by Will Durant
Derby, England, 52, 54, 111, 579
De rege (Mariana), 765
Desaguliers, Jean (1683–1744), 518
Descartes, René (1596–1650), 100, 369, 464, 554, 584, 766;
in Encyclopédie, 633, 636–37;
his mechanistic views, reactions to, 592, 609, 619;
his philosophy shackled, say atheists, 616, 705;
rejection of his cosmology, Voltaire’s role in, 246, 369, 375, 544
Description de l’ empire de la Chine (Du Halde), 504
Description des arts et métiers (Académie des Sciences), 584
De sedibus et causis morborum (Morgagni), 586
Deserted Village, The (Goldsmith), 182
Desfontaines, Pierre François Guyot (1685–1745), 289, 375, 380, 384, 498, 760, 765
Desforges-Maillard, Paul (1699–1772), 267
Desmarets, Père, 284
Desmoulins, Camille (1760–94), 713
Desportes, Alexandre François (1661–1743), 25
despotism, 368;
Montesquieu’s views on, 351, 352, 355, 358
despotism, enlightened (benevolent), seen as best hope for social reform, 100, 505, 665, 688, 776
Despotisme de la Chine, Le (Quesnay), 505
Destouches, Louis Camus, Chevalier (1668–1726), father of d’Alembert, 23, 515
Destouches (Néricault), Philippe (1680–1754), playwright, 283
determinism, 356, 445, 621, 714;
of Diderot, 654, 675;
of d’Holbach, 702–3, 756;
of Hume, 140;
Laplace’s exposition of, 547–48;
Wolff’s, 401–2; see also free will
Dettingen, Bavaria, battle of (1743), 94, 113, 240, 338, 455, 618
“Dettingen Te Deum” (Handel), 241
De Veritate (Herbert of Cherbury), 120
Devin du village, Le (Rousseau), 322
Devizes, Wiltshire, England, 136
Devonshire, William Cavendish, 3d Duke of (d. 1755), 239
Devonshire House, London, 215
d’Holbach, Baron, see Holbach
Diable boiteux, Le (Lesage), 29
Diablo cojuelo, El (Vélez de Guevara), 28
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion (Hume), 150–52, 160
Dialogues of the Dead (Lucan), 161
Diatribe of Dr. Akakia (Voltaire), 467–69
Dickens, Charles (1812–70), 198, 199, 205
Dictionary (French Academy), 323
Dictionary (Johnson), 82, 87, 181, 292, 635
Dictionnaire antiphilosophique, Le (Chandon), 756
Dictionnaire des athées (Maréchal), 780
Dictionnaire de Trévoux, Le, 759
Dictionnaire historique et critique, Le (Bayle), 119, 499, 609, 624
Dictionnaire philosophique, Le (Voltaire), 357–58, 497, 505, 744, 767;
burned, 734, 742;
“David,” 731*;
“Dieu,” 711–13, 752;
and La Barre case, 734, 735;
“Patrie,” 779;
Portatif edition, 741–42, 743;
on superstition, 738;
“Theism,” 717;
“War,” 779
Diderot, Antoinette Champion (b. 1710), 623–24, 626, 630–631, 632, 675, 676, 677
Diderot, Denis (1713–84), 156, 283, 345, 558, 576, 605, 617, 623–79, 779
EARLY LIFE (1713–49): birth, 623;
education and studies, 498, 531, 623, 625;
marriage, 623–24;
frequents cafés and salons, 294, 301, 582, 624, 632;
interests and early works (1746–49), 624–30;
imprisoned at Vincennes, 630–32, 634;
beginning of Grimm-Diderot-Rousseau friendship, 632–33
THE ENCYCLOPEDIST: 262, 369, 499, 611, 634–49, 669, 678, 693, 756;
his preparatory work, 625, 631, 634;
writes prospectus, 633, 634–45;
involved in Prades affair, work banned (1752), 638–40;
ban lifted, 279, 639;
“Geneva” crisis, second ban (1758–59), 641–42, 670, 719–20;
helped by d’Holbach, 643, 697;
completes publication, 643–44;
articles written by him, 640–41, 644–47;
his role evaluated, 648–49
LATER LIFE AND WORKS: appearance and character, 673–75;
as art and book critic, 309, 311–14
passim, 316, 319, 522, 640, 656–57, 665, 666–68, 674, 677–78;
battles with antiphilosophes, 670, 761, 762, 764;
and Catherine the Great, 644, 646, 665, 675, 679, 774;
his conversation, 665, 678, 695–96;
and his daughter, 665, 676–78;
his dialogues, 626, 650, 652–55, 652–55, 669–70, 672;
and the drama of sentiment, 184, 335, 625, 665, 668–72, 678–79, 752;
and Grimm, 313, 657, 658, 666, 667, 671, 673–78
passim, 693;
and Helvétius, 642, 680, 681, 689, 690;
and d’Holbach, 611, 665, 678, 680, 695–96, 697, 699–700, 704, 710;
and Hume, 159, 160;
and the Jesuits, 623, 627, 638–39, 644, 648, 766, 767;
and music, 295, 298, 660, 672;
his novels, 376, 626–27, 657–59, 669, 672;
on physicians, 599, 600;
and Raynal, 693, 694;
and Réaumur, 577–78, 625, 628;
and Richardson, 192–93, 334, 658, 669, 674;
on his robe de chambre, 677;
his Rousseauan qualities and view of “feeling,” 607, 625, 658, 664, 668, 674, 675–76;
Rousseau’s admiration for, 674, 679;
his projected Russian journey, 675, 677–78, 679;
on the theater, 326, 633, 640, 671–72;
his triumph, 784;
and Voltaire, 326, 650, 672, 674, 675, 697, 719–20, 735, 736, 738, 740, 752, 753;
on women, 302
PHILOSOPHICAL INTERESTS AND VIEWS: 624–25;
agnosticism, 359, 628–29, 655–56;
atheism, 337, 625, 626, 629*, 630, 656, 657, 782;
his crusade against Christianity, 337, 572, 611, 626, 638–40, 656–58, 692;
deism, 619, 625, 626, 655;
on education, 609, 774;
ethics, 598, 625, 656, 662–65, 776;
evolution, 578, 626, 629, 651–52, 655, 755;
materialism, 369, 588, 622, 625, 645, 651–53;
pantheism, 626, 651–52;
political and economic ideas, 646–47, 665–66, 752;
psychology, 509, 597, 627–29, 633
Diderot, Didier (d. 1759), father of the philosophe, 623, 624, 662, 671, 675, 677;
his letter to Diderot in prison, 631–32
Diderot, Marie Angélique, see Vandeul, Mme. de
Dientzenhofer, Christoph (1655–1722), 432
Dientzenhofer, Johann (1665–1726), 406
Dientzenhofer, Kilian Ignaz (1680–1751), 432
digestion, 589
Dijon, 296, 298, 310, 471, 569, 623, 781
Dijon, Academy of, 498, 569
Dijon, Parlement of, 569, 735, 771
Dillon, Arthur Richard (1721–1806), Archbishop of Narbonne, 254
Diogenes (412?–323 B.C.), 320
Dionysius II, tyrant of Syracuse (fl. 367 B.C.), 448
Dioscorides, Pedanius (fl. C. A.D. 50), 599
Directorium Inquisitorium (Eymerico), 693
Directory (France, 1795–99), 713
Discorsi (Machiavelli), 359*
Discourse against Mohammedanism (Saint-Pierre), 335
Discours en vers sur l’homme (voltaire), see discours sur l’homme
Discourse on the Arts and Sciences (Rousseau), 378, 664
Discourse on the Origin of Inequality (Rousseau), 664
“Discours sur la poésie dramatique” (Diderot), 670
Discours sur le bonheur (La Mettrie), 621
Discours sur le style (Buffon), 573–75
Discours
sur l’histoire universelle (Bossuet), 345, 346, 484, 501, 504
Discours sur l’homme (Voltaire), 177, 246, 376
Discovery, 559–60
disease, 589–92;
epidemics of, 590, 595;
prevention and treatment of, 591–602
Disquisitions relating to Matter and Spirit (Priestley), 528
Disraeli, Benjamin (1804–81), 101
Dissenters, 77, 117, 118–19, 129, 526, 528;
in America, 131;
in Ireland, 105;
political orientation of, 90, 91;
restrictions against, 62–63, 396, 495
Dissertation upon Parties, A (Bolingbroke), 99
Divine Legation of Moses, The (Warburton), 124–25
divine right of kings, 90, 100, 646
divorce, 65, 290, 343, 675
Doctrina Numorum Veterum (Eckhel), 500
Doctrine of Philosophical Necessity Illustrated, The (Priestley), 528
Dodington, George Bubb (1691–1762), 246
Dodsley, Robert (1703–64), 182
Dodwell, Henry (d. 1784), 127
Dollond, John (1706–61), 537
Dominicans, 343
Don Juan (Byron), 559
Don Juan (Molière), 670
Donne, John (1573–1631), 176
Donner, Georg Raphael (1693–1741), 433–34
Don Quixote (Cervantes), 28, 30, 202, 305
dons Gratuits (free donations), 254–55, 270, 608, 642, 699
Douai, Parlement of, 771
Douglas (Home), 184–85
Draconis, 540
dragonnades, 465, 505, 605
“Drapier” letters (Swift), 104–5
Dream of d’Alembert, The, see Rêve d’Alembert, Le
Dresden, 467;
architecture and sculpture, 399, 405, 406–7;
court at, 403, 420, 426;
Frederick marches troops through (1744), 455;
music, opera in, 399, 408, 410, 411, 414, 417, 420;
porcelain of, 281, 282, 306, 404;
Prussian capture of (1745), 457;
ruined by bombardment (1760), 410
Dresden, Peace of (Prussia-Austria, 1745), 278, 457, 462
Drese, Johann (fl. 1708), 414
dress, 75–76, 81, 292–93, 476, 600
drugs, 593, 597, 599–600
Drury Lane Théâtre, London, 183, 193, 230
Dryden, John (1631–1700), 165, 171, 236, 238, 670
Du Barry, Jeanne Bécu, Comtesse (1743–93), 735, 744
Dublin, 171, 230, 239–40, 590
Dublin Society, 106
Dubois, Guillaume (1656–1723), Cardinal, Archbishop of Cambrai, 6–7, 17, 19, 23, 30, 31–33, 254
Du Bouchet, Élisabeth, 82
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, Sieur (1610–88), scholar, 487
Du Châtelet, Marquis (fl. 1749), governor of Vincennes, 630, 631
Du Châtelet-Lomont, Gabrielle Émilie Le Tonnelier de Breteuil, Marquise (1706–49), 301, 302, 365–66, 401, 483, 484;
appearance and character, 366, 373, 374;
marriage, 365;
and Maupertuis, 365, 374, 514;
and Richelieu, 365, 367, 391;
scientific interests, 23, 366, 373, 374–75, 390, 508, 544;
meets Voltaire, 365–66;
to Montjeu with him, 367;
their idyl at Cirey (1734–39), 211, 372–78, 384, 444, 464, 466, 716;
sojourns in Brussels and Paris (1739–44), 378–82, 448, 449, 455;
Voltaire’s interest waning, 382–83;
at Paris and Versailles (1744–47), 383, 384, 391;
at Sceaux, 386;
at Lunéville, 388–89, 390–91;
and Saint-Lambert, 180, 366, 389–91;
intercedes with kinsman for Diderot, 631;
death, 390–91, 631
Du Châtelet-Lomont, Marquis Florent Claude (1695–1766), 365, 372, 373, 378, 389–91
passim, 393
Duclos, Charles Pinot (1705–72), 19, 298, 324, 336–38, 607;
on Dubois, 6–7, 31;
and Encyclopédie, 640, 642;
in French Academy, 283, 323, 337, 498;
on “little atheists,” 338;
at the salons, 280, 300, 680
Du Deffand, Marie de Vichy-Chamrond, Marquise (1697–1780), 19, 256, 300–302, 780;
on Mme. du Châtelet, 302, 366, 374;
on Helvétius, 301–2, 690;
and Montesquieu, 301, 344, 357;
salon of, 301, 344, 781;
Voltaire correspondence with, 247, 302, 671
Dudley, Dud (1599–1684), 50
dueling, 41, 70, 80, 103, 289
Du Fay, Charles François de Cisternay (1698–1739), 518–19
Dufresny, Charles Rivière (1648–1724), 341
Du Halde, Jean Baptiste (1674–1743), 504, 505
Du Hausset, Mme., 284
Dumas, Alexandre, fils (1824–95), 330, 335
Dumbarton, Scotland, 200
Dunciad, The (Pope), 169, 171–72, 176, 240
Duncombe, Mr., art patron, 220
Dunkirk, France, 92, 109
Dunoyer, Olympe (fl. 1720), 5
Du Pin, Mme., 84
Dupleix, Marquis Joseph François (1697–1763), 264–65
Dupré de Saint-Maur, Mme. (fl. 1749), 628, 630
Dupuy, memoirist (fl. 1717), 21
Durand, Laurent (fl. 1748), 627, 628, 634
Durham, England, 117, 206
Dürnstein Abbey, Austria, 432–33
Dutch East India Company, 562, 563
duties: export, 98, 104, 279;
import, see tariffs, protective;
internal, 13, 247, 264, 279
dynamics, 515, 537
East Africa, 560
Eastbury Manor, 246
Easter Island, 559
East India Company, English, 55, 56, 59, 113, 264
East Indies, 694
East Prussia, 437
Ebenhecht, Georg (d. 1757), 405
Eberhard Ludwig, Duke of Württemberg (b.1677-d.1733), 398
Eberlein, German artist, 404
Ebrach, 404, 405
ecclesiastical courts, 72, 268
Ecclesiastical News (Jansenist periodical), 356
Eckermann, Johann Peter (1792–1854), 784
Eckhel, Joseph Hilarius (1737–98), 500
École Militaire, Mézières, 513
École Militaire, Paris, 285, 307, 546
École Normale, Paris, 512, 514
École Polytechnique, Paris, 512, 514
economics: in Encyclopédie, 641, 647;
Helvétius’ views on, 688–89;
d’Holbach’s views on, 707–8;
Hume’s contributions to, 155–56
Écossaise, L’ (Voltaire), 765
“Écrasez l’infâme!” (Voltaire slogan), see infame, L’
Ecuador, 552
Écumoire, L’ (Crébillon fils), 331
Edesheim, 695
Edict of Nantes, see Nantes, Edict of
Edinburgh, 92, 108, 110–11, 556
Edinburgh, University of, 108, 140, 147, 557, 579;
Faculty of Advocates, 156
Edinburgh Review, The, 162
education, philosophes* theories of: 775–76, 785;
Diderot’s, 690;
Helvétius’, 583, 682, 683–84, 688, 690–91, 775;
d’Holbach’s, 706, 707;
Rousseau’s, 583, 775
education and schools, 493, 494, 786
IN FRANCE: 19, 33, 252, 286–87, 324, 512, 608, 773–76;
under Jesuits, 256, 498, 765–67, 769–70;
Lavoisier’s plan for, 536;
military, 271, 285;
under National Convention, 583;
proposals and campaign for secularization of, 684–85, 691, 697, 738, 766, 770–71, 773–75;
reorganized, 775
IN OTHER COUNTRIES: England, 62–63, 71, 118;
German states, 399–400,
407, 411, 415, 438, 772;
Ireland, 105, 106;
Scotland, 107, 108;
Switzerland, 476, 480, 481;
United States, 691
Edward VI, King of England (r. 1547–53), 54
Effner, Josef (1687–1745), 398–99, 406
Eger, Bohemia, 272, 455
Egmont, Septimanie de Richelieu, Comtesse d’ (1740–73), 289, 293
egoism, universal, theory of, 149, 301, 459, 687–88, 691, 706, 707, 777;
disputed, 690;
satirized, 762
Egypt, 501, 506, 549
Eisenach, Saxe-Weimar, 411, 412–13
Elbe River, 399, 437
Eleatics, 645
Elective Attractions (Bergman), 524
electricity, 51, 514, 517, 518–23, 526
“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” (Gray), 182, 183
Elementa Physiologiae Corporis humani (Haller), 477, 588
Éléments de la philosophie de Newton (Voltaire), 375, 378
Éléments de musique théorique et pratique (d’Alembert), 516
Éléments de physiologie (Diderot), 655
Éleuthéromanes, Les (Diderot), 666*
Élie de Beaumont, Jean Baptiste Jacques (1732–86), 730
Elisabeth Christina of Brunswick-Bevern (1715–97), Queen of Frederick II of Prussia, 442, 460, 461
Elizabeth I, Queen of England (r. 1558–1603), 40, 52, 65, 224, 518
Elizabethan era, 75, 188, 224, 262
Elizabeth Petrovna, Empress of Russia (r. 1741–62), 510
Éloge de Richardson (Diderot), 192–93, 669
“Eloïsa to Abelard” (Pope), 167–68
Émile (Rousseau), 324, 589, 755, 766;
burned, 737, 772
enclosure of common lands, 46
Encyclopaedia (Alsted), 499
Encyclopaedia Britannica, 499–500
Encyclopédie, L’, 23, 184, 633–49, 693;
antecedents and history of, 499, 625, 630, 631, 633–44, 669, 670, 678, 737, 783;
and anti-Christianity campaign, 21, 86, 116, 486, 636–42
passim, 644–46, 648, 649;
“Athée” article, 644, 758;
Bacon’s influence on, 369, 370, 636;
banning of, 639, 642, 682, 718;
“Certitude,” 638;
“Christianity” (Diderot), 644, 648;
“Collège,” 766;
“Discours préliminaire,” 635–37, 719;
economic ideas in, 647;
“Encyclopedia” article, 640–41, 646;
government, articles on, 641, 646–47;
and Jesuits’ fall, 644, 771;
and Locke, 633, 636, 637;
machines and technology, articles on, 262, 647–48;
Malesherbes and, 348, 611, 638, 639, 641, 643;
music articles, 297–98, 642;
Mme. de Pompadour and, 279, 321, 639, 644*;
“Prètre,” 644–45, 697;
reviews and criticism of, 637–41