To the Secretary
Page 34
Chapter 1. 251, 287 LEAKED CABLES
1. Abba Eban, Diplomacy for the Next Century (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1998), 92.
2. See David Paull Nickles, Under the Wire: How the Telegraph Changed Diplomacy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), for an excellent discussion on the concept of time and its impact on the work of governments and diplomats.
3. Gary J. Bass, The Blood Telegram: Nixon, Kissinger, and a Forgotten Genocide (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 2013).
4. Ibid.
5. Hannah Gurman, The Dissent Papers: The Voices of Diplomats in the Cold War and Beyond (New York: Columbia University Press, 2012).
6. Alexander Star, ed., Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War, and American Diplomacy (New York: Grove Press, 2011).
7. Christopher Beam, “Dispatches: The WikiLeaks Cables as Literature,” Slate, December 1, 2010, http://www.slate.com/articles/news_and_politics/politics/2010/12/dispatches.htm.
8. Fareed Zakaria, “WikiLeaks Shows the Skills of U.S. Diplomats,” Time, December 2, 2010; and Timothy Garton Ash, “U.S. Embassy Cables: A Banquet of Secrets,” Guardian, November 28, 2010.
9. Numbers published by the American Foreign Service Association, reflecting full-time permanent employees as of December 30, 2012, as prepared by the State Department’s HR/RMA/WPA office and cleared for public release.
10. Bushnell’s accounts have been widely published in the media, but for a highly compelling first-person account, see her entry in Moments in U.S. Diplomatic History on the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training website, http://adst.org/2012/08/prudence-bushnell-on-the-us-embassy-nairobi-bombings/.
11. U.S. Department of State Office of Inspector General, Compliance Followup Review of Embassy Islamabad and Constituent Posts, Pakistan, Report # ISP-C-12-28A, Washington, DC, May 2012.
12. Alasdair Roberts, “The WikiLeaks Illusion,” Wilson Quarterly, Summer 2011, http://wilsonquarterly.com/stories/the-wikileaks-illusion/.
13. David E. Sanger “How Our Diplomats Think,” in Open Secrets: WikiLeaks, War, and American Diplomacy, ed. Alexander Star (New York: Grove Press, 2011), 331.
14. Timothy Garton Ash, “Historian Relishes WikiLeaks Cable Dump,” interview by Renee Montagne, NPR Morning Edition, Washington, DC, December 1, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/12/01/131719047/historian-relishes-wikileaks-cable-dump.
15. Steven Alan Honley, ed., “AFSA Members Speak Out on the WikiLeaks Mess,” Foreign Service Journal 88, no. 3 (March 2011): 15–22.
16. Michele Keleman, “Ex-Diplomats Fear Leak Will Lead to Cautious Cables,” NPR Morning Edition, Washington, DC, November 30, 2010, http://www.npr.org/2010/11/30/131686336/ex-diplomats-fear-leak-will-lead-to-cautious-cables.
17. Michael A. Lindenberger, “The U.S.’s Weak Legal Case Against WikiLeaks,” Time, December 9, 2010.
18. Stephen Hadley, “How Will New Wikileaks Revelations Affect Diplomatic Candor?,” interview by Judy Woodruff, PBS NewsHour, November 29, 2010, http://www.pbs.org/newshour/bb/government_programs-july-dec10-weakileaks2_11-29/.
19. John Campbell, “Expert Roundup: Will WikiLeaks Hobble U.S. Diplomacy?,” interview by Deborah Jerome, December 1, 2010, http://www.cfr.org/diplomacy-and-statecraft/wikileaks-hobble-us-diplomacy/p23526.
20. Elisabeth Bumiller, “Gates on Leaks, Wiki and Other,” New York Times, November 30, 2010.
21. Frederick Hitz, “Are WikiLeaks Leaks Good for America?” interview by Jim Zirin, Digital Age, December 14, 2010, http://www.digitalage.org/video/are-wikileaks-leaks-good-for-america/.
22. Ibid.
Chapter 2. ANTI-AMERICANISM
1. U.S. Embassy Oslo, “Muslim American Congressman in Norway on Faith, Peace, and Combatting U.S. Stereotypes,” January 18, 2008.
2. Steven R. Weisman, “Saudi Women Have Message for U.S. Envoy,” New York Times, September 28, 2005.
3. Glenn Kessler, “Turks Challenge Hughes on Iraq,” Washington Post, September 29, 2005.
4. Fred Kaplan, “Karen Hughes, Stay Home!,” Slate, September 29, 2005.
5. U.S. Embassy Cairo, “U/S Hughes Meeting with Egyptian Prime Minister Nazif,” September 29, 2005.
6. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “A Public Diplomacy Strategy for Saudi Arabia,” September 29, 2005.
7. U.S. Embassy Ankara, “Turkish Media Coverage—Visit of Under Secretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs,” October 3, 2005.
8. “Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001–2008),” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, December 18, 2008. Pew found that the United States remained broadly disliked in the countries surveyed, and attitudes toward the United States were unsurprisingly negative in the Muslim world. What was surprising was the degree of disparity in Western countries and traditional allies, especially on security issues. “Indeed, opinion of the U.S. continues to be mostly unfavorable among the publics of America’s traditional allies. In Turkey, hostility toward the U.S. and the American people has intensified.” Many allies faulted the United States for conducting a unilateral foreign policy.
9. U.S. Embassy Athens, “The Case for Increasing Greece’s IMET Funding,” February 8, 2010.
10. “Global Public Opinion in the Bush Years (2001–2008),” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, December 18, 2008.
11. Andrew Kohut, “Obama Unlikely to Find a Quick Fix for U.S. Global Image,” Pew Research Center Global Attitudes Project, Washington, DC, March 31, 2009.
12. Ibid.
13. “America’s Image in the World: Findings from the Pew Global Attitudes Project,” Pew Research Center, Washington, DC, March 14, 2007.
14. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “Jeddah Journal 17,” August 7, 2006.
15. U.S. Embassy Manama, “Shia Commemorate Ashura with Large, Orderly Crowds and Processions,” February 1, 2007.
16. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “From the Eastern Province: An Anti-American Sermon,” March 22, 2006.
17. U.S. Embassy Nouakchott, “Spies Like Us: The Media’s Tendency to See U.S. Agents Everywhere,” December 21, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Harare, “Zanu-PF Peacefully Protests Sanctions in Front of the U.S. Embassy,” February 24, 2010.
19. U.S. Embassy Dushanbe, “Interior Minister—That’s Not My Anti-American Screed,” February 3, 2010.
20. Jon Kelly, “Hugo Chávez and the Era of the Anti-American Bogeymen,” BBC News Magazine, March 7, 2013.
21. U.S. Embassy Brasilia, “Understanding Brazil’s Foreign Ministry: Part 1 Ideological Forces,” February 11, 2009.
22. U.S. Embassy Cairo, “Egyptian Media Themes Sept. 26 to Oct. 2: Six More Years! Mubarak Inaugurated for Fifth Term; Simpsons Coming to Town,” October 3, 2005.
23. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “Ideological and Ownership Trends in the Saudi Media,” May 11, 2009.
24. U.S. Embassy Ottawa, “Primetime Images of U.S.–Canada Border Paint U.S. in Increasingly Negative Light,” January 25, 2008.
25. U.S. Consulate Istanbul, “Turkish Media Figures Discuss Headscarf, Politics, and U.S. Image in Turkey,” February 27, 2008.
26. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Local Pundits on Russia’s Escalating Rhetoric,” June 5, 2007.
27. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “Russian Analysts Tell A/S Gordon Anti-Americanism Pillar of Russian Foreign Policy,” September 16, 2009.
28. U.S. Embassy Paris, “Responding to Russian Threats Against Missile Defense in Poland and the Czech Republic,” February 22, 2007.
29. U.S. Embassy Paris, “Codel Tanner: Meeting with French Political Director Araud,” February 27, 2007.
30. U.S. Consulate Toronto, “Ignatieff’s COS Donolo on Elections, U.S., IPR,” February 2, 2010.
31. U.S. Embassy Bishkek, “Kyrgyz Officials Offended by Cross on Swiss Flag,” April 25, 2009.
32. Richard T. Arndt, “Rebuilding America’s Cultural Diplomacy,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 39.
33. Walter Douglas with Jeanne Neal, Engaging the Muslim World: Public Diplomacy bfter 9/11 in the Arab Middle East, A
fghanistan, and Pakistan (Washington, DC: Center for Strategic and International Studies, 2013).
34. William A. Rugh, ed., The Practice of Public Diplomacy: Confronting Challenges Abroad (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011).
35. William A. Rugh, American Encounters with Arabs: The “Soft Power” of U.S. Public Diplomacy in the Middle East (New York: Praeger Security International, 2005).
36. “State Department: Staffing and Foreign Language Shortfalls Persist Despite Initiatives to Address Gaps,” Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, GAO-07-1154T, August 1, 2007.
37. U.S. Embassy Riyadh, “A Public Diplomacy Strategy for Saudi Arabia,” December 12, 2005.
38. “Comprehensive Plan Needed to Address Persistent Foreign Language Shortfalls,” Government Accountability Office, Washington, DC, GAO-09-955, September 17, 2009.
39. Edward P. Djerejian, Danger and Opportunity: An American Ambassador’s Journey through the Middle East (New York: Threshold Editions, 2009).
40. Joe Johnson, “How Does Public Diplomacy Measure Up?,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 12 (October 2006): 44–52.
41. Ibid.
42. Robert J. Callahan, “Neither Madison Avenue nor Hollywood,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 33–38.
43. U.S. Embassy Moscow, “IRF Reactions: MFA Gets Nasty, ROC Nice,” October 29, 2009.
44. U.S. Embassy Beijing, “Media Reaction: Human Rights, Gary Locke, U.S.–China Military Relations,” February 27, 2009.
45. Rosie Johnston, “Topolanek Lashes Out at U.S. over Human Rights Report,” eský rozhlas/Radio Prague, March 13, 2008.
46. U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, “Public Diplomacy Best Practices; Countering Anti-Americanism in Argentina,” November 21, 2008.
47. “Staff Report on the Office of the Under Secretary for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs,” Advisory Commission on Public Diplomacy, Washington, DC, December 12, 2011.
48. See “Ambassadors Call for a Public Diplomacy Professional at State Department, Public Diplomacy Council, May 24, 2013, http://publicdiplomacycouncil.org/commentaries/05-24-13/ambassadors-call-public-diplomacy-professional-state-department
49. Philip Giraldi, “Clueless in Gaza: Karen Hughes and the Collapse of American Public Diplomacy,” Antiwar.com, March 7, 2007, http://antiwar.com/orig/giraldi.php?articleid=10632.
50. Elizabeth Williamson, “Karen’s Rules on Diplomacy: Talk to the Media—If You Dare,” Washington Post, November 8, 2006.
51. Shawn Zeller, “Damage Control: Karen Hughes Does PD,” Foreign Service Journal 83, no. 10 (October 2006): 19–26.
52. Thomas L. McPhail, Global Communication: Theories, Stakeholders, and Trends. (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2010), 85.
53. James K. Glassman, “U.S. Leadership Rating Rises. Huh?,” The American, American Enterprise Institute, April 16, 2014.
54. Al Kamen, “A Lovely Consolation Prize for Ms. Kennedy?,” In the Loop, Washington Post, January 23, 2009.
55. Marc Lynch, “Why Judith McHale Would Be a Bad Public Diplomacy Choice,” Foreign Policy, January 23, 2009.
56. U.S. Embassy Asunción, “Ambassador Showcases Asunción’s Biodiversity, Promotes Eco-Tourism,” October 21, 2005.
57. U.S. Embassy Rome, “‘Hunger Banquets’ and Public Diplomacy: A Proposal,” June 28, 2005.
58. U.S. Interests Section Havana, “In Havana, a (Mostly) Happy Fourth of July,” July 5, 2006.
59. U.S. Embassy Athens, “Muslim Engagement in Greece,” January 19, 2010.
60. U.S. Embassy London, “Engagement with Muslim Communities in the UK,” February 5, 2010.
61. U.S. Consulate Jeddah, “American Culture and Commerce Festival in Abha,” January 9, 2008.
62. U.S. Embassy Cotonou, “Benin: Blood Drive Muslim Community Project,” October 27, 2009.
63. U.S. Embassy Nouakchott, “First Ever Muslim American Couple Visit Cements New Relationship with Mauritania,” September 28, 2009.
64. U.S. Embassy Asmara, “GSE Shuts Down Embassy Asmara Iftar,” August 27, 2009.
65. U.S. Embassy Buenos Aires, “Public Diplomacy Best Practices; Countering Anti-Americanism in Argentina,” November 21, 2008.
66. U.S. Embassy Paramaribo, “Suriname: Request $13,350 in Additional Public Diplomacy Funding,” April 29, 2008.
67. Remarks by President Obama at Strasbourg Town Hall, April 3, 2009, https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/remarks-president-obama-strasbourg-town-hall.
68. A. M. Sperber, Murrow: His Life and Times (New York: Bantam Books, 1986), 624, citing the author’s interview with Henry Loomis, April 4, 1985.
69. Zeller, “Damage Control.”
Chapter 3. CRISES
1. Peter Kolshorn, “U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince Officer Recalls Memories of Haiti Quake,” DipNote, U.S. Department of State Official Blog, July 13, 2010, http://blogs.state.gov/stories/2010/07/13/us-embassy-port-au-prince-officer-recalls-memories-of-haiti-quake.
2. In 2014 the UN Development Programme’s Human Development Report ranked Haiti first in the Western Hemisphere on its list of countries with low human development; globally, it ranked Haiti 166 out of 187.
3. According to the UN’s World Health Organization website, the World Food Summit in 1996 defined food security as existing “when all people at all times have access to sufficient, safe, nutritious food to maintain a healthy and active life.” Obstacles to food security include both physical and economic access, conflicts, and natural disasters.
4. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Haiti Earthquake Sitrep 2 as of 1900,” January 14, 2010.
5. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port au Prince Earthquake Sitrep as of 1200, Day 4,” January 15, 2010.
6. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port-au-Prince Sitrep as of 1800 Day 4,” Janaury 16, 2010.
7. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port au Prince Sitrep as of 1200, Day 4,” January 15, 2010.
8. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port-au-Prince Sitrep as of 1800 Day 4,” January 16, 2010.
9. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Port-au-Prince: Read Out on Secstate Visit,” January 19, 2010.
10. Ibid.
11. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Haiti Earthquake One Week Later, January 21, 2010.
12. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “USAID/DART Overview of Search and Rescue Operations in Haiti,” January 25, 2010.
13. U.S. Embassy Port-au-Prince, “Embassy Port Au Prince Earthquake Sitrep as of 1800, Day 12,” January 26, 2010.
14. Hillary R. Clinton, Hard Choices (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2014), 527. Clinton uses the larger death toll of 230,000, plus another 300,000 injured. USAID became skeptical of that number and commissioned a consultancy report, which put the figure between 46,000 and 85,000. Some news sources, such as the BBC, also disputed the 230,000 figure, and the Columbia Journalism Review noted that the Haitian government raised the death toll on the first anniversary of the quake from 230,000 to 316,000, with no explanation.
15. The U.S. State Department continues to call the country Burma, in deference to the wishes of political dissidents who reject the military regime’s use of the name Myanmar. Regional experts argue that the name Burma favors one ethnicity in a multiethnic society, and most countries now favor using Myanmar. This book uses the name Burma, which provides consistency for readers, since it draws heavily on cables that refer to the country by that name.
16. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Preparations for Cyclone Nargis,” May 2, 2008.
17. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Disaster Alert,” May 5, 2008.
18. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Declaration of Disaster,” May 5, 2008.
19. Ibid.
20. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Sitrep No. 1,” May 5, 2008.
21. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Political Implications of Cyclone Nargis,” May 6, 2008.
22. Ibid.
23. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Si
trep No. 2,” May 6, 2008.
24. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Fuel Shortage Imminent,” May 6, 2008.
25. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: The Politics of Cyclone Nargis Assistance,” May 7, 2008.
26. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Update on Humanitarian Assistance,” May 16, 2008.
27. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Than Shwe Is the Problem,” May 8, 2008.
28. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Prying Open the Door for Humanitarian Aid,” May 9, 2008.
29. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Cyclone Nargis Sitrep No. 6,” May 12, 2008.
30. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Crouching Tiger, Hidden Economy: Burma-China Economic Relations,” February 24, 2010.
31. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “First Tranche of USG Cyclone Assistance Arrives in Burma,” May 13, 2008.
32. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Media Reaction: Burmese Highlight Delivery of U.S. Humanitarian Aid Post Cyclone Nargis,” May 15, 2008.
33. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: A General Willing to Meet,” August 8, 2008.
34. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: NLD Supports Policy Review, Cautions Against Any Deal That Would Cut Out the Party,” September 28, 2009.
35. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Regime Backtracking on Its Cyclone Relief Commitments,” June 17, 2008.
36. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Donors Focus on Access at Cyclone Nargis Conference,” May 27, 2008.
37. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Including ICRC on the Dialogue Agenda,” October 14, 2009.
38. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Some Political Prisoners Released in Amnesty,” September 18, 2009.
39. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Assistance Organizations Feeling the Pre-Election Squeeze,” October 22, 2009.
40. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma’s Keystone Cops,” July 25, 2008.
41. U.S. Embassy Oslo, “Norwegian Opinions on the Suu Kyi Verdict and Burma,” August 14, 2009.
42. U.S. Embassy Rangoon, “Burma: Promoting Democratic Change through Cyclone Nargis Relief,” June 27, 2008.