The Age of Voltaire
Page 117
63. Lecky, History of England, I, 541.
64. Mossner, Hume, 357.
65. Ibid., 360.
66. 379.
67. 364.
68. Pope, “Epitaph on Gay.”
69. Gay, John, Beggar’s Opera, I, v.
70. Ibid., I, viii.
71. III, xi.
72. Camb. History of English Literature, X, 3.
73. Richardson, S., Pamela, 2.
74. Ibid., 179.
75. Richardson, Clarissa, 429–31.
76. Ibid., introd., viii.
77. Ibid., ix.
78. Montagu, Lady Mary W., Letters, II, 232 (Mar. 1, 1752).
79. Rousseau, J. J., letter to Duclos, Nov. 19, 1760.
80. Francke, K., History of German Literature, 216.
81. Texte, J., J. J. Rousseau and the Cosmopolitan Spirit, 148 f.
82. Fielding, H., introd. to Amelia, xxiii; Thackeray, English Humourists, 263n.
83. Fielding, Joseph Andrews, Book I, Ch. x.
84. Saintsbury, G., introd. to Pamela.
85. Joseph Andrews, II, xiv.
86. Fielding, Jonathan Wild, preface.
87. Jonathan Wild, I, i.
88. Ibid., I, v.
89. I, iii.
90. III, vii.
91. IV, xv.
92. Thackeray, English Humourists, 266n.
93. Fielding, Tom Jones, III, v.
94. Ibid., III, x.
95. XVIII, xii.
96. Besant, London, 502 f.; Lecky, History of England, I, 487.
97. Amelia, IV, ii.
98. Ibid., I, ii.
99. XI, ix.
100. VI, ii.
101. Thackeray, 263.
102. Smollett, T., Roderick Random, Ch. xi, pp. 56–58.
103. Ibid., xx, 114.
104. xvii, 95.
105. xxxix, 223.
106. Smollett, Adventures of Peregrine Pickle, Ch. ii.
107. Ibid., vi.
108. Thackeray, 254n.
109. Ibid., 255n.
110. 254n.
111. Smollett, Travels through France and Italy, xxvii.
112. Thackeray, 256.
113. Smollett, Humphrey Clinker, 16 (letter of Apr. 18).
114. Ibid., 142 (letter of June 8).
115. 218–20 (letter of July 4).
116. 225–37 (letter of July 13).
117. Montagu, Lady M. W., Letters, I, 173.
118. Halsband, Lady Mary Worthy Montagu, II.
119. Montagu, Letters, I, 174 (Apr. 25, 1710).
120. Ibid., 178.
121. 181.
122. Letter of Aug. 16, 1712; Halsband, 25.
123. Pope, Collected Poems, 370.
124. Halsband, 58.
125. Pope, letter of Aug. 18, 1716, in Montagu, 1, 405–7.
126. Montagu, I, 237 (Sept. 14, 1716).
127. Brockway and Winer, Second Treasury of the World’s Great Letters, 170.
128. Halsband, 63.
129. Montagu, I, 431, 434.
130. Collection of the Marquess of Bute.
131. Pope, Poems, 371.
132. Halsband, 113.
133. Ibid., 130.
134. 141.
135. Camb. History of English Literature, IX, 277.
136. Translated from Halsband, 156.
137. Ibid., 157.
138. Walpole, H., Letters, I, 57–62 (Sept. 25 and Oct. 2, 1740).
139. Halsband, 204, 218.
140. Ibid., 218.
141. 289.
CHAPTER VI
1. Turberville, Johnson’s England, II, 75.
2. Allen, B. S., Tides in English Taste, I, 73 f.
3. Lecky, History of England, I, 530.
4. Tate Gallery, London.
5. Staatsbibliothek, Hamburg.
6. Traill, Social England, V, 271.
7. Wilenski, R., English Painting, 102.
8. Thackeray, English Humourists, 247n.
9. Beckett, R. B., Hogarth, 22.
10. Vienna.
11. Collection of Sir Francis Cook.
12. Frick Gallery, New York.
13. Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York.
14. Tate Gallery.
15. Ibid.
16. National Gallery, London.
17. Tate Gallery.
18. Thackeray, 247.
19. Quennell, P., Hogarth’s Progress, 31.
20. Tate Gallery.
21. Thackeray, 245n.; Wilenski, 60.
22. Wilensky, 79 f.; Dobson, Hogarth, 23.
23. Wilenski, 72.
24. Beckett, 13.
25. Art Gallery, Birmingham, England.
26. St. Bartholomew’s Hospital, London.
27. Collection of Earl of Faversham.
28. Wilenski, 63; Beckett, 18, questions this story.
29. Wilenski, 85.
30. Dobson, 21.
31. Wilenski, 71.
32. Tate Gallery.
33. Wilenski, 68.
34. Craven, Thos., Treasury of Art Master pieces, 210; Quennell, P., Hogarth, 7.
35. Wingfield-Stratford, History of British Civilization, 777.
36. Dobson, 31.
37. Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, II, 406.
38. Weinstock, Handel, 55.
39. Brockway and Weinstock, Men of Music, 60; Turberville, Johnson’s England, II, 160.
40. This section is especially indebted to Herbert Weinstock’s Handel.
41. Grove’s Dictionary, II, 504.
42. Weinstock, 32; Brockway and Weinstock, 57.
43. Oxford History of Music, IV, 80; Weinstock, 38.
44. Mainwaring, John, Life of Handel, in Deutsch, Otto, Handel, 27.
45. Burney, C., General History of Music, II, 662.
46. Weinstock, 60.
47. Ibid., 92.
48. 97.
49. Oxford History of Music, IV, 209.
50. Burney, II, 72m.
51. Ibid.
52. Weinstock, 115.
53. Ibid., 172.
54. McKinney and Anderson, Music in History, 438.
55. Weinstock, 207.
56. Burney, II, 817.
57. Weinstock, 212.
58. Láng, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 522.
59. Brockway and Weinstock, Men of Music, 76.
60. Oxford History of Music, IV, 84; Weinstock, 225; Brockway and Weinstock, 76.
61. Weinstock, 232.
62. Ibid., 239.
63. 241.
64. Rolland, R., Musical Tour through the Land of the Past, 58.
65. Oxford History of Music, IV, 198.
66. Weinstock, 77.
67. Brockway and Weinstock, 81.
68. Rolland, 49.
69. Davison, A., Bach and Handel, 46.
70. Ibid., 44.
71. Rolland, 67.
72. Weinstock, 303.
73. Ibid., 305.
74. Davison, A., 41.
75. Oxford History of Music, IV, 85–89, 93.
76. Burney, II, 1023.
77. Letter to Thieriot in Strachey, Books and Characters, 122.
78. E.g., Works, XXIa, 211.
79. Works, XIXb, 91.
80. Goldsmith, O., Life of Voltaire, in Miscellaneous Works, 504.
81. Letter of July 19, 1776, in Desnoiresterres, VIII, 108; article “Dramatic Art” quoted in Holzknecht, Backgrounds of Shakespeare, 387.
82. Collins, J. C., Bolingbroke, and Voltaire in England, 201; Brandes, Voltaire, I, 173.
83. Johnson, Lives of the Poets, II, 7.
84. Works, XIXb, 209.
85. In Buckle, I, 528.
86. Philosophical Dictionary, article “Government.”
87. Gay, Voltaire’s Politics, 44.
88. Parton, II, 523.
89. Voltaire, Correspondance, ed. Besterman, II, 31.
90. Johnson, Lives, II, 176; Collins, J. C., 210.
91. Collins, 230.
92. Brunetière, Manual of the History of
French Literature, 319.
CHAPTER VII
1. Sée, H., Economic and Social Conditions in France during the 18th Century, 87.
2. Ibid., 84.
3. Sumner, W. G., Folkways, 165.
4. Sée, 104; Goodwin, A., The European Nobility in the 18th Century, 36.
5. Tocqueville, L’Ancien Régime, 107.
6. Ducros, L., French Society in the 18th Century, 158, 207; Wolf, A., History of Science… and Philosophy in the 18th Century, 558.
7. Palmer, R. R., Catholics and Unbelievers in 18th-Century France, 13n.
8. Lacroix, P., Eighteenth Century, 138.
9. Camb. Mod. History, VIII, 53.
10. Lacroix, 138.
11. Ducros, 24; Herbert, S., Fall of Feudalism in France, xvii.
12. Taine, Ancient Regime, 130.
13. Goodwin, European Nobility, 31.
14. Jaurès, Histoire socialiste, I, 32.
15. Sée, 61.
16. Taine, Ancient Regime, 20, 41.
17. Tocqueville, 34.
18. Taine, 15.
19. Camb. Mod. History, VIII, 53.
20. Ibid., 52; Sée, 3.
21. Palmer, R. R., 25; Lacroix, 157.
22. Taine, 42 f.
23. Voltaire, Works, XVIa, 261.
24. Martin, H., XV, 439.
25. Ibid., 439–40.
26. Lacroix, 157.
27. Ibid., 269.
28. Taine, 34.
29. Ibid., 119–20.
30. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 10, 15; Montalembert, Monks of the West, II, 86.
31. Martin, Kingsley, Rise of French Liberal Thought, 79.
32. Taine, 62; Michelet, Histoire de France, V, 288.
33. Martin, H., XV, 441.
34. Ibid., 442.
35. Taine, 63.
36. Lecky, History of England, V, 329.
37. Desnoiresterres, VIII, 248.
38. Lacroix, 270.
39. Guizot, History of France, V, 48.
40. Sée, 4.
41. Herbert, Fall of Feudalism, 56.
42. Taine, 23–24; Ducros, 256–57.
43. Herbert, 37.
44. Sée, 15.
45. Herbert, 4–5.
46. Sée, 28.
47. Montagu, Lady Mary W., Letters, I, 395 (Oct. 10, 1718).
48. Taine, 330.
49. Martin, H., XV, 216.
50. Sée, 38.
51. Voltaire, Works, XIXa, 94.
52. Philosophical Dictionary, article “Lent.”
53. Cobban, History of Modern France, 42.
54. Sée, 182.
55. Renard and Weulersee, Life and Work in Modern Europe, 193.
56. Mantoux, Industrial Revolution, 409.
57. Sée, 165.
58. Taine, 334.
59. Mornet, Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française, 28.
60. Parton, II, 184.
61. Lacroix, 228.
62. Ibid., 311.
63. Nussbaum, History of the Economic Institutions of Modern Europe, 124.
64. Jaurès, Histoire socialiste, I, 67.
65. Sée, 151–53.
66. Martin, H., XV, 213.
67. Ibid., 305.
68. Sée, 93.
69. Ducros, 160.
70. Toth, Woman and Rococo in France, 179.
71. Lacroix, 206.
72. Ibid.
73. Goncourts, Madame de Pompadour, 5–7.
74. Desnoiresterres, III, 241.
75. Grimm, Correspondance, VIII, 231–33, in Buckle, I, 539.
76. Saint-Simon in Lacroix, 302.
77. Lacroix, 299.
78. Ducros, 53.
79. Stryienski, Eighteenth Century, 57.
80. Lanfrey, L’Eglise et les philosophes au xviiie siècle, 129.
81. Michelet, V, 277; Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, I, 445.
82. Voltaire, Works, XVIa, 157.
83. Stryienski, 79.
84. Works, XVIa, 158.
85. Martin, H., XV, 256n.
86. Stryienski, 85.
87. Desnoiresterres, II, 336.
88. Martin, H., XV, 251.
89. Saint-Simon, Memoirs, III, 283.
90. Michelet, V, 248.
91. Martin, H., XV, 116n.; Ercole, Gay Court Life, 88.
92. Bearne, Court Painter, 85.
93. Guizot, History of France, V, 78.
94. Goncourts, Pompadour, 9.
95. Michelet, V, 325.
96. Ercole, 167.
97. Lewis, D. B. Wyndham, Four Favorites, 42.
98. Stryienski, 140–41.
99. Webster’s Biographical Dictionary, 833.
100. Brandes, I, 224.
101. Voltaire, Works, XVIb, 224.
102. Carlyle, Thos., History of Friedrich II, IV, 438; Enc. Brit., IX, 454a.
103. Voltaire, XVIb, 238; Martin, H., XV, 282; Stryienski, 148.
104. Voltaire, XVIb, 239.
105. Stryienski, 149.
106. Martin, H., XV, 43 m.
107. Lichtenberger in Martin, K., Rise of French Liberal Thought, 238.
108. Martin, H., XV, 356–58.
109. Lecky, England, V, 327.
110. Goncourts, Pompadour, 12.
111. Michelet, V, 349.
112. Ercole, 197.
113. Goncourts, 117.
114. Ercole, 203.
115. Lewis, Four Favorites, 48.
116. Taine, Ancient Regime, 82.
117. Goncourts, 71.
118. Ibid., 348.
119. Sainte-Beuve, I, 450.
120. Ibid., 451.
121. Michelet, V, 354.
122. Martin, H., XV, 436.
123. Goncourts, 131.
124. Lewis, 50.
125. Ercole, 209.
126. Toth, 165.
127. Goncourts, 127.
128. Du Hausset, Mme., Memoirs of Mme. de Pompadour, 65.
129. Ercole, 220.
130. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 249.
CHAPTER VIII
1. Sée, Economic and Social Conditions, 48 f.
2. Funck-Brentano, L’Ancien Régime, 422.
3. La Fontainerie, French Liberalism and Education, 6.
4. Lacroix, 252.
5. Ibid., 151.
6. 242.
7. 244.
8. Desnoiresterres, III, 133.
9. Créqui, Souvenirs, 57, 121.
10. Ducros, French Society, 83.
11. Chesterfield, Letters, I, 348.
12. Brandes, I, 147.
13. Ibid., 141.
14. Goncourts, Woman of the 18th Century, 187.
15. Ibid., 188.
16. Mornet, Origines intellectuelles de la Révolution française, 53.
17. Funck-Brentano, 50.
18. Ducros, 61.
19. Quoted in Funck-Brentano, 60.
20. Taine, Ancient Regime, 134.
21. Walpole, Letters, I, 309 (Oct. 28, 1752).
22. Toth, 135.
23. Frederick the Great, Mémoires, I, 25.
24. D’Argenson, Mémoires, in Martin, H., XV, 341.
25. Ducros, 342.
26. Mossner, Hume, 92.
27. Köhler, Carl, History of Costume, 340.
28. Créqui, 123.
29. Lacroix, 370.
30. Ducros, 35.
31. Philosophical Dictionary, art. “Lent,” in Works, VIa, 108.
32. Mousnier and Labrousse, Dix-huitième Siècle, 166.
33. Michelet, V, 189.
34. Láng, P. H., Music in Western Civilization, 441.
35. Burney, C., General History of Music, II, 965, 969.
36. Grove’s Dictionary of Music and Musicians, IV, 320d.
37. Burney, II, 970.
38. Diderot, Le Neveu de Rameau.
39. Duclos, C., Considérations sur les moeurs, 13.
40. Goldsmith, O., Miscellaneous Works, 430.
41. Mme. Vigée-Lebrun, Mémoires, I, 156, in Taine, Ancient Reg
ime, 141n.
42. Goncourts, Woman, 317.
43. Marmontel, Memoirs, I, 181.
44. Batiffol, Great Literary Salons, 131.
45. Walpole to Gray, Jan. 25, 1766.
46. Batiffol, 208.
47. Kavanagh, Woman in France during the 18th Century, I, 168.
48. Diderot, “On Women,” in Dialogues, 196.
CHAPTER IX
1. Faniel, S., French Art of the 18th Century, 36.
2. Ibid., 91.
3. Funck-Brentano, 180.
4. Louvre.
5. See the great commode in the Wallace Collection.
6. Dilke, Lady E., French Architects and Sculptors of the 18th Century, 77.
7. Ibid., 81.
8. Louvre.
9. Turner and Baker, Stories of the French Artists, 181.
10. Dijon Museum.
11. Versailles Museum.
12. Louvre.
13. Bearne, Court Painter, 164.
14. Diderot, Salons, I, 9, 114–19.
15. Bearne, 43.
16. Turner, 193.
17. Goncourts, French 18th-Century Painters, 61.
18. Turner, 197.
19. Louvre.
20. Block, François Boucher and the Beauvais Tapestries, 26.
21. Goncourts, French Painters, 69.
22. Seven are in the Huntington Library and Gallery at San Marino, Calif.
23. Ibid.
24. Wallace Collection.
25. Goncourts, French Painters, 91.
26. Ibid., 84.
27. Block, 22.
28. Ridder, Chardin, 8; Goncourts, French Painters, 117.
29. Louvre.
30. Louvre.
31. Louvre.
32. Goncourts, 141–42; Havens, Age of Ideas, 321.
33. Diderot, Salons, III, 4.
34. Goncourts, 177n.
35. Ibid.
36. Ibid.
37. Ibid., 164n.
38. Louvre.
39. St.-Quentin Museum.
40. Dresden.
41. St.-Quentin.
CHAPTER X
1. Duclos, Considérations, 217.
2. Grimm, Correspondance, III, 73.
3. Parton, I, 509.
4. Voltaire, essay “Ancient and Modern Tragedy,” in Works, XIXa, 134.
5. “Discourse on Tragedy,” in Works, XIXb, 181 f.
6. Parton, II, 325.
7. Brandes, I, 72.
8. Edwards, H. S., Idols of the French Stage, 83; Sainte-Beuve, Portraits of the 18th Century, I, 170.
9. Michelet, V, 303.
10. Sainte-Beuve, I, 180.
11. Michelet, V, 304.
12. Mitford, N., Madame de Pompadour, 126.
13. Hazard, European Thought in the 18th Century, 260.
14. Marivaux, Vie de Marianne, 3.
15. Crébillon fils, Le Sopha, introd.
16. Le Sopha, 65.
17. Palache, Four Novelists of the Old Regime, 4, 49.
18. Crébillon, Le Sopha, introd.
19. Saintsbury, G., introd. to Prévost’s Manon Lescaut, xliii.