by Simon Baatz
30. Ibid., 246-255.
31. Ibid., 279-283, 291-293, 429-433.
32. Kevin Tierney, Darrow: A Biography (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell, 1979), 281, 291, 306 -310.
33. "Clarence Darrow to the Prisoners at Joliet," Everyman 11 (November 1915): 14 -15.
34. "Finger Prints Move Slayer to Confess," Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 May 1915.
35. "Coroner Holds Pethrick [sic] after New Confession," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 May 1915.
36. Ibid.; "Will Try to Hang Pethrick [sic]," Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 May 1915. 37. "Women Doctors Find Pethick's Mental Age 7," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 September 1915.
38. Ibid.
39. "Woman Lawyer to Defend Pethick," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 August 1915; "Three Medics to Examine Slayer," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 September 1915.
40. "Finds Pethick's Mind below Par," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 September 1915; "State Demands Sentence of Death for Pethick," Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 September 1915; "Women See Lesson of Protection in Case of Pethick," Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 September 1915.
41. Robert M. Lee, "Half Wit Boy Admits Killing Rich Widow," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 29 April 1916; "Death Verdict for Hettinger; 'I'll Not Hang,' " Chicago Daily Tribune, 30 September 1916.
42. "Hettinger Boy Declines Pam's Offer of Life," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 November 1916.
43. "Hettinger Will Plead Guilty to Avoid Death," Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 November 1916; "Mother's Wish Moves Youth to Admit Murder," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 26 November 1916.
44. In Illinois, the jury decides both the verdict and the sentence in capital cases. 45. "Taunted Wife Shoots Husband in Courtroom," Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 April 1919.
46. Ibid.
47. Maude Martin Evers, "Simpson Widow Quails before Pointing Hands," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 September 1919.
48. "Cussin' Cards Cited to Help Mrs. Simpson," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 21 September 1919; "Mrs. Simpson Insane 2 Years, Says Witness," Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 September 1919.
49. Maude Martin Evers, "Experts Differ on Insanity of Mrs. Simpson," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 September 1919.
50. Maude Martin Evers, "Mrs. Simpson to Learn Fate by Noon Today," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 September 1919.
51. Maude Martin Evers, "Mrs. Simpson Found Insane; Faces Asylum," Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 September 1919; "Mrs. Simpson Goes to Begin Asylum Sentence," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 October 1919; "Woman Slayer of Husband Found Guilty," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 July 1921. 52. Darrow, Story of My Life, 250, 428; Abe C. Ravitz, Clarence Darrow and the
American Literary Tradition (Cleveland: Press of Western Reserve University, 1962), 6-12; John C. Livingston, Clarence Darrow: The Mind of a Sentimental Rebel (New York: Garland, 1988), 96-99.
53. Clarence Darrow, Crime: Its Cause and Treatment (New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Co., 1922), v.
54. Ibid., 31-32.
55. Ibid., 32-33.
56. Livingston, Clarence Darrow, xxix, 99-106.
57. Darrow, Crime, 34-35.
58. Percy F. Bicknell, The Human Side of Fabre (New York: Century, 1923); Augustin Fabre, The Life of Jean Henri Fabre, trans. Bernard Miall (New York: Dodd, Mead, 1923).
59. Clarence S. Darrow, Insects and Men: Instinct and Reason (Girard, KS: Haldeman-Julius, 1921)
60. Darrow, Crime, 46, 50.
61. Ibid., 36.CH A P T ER 9 : ROBERT CROW E
1. "Is Death Penalty Crime Curb? Crowe and Gemmill Debate It," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 19 February 1928.
2. "If You See This Girl Telephone 'The Tribune,' " Chicago Sunday Tribune, 27 July 1919; " 'Sure Janet's in Heaven,' Mother, Told News, Sobs," Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 July 1919; "New Evidence Tightens Net on Fitzgerald," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 27 July 1919.
3. "Girl Vanishes; Kidnaping Feared," Chicago Evening Post, 23 July 1919; "40 Hour Hunt Fails to Bare Clew to Child," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 July 1919.
4. "Fitzgerald Is Kidnaper, Wife Says," Chicago Evening Post, 25 July 1919; "Arrest Wife of Fitzgerald in Lost Girl Case," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 July 1919.
5. "Full Confession by Slayer of Janet," Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 July 1919.
6. "Janet's Slayer Must Hang, Say Prosecutors," Chicago Evening Post, 28 July 1919.
7. "Quick Trial of Janet's Slayer Blocked by Law," Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 July 1919; Editorial, "The Murder of Janet Wilkinson," Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 July 1919.
8. "Janet Buried; Playmates Are Pall-Bearers," Chicago Evening Post, 29 July 1919; "Slayer Laments--The Riots as Janet Is Buried," Chicago Daily Tribune, 30 July 1919.
9. " 'Time Clock' of Scientific Grilling Which Brings Confession," Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 July 1919; "Fitzgerald in Daze as Murder Story Is Told," Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 September 1919.
10 . "Fitzgerald in Daze."
11. "Judge Decrees Gallows Death for Fitzgerald," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 September 1919.
12. Oscar E. Hewitt, "Crowe or Igoe? Both Are Young and Ambitious," Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 September 1920.
13. Ibid.
14. Douglas Bukowski, Big Bill Thompson, Chicago, and the Politics of Image (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1998), 26-27; Lloyd Wendt and Herman Kogan, Big Bill of Chicago (New York: Bobbs-Merrill, 1953), 113 -114.
15. "City Job for R. E. Crowe," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 June 1915. 16. E. O. Phillips, "Thompson Slate Sweeps 34 Wards," Chicago Daily Tribune, 14 April 1920.
17. Hewitt, "Crowe or Igoe?"
18. "Man Slain, 3 Kidnaped, Police Slugged at Polls," Chicago Evening Post, 15 September 1920; Joe D. Salkeld, "Count Votes; Worker Slain," Chicago Daily Journal, 15 September 1920.
19. "Man Slain"; Salkeld, "Count Votes."
20. Editorial, "Mud and Money," Chicago Daily Journal, 16 September 1920. 21. "Thompson Cleans Up City," Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 September 1920; "Mayor's Rule Unquestioned," Chicago Daily Journal, 16 September 1920; "Mayor's County Ticket Makes a Clean Sweep," Chicago Evening Post, 16 September 1920; "Party Leaders Face Big Task of Registration," Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 October 1920.
22. Hewitt, "Crowe or Igoe?"; "Chicago's Blanket Ballot: In 'Real Life' It Is about a Yard Square," Chicago Daily Tribune, 27 October 1920. 23. "Hoyne Raps Igoe, Igoe Raps Hoyne, in Democrat Row," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 15 October 1920.
24. "Crowe to Rival: None Can Serve God and Mammon," Chicago Daily Tribune, 17 October 1920.
25. "Crowe Raps Igoe Backers; Igoe Bombards City Hall," Chicago Daily Tribune, 20 October 1920.
26. "Crowe Urges Moron Curb; Igoe Assails Judge Ruling," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 October 1920; "Crowe Calls Igoe 'Servant of Profiteers,' " Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 October 1920; "Crowe Gets Strong Allies; Igoe Hears Good Reports," Chicago Daily Tribune, 23 October 1920; "Crowe Gets O.K. from Judges of Chicago Courts," Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 October 1920; "Crowe Gets New Support; Igoe Hits at City's Crime," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 October 1920.
27. Arthur M. Evans, "County G.O.P. Slate Romps In 200,000 Victor," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 November 1920; " 'Great Victory,' Say Crowe and Fred Lundin," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 November 1920; "Winners in County Get Record Vote," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 November 1920.
28. "Staged Holdup; Slew Wife," Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 July 1920. 29. "Wanderer Jury Told How Gun Trapped Slayer," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 October 1920.
30. "Duel in Dark: Ex-Army Man Avenges Death," Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 June 1920; " 'Kiss for Julia, Bullets for Mrs. Wanderer,' " Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 October 1920.
31. "Mask Torn Off, Wanderer Is Crime Enigma," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 11 July 1920.
32. "Wanderer Jury."
33. "Puzzle Grows over Death of Soldier's Wife," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 July 1920.
34. "Staged Holdup"; "Sister Tells of Wanderer's Love Affairs," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 13 July 1920.
35. "Claims Torture Won Confession from Wanderer," Chicago Daily Tribune, 27 October 1920.
36. "25 Years for Wanderer," Chicago Daily Trib
une, 30 October 1920. 37. Ibid.
38. Ibid.;" 'Poor Boob' May Hang Wanderer at New Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 October 1920.
39. "25 Years"; "Sentence Makes Wanderer Grin, but Grin Fades," Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 November 1920.
40. "Election Brings Month Respite for Wanderer," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 2 November 1920.
41. "Carl Wanderer Again Must Face Gallows Noose," Chicago Daily Tribune, 8 January 1921.
42. "Wanderer Born Insane, Hickson Tells Jurors," Chicago Daily Tribune, 11 March 1921; "Alienist Holds Wanderer has Mind of Boy, 11," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 12 March 1921; "Women Experts Hold Stage at Wanderer Trial," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 March 1921.
43. "Decree Noose for Wanderer, 'Boob's' Killer," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 March 1921.
44. George S. Buck, "The Crime Wave and Law Enforcement," Outlook 131 (3 May 1922): 16; Charles Frederick Carter, "The Carnival of Crime in the United States," Current History 15 (February 1922): 754; "Lawlessness: The Shame of America," Current Opinion 77 (July 1924): 16; Basil Thomson, "The Crime Wave and How to Deal with It," Saturday Evening Post 195 (24 February 1923): 9.
45. Theodore E. Burton, "Curbing Crime in the United States," Current History 23 (January 1926): 472-473; "Wanted: A New Crusade," Current Opinion 70 (February 1921): 150; Mark O. Prentiss, "War on the Growing Menace of Crime," Current History 23 (October 1925): 2-4; "Murder by Wholesale," Literary Digest 74 (22 July 1922): 34.
46. "Crowe to Quiz Those Who Lost in 'Monte Carlo,' " Chicago Sunday Tribune, 15 May 1921; " 'Fixing' Charge Stirs Crowe; Raids Net 200," Chicago Daily Tribune, 19 June 1921; "Crowe's Raiders Sweep 2d Ward Clubs, Jail 200," Chicago Daily Tribune, 25 June 1921.
47. Richard C. Lindberg, To Serve and Collect: Chicago Politics and Police Corruption from the Lager Beer Riot to the Summerdale Scandal (New York: Praeger, 1991), 173-174; "Crowe Defies Fitzmorris in War on Gambling," Chicago Daily Tribune, 31 October 1921; "Cops Bootleggers! --Chief," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 25 September 1921.
48. Editorial, "The Coalition Victory," Chicago Daily Journal, 7 June 1924. 49. John R. Schmidt, "The Mayor Who Cleaned Up Chicago": A Political Biography of William E. Dever (DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 1989), 66, 72. 50. "School Graft Trail Widens," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 7 May 1922; "New $1,000,000 School Quiz," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 May 1922. 51. "Crowe Narrows School Quiz to Property Deals," Chicago Daily Tribune, 18 May 1922; "3 School Officials Indicted for Fraud," Chicago Daily Tribune, 24 August 1922; "13 Indicted in School Scandal: Order Arrests," Chicago Sunday Tribune, 3 September 1922.
52. "Grand Jury Seeking a Chat with Mr. Lundin," Chicago Daily Tribune, 15 September 1922.
53. "Jacob M. Loeb," in Paul Gilbert and Charles Lee Bryson, Chicago and Its Makers (Chicago: F. Mendelsohn, 1929), 928.
54. Philip Kinsley, "Board Danced to Lundin Whip, Hanson Swears," Chicago Daily Tribune, 9 June 1923; Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Partner in Rohm's Firm, Kin Tells Jury," Chicago Daily Tribune, 28 June 1923; Philip Kinsley, "Show Lundin's Companies Got Door Contracts," Chicago Daily Tribune, 29 June 1923.
55. Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Linked to 'Solid Six' in Graft Trial," Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 8 June 1923.
56. Philip Kinsley, "Lundin Didn't Boss Schools, Says 'Big Bill,' " Chicago Daily Tr ibune, 7 July 1923; " 'Only Thompson's Office Boy'--Lundin," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 10 July 1923.
57. Philip Kinsley, "It's Friday, the 13th, and Lundin Case Goes to Jury," Chicago Daily Tribune, 13 July 1923; "Darrow Closes Lundin Plea in 3-Hour Speech," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 13 July 1923.
58. "Jury Frees Lundin and 15 Others," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 14 July 1923.
59. Editorial, "The Lundin Verdict," Chicago Daily Tribune, 16 July 1923.CH A P T ER 10 : T H E I N DIC TM EN T
1. Richard Loeb to Anna Loeb and Albert Loeb, 28 July 1924, Folder 3, Irving Stone Papers, Bancroft Library, University of California, Berkeley.
2. Nathan F. Leopold, Life Plus 99 Years (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1958), 54-55.
3. Ibid., 54-55.
4. "Identifies Loeb in Moron Gland Attack on Midway," Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; " 'Gland' Holdup a Puzzle; Police Quiz Students," Chicago Daily Tribune, 22 November 1923.
5. "Slain in Auto Near Midway," Chicago Daily Tribune, 26 November 1923; "Phone Tip Revives Tracy Murder Case," Chicago Daily News, 21 June 1924; "Two More Chicago Murders Linked with Student Killers; Grand Jury Inquiry Begins," The World (New York), 4 June 1924.
6. "Loeb, Leopold Sued by Woman," Chicago Daily Journal, 5 June 1924; "Woman Recites Attack by Franks Killers," Chicago Daily Journal, 17 July 1924; "Woman Sues Boy's Slayers," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 6 June 1924. 7. "Franks' Killers Gland Robbers?" Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; "Two More Chicago Murders," The World (New York), 4 June 1924. 8. "Files Suit against Loeb and Leopold," Chicago Daily News, 6 June 1924. 9. James Doherty, "Quick Trial for Boy Slayers," Chicago Daily Tribune, 3 June 1924; "Identifies Loeb," Chicago Daily Journal, 2 June 1924; "Writ Puts 2 Slayers in Sheriff 's Hands," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 June 1924. 10 . "Franks Story to Jury," Chicago Daily Journal, 3 June 1924; "Grand Jurors Who Will Hear Story of Robt. Franks Murder," Chicago Daily Tribune, 4 June 1924.
11. "Crowe Acts to Avert Franks Case 'Fixing,' " Chicago Daily News, 4 June 1924.
12. "Franks Story," Chicago Daily Journal, 3 June 1924.
13. "Boy Slayers Play Baseball in Jail; Victim's Father Weeps before Jury," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 June 1924.
14 . "Killers Stalked Human Prey," Chicago Daily Journal, 4 June 1924. 15. "Passage for Leopold Booked on Liner," Chicago Daily News, 6 June 1924; "Ask Franks Trial in Month," Chicago Daily Journal, 6 June 1924; "Slayers in Court June 11," Chicago Evening Post, 6 June 1924.
16. "Ask Franks Trial"; "Slayers in Court."
17. "Ask Franks Trial."
18. "Ask Franks Trial"; "Killers Stalked."
19. "Leopold and Loeb Indicted as Kidnappers and Slayers; Sane, Says State's Alienist," The World (New York), 6 June 1924.
20. "Saw Loeb at Wheel before Kidnapping," Chicago Daily News, 9 June 1924; "Leopold and Loeb Will Plead Not Guilty to Killing," Chicago Evening Post, 9 June 1924.
21. "City Demands Franks Boy Slayers Be Brought to Trial Immediately," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 4 June 1924.
22. Ibid.
23. Editorial, "Justice Demands a Speedy Trial," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 3 June 1924.
24. C. L. Stevens, Letter, "For a Vigilantes' Committee," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 7 June 1924.
25. "Slayers' Parents' First Statement Bases All Hope on Insanity Plea," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 7 June 1924; "Won't Try to Buy Slayers' Freedom, Fathers Declare," Chicago Evening Post, 7 June 1924.
26. Editorial, "The Franks Case," Chicago Daily Tribune, 10 June 1924. 27. "Boy Killers Plead; Trial Set for Aug. 4," Chicago Daily News, 11 June 1924. 28. "Arraign Two Boy Killers Wednesday," Chicago Daily Journal, 10 June 1924.
29. "Caverly's Record Favors Life Terms," Chicago Daily News, 30 August 1924. 30. "Benjamin Charles Bachrach," in Paul Gilbert and Charles Lee Bryson, Chicago and Its Makers (Chicago: F. Mendelsohn, 1929), 776; "Benjamin Bachrach, Criminal Lawyer, 76," New York Times, 1 January 1951. 31. Geoffrey C. Ward, Unforgivable Blackness: The Rise and Fall of Jack Johnson (New York: Knopf, 2004), 296-349.
32. "Try Loeb Leopold on August 4," Chicago Daily Journal, 11 June 1924; "Boy Killers Plead"; "Franks Trial Aug. 4; Insanity Is Plea," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 12 June 1924; "Leopold, Loeb Trial Set for Monday, Aug. 4," Chicago Daily Tribune, 12 June 1924; "Loeb, Leopold Plead Not Guilty; Trial August 4," Chicago Evening Post, 11 June 1924.CH A P TER 11: T H E SCI EN T ISTS A R R I V E
1. Clarence Darrow, "Not a Milk and Water Theory," Everyman 11 (December 1915): 13.
2. "Expert Seeks Murder Gland," Chicago Daily Journal, 13 June 1924; "Work in Death Cell to Save Boy Slayers," Chicago Daily News, 13 June 1924.
3. Trial Transcript, fols. 1958-1960.
5. Julia Ellen Rechter, " 'The Glands of Destiny': A History of Popular, Medical and Scientific Views of the Sex Hormones in 1920s America" (PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, 1997), xvii; John Chynoweth Burnham, "The New Psychology: From Narcissism to Social Control," in John Braeman, Robert H. Bremner, and David Brody, Change and Continuity in Twentieth-Century America: The 1920s (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 1968), 351-398.
6. Benjamin Harrow, Glands in Health and Disease (New York: Dutton, 1922), 14-19, 23-25; Andre Tridon, Psychoanalysis and Gland Personalities (New York: Brentano's, 1923), 48, 51-60.
7. R. G. Hoskins, "The Functions of the Endocrine Glands," Scientific Monthly 18 (March 1924): 257-272.
8. Herman H. Rubin, The Glands of Life (New York: Bellaire, 1935), 26-30, 32-33; Tridon, Psychoanalysis, 18-21; Harrow, Glands, 93-97, 135-138, 140 -144.
9. J. M. Murdock, "Endocrine Disturbances in Mental Defectives," Pennsylvania Medical Journal 25 (1921): 50; Nolan D. C. Lewis and Gertrude R. Davies, "A Correlative Study of Endocrine Imbalance and Mental Disease," Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease 54 (1921): 385-405, 493-512; 55 (1922): 13 -32.
10 . Karl M. Bowman, "Blood Chemistry in Mental Diseases," American Journal of Psychiatry, 2nd ser., 2 (1922-1923): 379-408.
11. Karl M. Bowman, Joseph P. Eidson, and Stanley P. Burladge, "Bio-chemical Studies in Ten Cases of Dementia Praecox," Boston Medical and Surgical Journal 187 (1922): 358-362, quotation on 362.
12. Karl M. Bowman and G. P. Grabfield, "Basal Metabolism in Mental Disease," Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 9 (1923): 358-361, quotation on 360. 13. "Weird Apparatus in Slayers' Aid," Chicago Herald and Examiner, 15 June 1924; "More Doctors Test Leopold and Loeb," Chicago Daily News, 14 June 1924; "Test Slayers with Oxygen," Chicago Daily Journal, 14 June 1924. 14 . "Work in Death Cell," Chicago Daily News, 13 June 1924; "Expert Seeks"; "Leopold-Loeb Defense Now Is Seen as Insanity," Chicago Evening Post, 13 June 1924; Trial Transcript, fols. 1989, 2093.
15. Trial Transcript, fol. 1989; Bowman-Hulbert Report (Loeb), fol. 52. 16. Bowman-Hulbert Report (Leopold), fol. 75; "Leopold, Jr., under Test of Mental Experts," Chicago Daily Journal, 16 June 1924.