The Age of Voltaire

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The Age of Voltaire Page 128

by Will Durant

passim, 756, 758, 759, 761;

  Voltaire and, 370, 486, 636, 639–44

  passim, 674, 697, 718–20, 740, 752; see also “Geneva” (d’Alembert)

  Encyclopédie méthodique, L’, 756

  Endeavour, 559

  Enden, Frans van den (d. 1676), 503

  Enfer détruit, L’ (d’Holbach), 697

  England (Great Britain), 43–248;

  Admiralty, 510;

  army, 73, 98;

  art in, 49, 214–24;

  class divisions in, 45–49, 52–54, 55–56, 62–63, 90, 91, 98, 117–19

  passim, 129, 135, 164, 183;

  commerce of, 45, 50, 53, 55–56, 57–60

  passim, 66–68

  passim, 98, 101–2, 247, 479, 538, 557;

  constitution of, 58, 71, 247, 344, 353, 358, 368–69, 446;

  corruption in, 58, 68, 74, 90, 104, 135, 137 (see also Parliament, British; Walpole, Sir Robert);

  daily life in, 75–81;

  economic conditions in, 47, 95, 97, 98;

  Foreign Office, 159;

  industry in, 48–50, 52–54, 55, 59;

  invasions of, 107, 156 (see also Jacobite rebellions);

  literature, see literature, English;

  music in, see music;

  navy, 55, 67, 73, 100, 102–3, 200, 265, 455, 538, 591;

  population, 49, 59;

  seas, control of, 32, 45, 48, 55, 101–2, 114, 271, 455, 538, 708;

  taxation, 48, 71, 82, 98, 368;

  union (parliamentary) with Scotland, 107, 200

  FOREIGN ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS: with France and Holland (1717), see Triple Alliance;

  with Portugal, 68;

  and Pragmatic Sanction, 436, 452;

  with Prussia (1756), 115, 285;

  with Sardinia (1743), 455;

  Warsaw Pact (1745), 456

  PEACE TREATIES: Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), 112, 457;

  Hanover (1745), 457

  AT WAR: 49, 66, 214;

  in Seven Years’ War, 115, 157, 264, 265, 538, 607, 708, 736, 768–69;

  in war of 1718 against Spain, 32;

  in War of Austrian Succession, 82, 109, 264–65, 272, 277–78, 385, 453, 455–56, 457;

  in War of Jenkins’ Ear, 101–3, 109, 200, 238, 558

  England, Church of, see Anglican Church

  English language, 177, 181

  engraving, 45, 217, 219–24, 311, 312, 315

  Enlightenment, Scottish, 107, 140, 158, 556, 587

  Enquiry concerning Political Justice (Godwin), 691, 713

  Enquiry concerning the Human Understanding, An (Hume), 148–49, 160

  Enquiry concerning the Principles of Morals, An (Hume), 148, 149–50

  Enquiry into the Causes of the Late Increase of Robbers, An (Fielding), 70–71

  Entretien d’un père avec ses enfants, L’ (Diderot) , 662

  Entretien d’un philosophe, L’ (Diderot), 657

  Entretiens sur Le Fils naturel (Diderot), 669–670

  Enville, Duchesse d’ (fl. 1762), 730, 782

  Épée, Charles Michel de l’ (1712–89), 597

  Epictetus (C.50–C.120), Stoic philosopher, 748

  Epicurus (342?–270 B.C.), Greek philosopher, 33, 149, 616, 621, 624, 645, 665

  epidemics, see disease

  epigenesis, 576

  Épinay, Louise Florence Pétronille de La Live d’ (1726–83), 158, 479, 480;

  on Mme. Denis, 472;

  and Grimm, 338, 666, 671, 674, 781;

  and Rousseau, 266, 674;

  on Dr. Tronchin, 601–2;

  Voltaire and, 601, 759

  Erasmus, Desiderius (1466?–1536), 136

  “Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot” (Pope), 175

  Epistle to the Author of “The Three Impostors’” (Voltaire), 717

  “Epistle to William Hogarth” (Churchill), 223

  Épître à M. le duc d’Orléans” (Voltaire), 34

  Épître à Uranie (Voltaire), 38–39, 372, 734

  Époques de la nature, Les (Buffon), 553, 554–555, 570

  Epsom Wells, 80

  Epworth, Lincolnshire, England, 129, 133

  Erfurt, Saxony, 413

  Ericson, Leif (fl. c.1000), 558

  Ériphile (Voltaire), 363, 365

  Eriska, Outer Hebrides, 110

  Erlangen, University of, 400

  Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover (r. 1692–98), 89

  Ernest Augustus, Prince-Bishop of Osnabrück and Duke of York (d. 1728), 229

  Ernesti, Johann August (fl. 1736), 417

  Erreurs de Voltaire, Les (Nonnotte), 486, 756

  Eskimos, 357, 558

  Espion du Grand Seigneur, L’ (Marana), 341

  Esprit des lois (Montesquieu), 154, 300, 309, 321, 340, 341, 347–60, 569, 693

  Essai de cosmologie (Maupertuis), 514–15

  Essai d’éducation nationale (La Chalotais), 773

  Essais (Montaigue), 100, 624

  Essai sur les moeurs, or Essai sur l’histoire générale (Voltaire), 156, 356, 464, 483–89, 505, 583, 719;

  Abrégé edition, 471, 484;

  attacks Christian intolerance, 480, 486, 488, 767;

  criticized, 486, 488, 758

  Essai sur les préjugés, par M. du Marsais (d’Holbach), 699

  Essai sur l’ histoire générale (Voltaire), see Essai sur les moeurs

  Essai sur l’origine des connaissances humaines (Condillac), 582

  Essay concerning the Nature of Ailments (Arbuthnot), 592

  Essay on Criticism, An (Pope), 165–66, 246

  Essay on Free Toleration (Voltaire), 731*

  Essay on Man (Pope), 172–75, 177, 246, 376

  Essay on the Causes and Phenomena of Earthquakes (Mitchell), 555–56

  Essays and Treatises on Various Subjects (Hume), 155–56

  Essays, Moral and Political (Hume), 154–55

  Esterházy family, 431

  Estrées, Gabrielle d’ (1573–99), 40

  Estrées, Maréchal Victor Marie d’ (1660–1737), 14

  Étallonde, Dominique Gaillard d’ (1740-after 1788), 734–35

  ethics (morality, moral code): Confucian, impact of on West, 121, 401, 503, 505, 506, 739, 745;

  “natural,” advocated by philosophes, 615, 625, 636, 686–88, 698–99, 705–7, 773, 776–80;

  religion held necessary to, 355, 744–48, 756, 758, 763

  ethnology, 348

  Éthocratie, L’ (d’Holbach), 707, 710

  Étioles, Alexandrine d’ (1744–54), 282

  Étioles, Charles Guillaume Lenormant d’, 280, 281

  Eton College, 62, 96, 113, 180;

  Gray’s ode to, 181–82

  Etrépigny, France, 611

  Ettal, Kloster, 406

  Euclid (fl. C.300 B.C.), 569

  Eugene of Savoy, Prince (1663–1736), 74, 94, 433, 435, 454

  Euler, Leonhard (1707–83), 375, 476, 507, 509–510, 516;

  and Lagrange, 510, 511, 514;

  work in astronomy, 509, 510, 538–39, 544–45, 546;

  —in mathematics, 509–10;

  —in physics, 514, 517

  Euphrates River, 485

  Euripides (480–406 B.C.), Greek dramatist, 193, 381, 500

  Europe, population of, 59;

  Union of advocated, 335–36

  Evangelical (Low Church) movement, 137

  Évangile de la raison, L’ (Voltaire), 741

  Evelyn, Sir John (1620–1706), 205

  evolution, theories of, 570–71, 578–81, 619, 626, 651, 655, 755

  Évreux, Comte d’, 282

  Examen de la religion (Voltaire-Meslier), 741

  Examen de la religion chrétienne (Bergier), 756–57

  Examen du matérialisme (Bergier), 756

  Examen important de milord Bolingbroke (Voltaire), 743

  excise bill (Britain, 1733), 98

  Exeter, England, 136

  Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, The (Smollett), 203–4

  explorations, 557–60, 610, 633, 662
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  Experiments and Observations on Different Kinds of Air (Priestley), 526–27, 567–68

  Experiments on Vegetables (Ingenhousz), 568

  Exposition abrégée du système du monde (Du Châtelet), 375

  Exposition du Système du monde (Laplace), 547

  Eymerico, Nicolás (1320–99), 693

  Ezio (Handel), 234

  Fable of the Bees, The (Mandeville), 138–39

  Fabre, Jean Henri (1823–1915), biologist, 577

  Fabri, Annibale (1697–1760), tenor, 234

  Fabrice, Baron Friedrich Ernst (1683–1750), 362

  factory system, 48, 52–53

  Faguet, Emile (1847–1916), French critic, 355, 360, 713

  Fahrenheit, Gabriel Daniel (1686–1736), 550

  faïence, 305, 404

  Fairchild, Thomas, 566

  fairs, 55, 79, 135, 245, 397–98

  Falconer, Sir David, 140

  Falconet, Étienne Maurice (1716–91), 305, 306, 310, 667

  Falkener, Everard (d. 1758), 245, 247, 368

  Falkirk, Scotland, battle of (1746), 111

  Falkland Islands, 558

  Fallopio, Gabriele or Gabriello (1523–62), 590

  fallow system, 260

  Fanny Hill (Cleland), 64

  Farinelli (Carlo Broschi; 1705–82), 226, 236

  farmers general, 265–66, 271, 280, 281, 295, 354, 532, 535–36, 680

  Fauchard, Pierre (fl. 1728), 599

  Fauchet, Abbé Claude (1744–93), 782

  Faulkner’s Journal, 239

  Favart, Charles Simon (1710–92), poet and playwright, 267

  Favart, Marie Duronceray (1727–72), actress, 267

  Fay, Charles du, see Du Fay

  Feilding, Lady Mary, see Kingston, Mary, Countess of

  Fel, Marie (1713–94), 322

  Felipe, Don, see Philip, Duke of Parma

  Fénelon, François de Salignac de La Mothe- (1651–1715), 31, 32, 254, 368, 483*

  Ferdinand, Archduke (b.1754-d.1806), Duke of Modena, 410

  Ferdinand Count Fathom (Smollett), 600

  Ferdinand de’ Medici, Prince, see Medici, Ferdinand de’

  Ferdinand of Brunswick, Duke (b.1721- d.1792), 780

  Fermor, Arabella (fl. 1711), 166

  Ferney, 482, 489, 575, 715, 720, 726, 735, 743, 751–53, 759, 767, 772, 784

  Ferrand, Mlle., 582

  Ferrers, Laurence Shirley, 4th Earl of (1720–60), 72

  Ferriol, Angélique Guérin de Tencin de, 327

  Ferriol, Charles Augustin de, see Argental, Comte d’

  Festin de Pierre, Le, or Don Juan (Molière), 670

  Fêtes chinoises, Les (Noverre), 315

  feudalism, 116, 336;

  defended by Montesquieu, 341, 352;

  Diderot on, 646;

  in France, 252–53, 254, 259, 268, 279;

  in Germany, 397, 437;

  in Scotland, 107

  Fiedler, Johann Christian (1697–1765), 404

  Fielding, Charlotte Cradock (d. 1744), 193, 196, 198–99

  Fielding, Henry (1707–54), 64, 65, 79, 80, 117, 193–99, 213, 216, 246, 332, 541;

  comedies of, 183, 193;

  death of, 199;

  and Hogarth, 222, 224;

  as magistrate, 70–71, 196, 198;

  and Lady Mary, 193, 205;

  middle classes portrayed by, 199, 205;

  as novelist, 192, 193–99;

  and prisons, 74, 198;

  realism of, 192, 193, 199;

  and Richardson, 188, 190, 192, 193–94, 205;

  and Smollett, 199, 200, 204, 205;

  and Robert Walpole, 99, 183, 195

  Fielding, Sir John (d. 1780), 198

  Fifteen Sermons (Butler), 125

  Figg, James (d. 1734), 78

  Fils naturel, Le (Diderot), 669–70, 762

  Firmian, Count Leopold Anton von (1679–1744), Archbishop of Salzburg, 432, 438

  First Silesian War (1740–42), 436, 451–54

  Fischer, Johann Michael (1691–1766), German architect, 406

  Fischer von Erlach, Johann Bernhard (1656–1723), Austrian architect, 432, 433

  Fischer von Erlach, Josef Emanuel (1693–1742), 432, 433

  Fitzjames, François, Duc de (1709–64), bishop of Soissons, 276, 277, 783

  “fixed air” (carbon dioxide), 517, 524, 526, 534

  Fizes, Dr., 203

  Flanders, 276, 278, 455, 456, 457

  Flaubert, Gustave (1821–80), 335, 726, 756

  Flavacourt, Mme. de, nee Nesle, 275

  Fleet prison, London, 64–65, 222

  Flemming, Count Jakob Heinrich von (1667–1728), 414

  Fleury, André Hercule de (1653–1743), cardinal, 269–72, 309, 331;

  his ascent to chief ministership, 270, 274;

  Belle-Isle’s scheme opposed by, 271–72, 453;

  closes Club de l’Entresol, 294, 335;

  death of, 272, 276, 382;

  on Frederick II’s book, 449–50;

  peace policy of, 103, 271, 449;

  tolerance of, 257, 270;

  Voltaire and, 269–70, 289, 379, 380, 381, 385, 449

  Fleury, Omer de (fl. 1759), 642

  Florence, Italy, 48, 212, 228, 306, 408, 598

  Florida, 561

  Fluxions (Newton), 569

  flying shuttle, 48, 51

  Fonseca, Dr., 362

  Fontaine-Martel, Comtesse de (d. 1733), 362, 365

  Fontainebleau, Château de, 274, 289, 365, 379, 386, 575;

  Salle du Conseil, 312

  Fontainebleau, forest of, 282

  Fontenelle, Bernard Le Bovier de (1657–1757), 283, 618;

  Chesterfield and, 82, 88;

  Frederick II and, 442, 735;

  Montesquieu and, 348;

  and Regent, 7, 17;

  at salons, 23, 24, 280, 300, 327, 681;

  and Mme. de Tencin, 280, 299, 300;

  Voltaire and, 37, 247

  Fontenoy, battle of (1745), 277–78, 384–85, 456, 618;

  Voltaire’s ode on, 385, 760, 779

  Forkel, Johann Nicolaus (1749–1818), 429–30

  Forlì, 586

  Fort Egmont, Falkland Islands, 558

  fortunetellers, 493

  Foster, Sir William, 588

  Foundling Hospital, London, 69, 218, 240

  Fouquet, Nicolas (1615–80), 271

  Fourcroy, Antoine François de (1755–1809), 534

  Four Dissertations (Hume), 152, 184

  Fourier, Jean Baptiste Joseph (1768–1830), 547

  Fourth Lateran Ecumenical Council (1215), 494

  Fox, Charles James (1749–1806), 530

  Fox, Henry, 1st Baron Holland (1705–74), 218

  Fragmente eines Ungenannten (Lessing), 502

  Fragonard, Jean Honoré (1732–1806), 28

  France, Anatole (Jacques Anatole François Thibault; 1844–1924), 655

  France, 3–41, 249–393;

  aids American Revolution, 522;

  army of, 9, 19, 37, 266, 278, 438;

  arts of, 5, 24–28, 33, 282, 303–22:

  China, mission to, 504;

  class divisions, 22, 251–66, 275, 278–79, 286, 287–93, 323, 368, 767, 768, 771, 780–82;

  colonies, 11, 13–14, 264, 558;

  commerce, 10–11, 13–16

  passim, 66–68

  passim, 247, 252, 264, 271, 476, 479, 538, 557;

  court of, see under Versailles, Palace of;

  cultural influence of, 248, 282, 308, 323, 779–80;

  economy of, 9, 11, 15–16, 33, 271;

  encirclement of, 32, 285;

  First Republic (1792–1804), 536;

  government administration, 10, 18–19, 253, 266–69, 270–71, 289, 398;

  India, conflict with Britain in, 264–65, 503;

  industry, 10–11, 13–16

  passim, 51, 52, 261–62, 577;

  aids Jacobite invasion of England, 92, 93, 109–12;

  literature and music, see literature,
French, and music in France;

  navy, 109–10, 265, 271, 321, 539;

  Poland, policy toward, 362;

  population, 59, 251, 261;

  Regency, see Regency, French;

  Senate of (1799–1814), 549;

  and Switzerland, 475;

  taxation, 9–10, 12, 13, 18–19, 252, 254–55, 260, 265–66, 269, 270, 271, 608, 610;

  typography mapped, 560

  FOREIGN ALLIANCES AND AGREEMENTS: against Austria, 276 (1744), 435 (1733), 452–53 (1741);

  with Austria (1756), 115, 285;

  with England and Holland (1717), see Triple Alliance;

  and Pragmatic Sanction, 436, 452

  PEACE TREATIES: Aix-la-Chapelle (1748), 112, 278, 457;

  Hague (1720, with Spain), 93

  WARS: religious wars, 21, 40, 608;

  Seven Years’ War, 115, 158, 264, 265, 285, 316, 489, 607, 736, 767–69;

  against Spain (1718), 32;

  War of Austrian Succession, 264–65, 276–78, 293, 338, 384–85, 386, 453–57, 779;

  War of Polish Succession, 271, 435

  Franche-Comté, 259

  Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor (r. 1745–65), Duke of Lorraine as Francis Stephen (r. 1729–37), 361, 433, 436, 453, 456, 457

  Francis I, King of France (r. 1515–47), 496

  Francis (Francesco) III d’Este, Duke of Modena (r. 1737–80), 399

  Francis of Assisi, Saint (1182–1226), 751, 753

  Francis Stephen, Duke of Lorraine, see Francis I, Holy Roman Emperor

  Francis Xavier, Saint, see Xavier

  Frank, Johann Peter (1745–1821), 591

  Frankfurt-am-Main, free city of, 397–98, 454, 457, 592;

  Voltaire’s detention at, 469–70, 488, 489

  Franklin, Benjamin (1706–90), 132, 507, 537, 596, 597;

  electrical experiments of, 471, 519, 520–22;

  in France, 522, 594, 692;

  and philosophes, 693, 694, 784;

  and Priestley, 526, 530

  Frascati, Italy, 109

  Frederick I, King of Prussia (r. 1701–13), Elector of Brandenburg as Frederick III (r. 1688–1701), 437, 448

  Frederick I, King of Sweden (r. 1720–51) and Landgrave of Hesse-Cassel, 414

  Frederick II the Great, King of Prussia (r. 1740–86), 89, 221, 277, 291, 360, 403, 405, 437, 439–60, 599, 606, 638, 665, 692

  AT HOME: accession of, 402, 436, 439, 447;

  his accomplishments, 407;

  and Algarotti, 212, 449;

  his appearance and character, 447, 459–60;

  as author, 407, 458, 460, 407, 446, 449–50, 452, 458, 460, 711, 713;

  on Charles VI, 435;

  and the Encyclopédie, 639, 644;

  on England, 98, 446;

  the “enlightened despot,” 447–48, 459, 688, 711, 776;

  father’s maltreatment of, 439–42, 450;

  at father’s deathbed, 446–47;

  free press under, 448, 496;

  French language favored by, 323, 440, 441;

 

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