. 199-200. 38. Ibid., fols. 240-241.
39. Ibid., fols. 277-278.
40. Ibid., fols. 265-266.
41. Ibid., fols. 273-274.
42. Ibid., fols. 275-277.CHAPTER 8 : CLARENCE DARROW
1. Trial Transcript, fols. 4157-4158.
2. Clarence Darrow to Robert R. Gros, 4 November 1933, Folder 4, Box 1, Robert Gros Collection, Department of Special Collections, Stanford University Libraries.
3. "Is Held for Murder," Chicago Daily Tribune, 30 October 1893; "His Habits Strange," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 December 1893; "Assassin Is on Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 December 1893; "Gives Himself Up," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 29 October 1893.
4. "Gives Himself Up."
5. "Harrison Is Killed," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 29 October 1893; "His Last Address," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 29 October 1893.
6. "Harrison Is Killed."
7. "Gives Himself Up."
8. "Assassin Is on Trial"; "Believe Him Insane," Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 December 1893; "Go Over to Defense," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 December 1893; "Assassin Must Die," Chicago Daily Tribune, 30 December 1893.
9. "Fighting for a Life," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 31 December 1893. 10. M. L. Edgar, "Clarence S. Darrow," The Mirror 17 (16 May 1907): 13-14; Edward F. O'Day, "Clarence Darrow," To w n Talk 20 (1 June 1912): 7, 23; "Who Is This Man Darrow?" Current Literature 43 (August 1907): 157-159. 11. Clarence Darrow, The Story of My Life (New York: Scribner, 1932), 41. 12. Paul Avrich, The Haymarket Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 197-214.
13. Ibid., 279, 375-378, 391-394.
14 . Ibid., 416 -417, 419-421.
15. S. J. Duncan-Clark, "Clarence Darrow Opens His Fight against the Death Penalty," Success 8 (December 1924): 28-31, 123.
16. "To Cheat the Rope," Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 March 1894. 17. "Prendergast Shows No Emotion," Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 March 1894. 18. "Last Effort to Save His Life," Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 March 1894; "Not to Hang Today," Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 March 1894.
19. "Scene in the Court," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 March 1894. 20. Darrow, Story of My Life, 361.
21. Ibid., 41, 96; John P. Altgeld, Our Penal Machinery and Its Victims, 2nd ed. (New York: A. C. McClurg, 1886), 21.
22. Ray Ginger, The Bending Cross: A Biography of Eugene Victor Debs (New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 1949), 92-93, 101-107; Nick Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs: Citizen and Socialist (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1982), 114-125.
23. Ginger, Bending Cross, 108-147; Salvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 126-135. 24. Ginger, Bending Cross, 164 -167; Sa lvatore, Eugene V. Debs, 137-138. 25. Irving Stone, Clarence Darrow for the Defense: A Biography (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, Doran, 1941), 103-112.
26. J. Anthony Lukas, Big Trouble: A Murder in a Small Western Town Sets Off a Struggle for the Soul of America (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1997), 50 -54, 108 -109.
27. Ibid., 70-72, 197-200, 255-262.
28. Ibid., 707-711, 722-725.
29. Geoffrey Cowan, The People v. Clarence Darrow: The Bribery Trial of America's Greatest Lawyer (New York: Random House, 1993), 86-90, 101-109, 119-123, 137-138.