The Age of Voltaire

by Will Durant

  Marie Leszczyńska (1703–68), Queen of Louis XV of France, 256, 273–75, 276, 288, 297, 308, 312, 314, 384, 764;

  and her father’s manifesto, 389;

  secures Fréron’s pardon, 761;

  and Helvétius, 680, 681;

  pleads for Jesuits, 770;

  her marriage, 269, 273–74, 293;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 281, 284;

  her portraits, 311, 322;

  and Voltaire, 40, 41, 362, 365, 386, 389, 497, 751

  Marigny, Abel Poisson, Marquis de (1727–81), 282, 307, 319

  Mariotte, Edme (1620?–84), 584

  Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de (1688–1763), 24, 189, 330–31 332, 344, 388, 695;

  and Law’s System, 323, 330;

  and Mme. de Tencin, 280, 299, 300, 330

  Mark, county of, 437

  Marlborough, John Churchill, Duke of (1650–1722), 77, 93, 94, 114, 435;

  amassed wealth in office, 97;

  Bolingbroke on, 369;

  Chesterfield on, 83;

  death of, 91, 232;

  impeachment and restoration, 91

  Marlborough, Sarah Jennings Churchill, Duchess of (1660–1744), 77, 82, 91, 114, 245, 362

  Marlborough, 2d Duchess of (dau. of 1st Duke), see Godolphin, Henrietta, Countess of

  Marly, Château de, 18, 308–9, 521

  Marmontel, Jean François (1723–99), 283, 300, 301, 642, 680, 695;

  on Mme. Danis, 393;

  on Diderot’s table talk, 678;

  and Fréron, 783;

  on Helvétius, 681, 691;

  on d’Holbach’s dinners, 696;

  on Morellet, 693;

  lampoons Palissot, 764;

  on Vauvenargues, 340;

  and Voltaire, 325, 384, 473

  Marquesas Islands, 559

  Marseilles, 258, 262, 305, 670, 768;

  importance as seaport, 264, 398;

  painters’ academy at, 310

  Marseilles, bishop of, see Belsunce de Castelmoron

  Martin, Henri (1810–83), French historian, 270, 780

  Martine, George (1702–41), 593

  Marx, Karl (1818–83), 698, 707, 713

  Mary I, Queen of England (r. 1553–58), 387

  Maryland, 73

  Mary Stuart, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–87), 109, 110

  Maskelyne, Nevil (1732–1811), 552–53, 556

  Massacre of St. Bartholomew, see St. Bartholomew, Massacre of

  Massey, Edward (fl. 1772), 595

  Massillon, Jean Baptiste (1663–1742), bishop of Clermont, 21, 32, 258, 301, 751

  materialism, 127, 356, 445, 583, 645;

  of Diderot, 369, 609, 624, 651–53;

  evaluated, 713–14;

  of Hobbes, 116, 125, 609;

  of d’Holbach, 701, 710, 713;

  Hume and, 143;

  of La Mettrie, 116, 369, 572, 617, 621;

  of Locke, 713;

  of Meslier, 614, 617;

  Pompignan’s attack on, 763;

  refuted by Berkeley and Bergier, 713, 756;

  rejected by Buff on, 572;

  its suppression demanded, 495

  Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (Newton), 548*; see also Principia Mathematica

  mathematics, 401, 507, 508–14, 634;

  applied to astronomy, 537, 544–49;

  and physics, 523;

  losing popularity, 575–76

  Mather, Cotton (1663–1728), 565

  Matignon, Hôtel, Paris, 24

  Mattheson, Johann (1681–1764), 227–28, 407–8, 409–10, 411, 413, 414

  Mattielli, Lorenzo (c. 1682–1748), 405

  Maupertuis, Pierre Louis Moreau de (1698–1759), 248, 283, 442, 477, 498, 510, 514–15;

  in Berlin, 465 f., 514–15, 719;

  at Cleves, 449;

  death of, 469;

  evolutionary theory of, 578, 651;

  heads Lapland expedition, 449, 514, 544, 545, 552;

  at battle of Mollwitz, 514;

  propounds principle of least action, 466, 514;

  resigns presidency of Berlin Academy, 516;

  and Voltaire: early relationship, 365, 371, 374, 449;

  dispute and enmity, 465–69, 515, 578, 719

  Maurepas, Jean Frédéric Phélypeaux, Comte de (1701–81), 279, 381–82, 782

  Maurepas, Mme. de, 276

  Maurice of Saxony, see Saxe, Comte de

  Mauritius, island of, 264

  Maury, Abbé Jean Siffrein (1746–1817), 782

  Maximilian II Emanuel, Elector of Bavaria (r. 1670–1726), 398

  Maximilian III Joseph, Elector of Bavaria (r. 1745–77), 456

  Maxwell, James Clerk (1831–79), 522

  Mayer, Johann Tobias (1723–62), 538

  Mazamet, France, 732, 733

  Meaux, Mme. de, 676

  Mécanique analytique (Lagrange), 511–12, 513, 515

  Mécanique céleste (Laplace), 547–48

  mechanics (physics), 508–10

  passim, 511–12, 515–17, 544, 546–48

  mechanism (philosophy), 618–21, 651, 652, 713–14

  Medici, Prince Ferdinand de’ (1663–1713), 228

  Medici, Prince Giovan Gastone de’, see Giovan Gastone

  medicine, 59, 210, 486, 586–602, 618

  Médicis, Marie de, see Marie de Médicis

  Mediterranean Sea, 102, 455

  Meissen porcelain, 214, 399, 404

  Meissonier, Juste Aurèle (1695?–1750), 304

  Meister, Henri, 678

  Melk Abbey, Austria, 432

  Memnon the Philosopher (Voltaire), 386–87

  Mémoire et carte minéralogique (Guettard), 555

  Mémoires de la Chine (Le Comte), 503–4

  Mémoires et aventures d’un homme de qualité (Prévost), 332–33

  Mémoire pour rendre la paix perpétuelle (Saint-Pierre), 335

  Mémoires pour servir à l’ histoire de la vie … de Diderot (Vandeul), 627

  Mémoires pour servir à l’ histoire des insectes (Réaumur), 577

  Mémoires secrets sur les régnes de Louis XIV et Louis XV (Duclos), 337*

  Mémoires sur différents sujets de mathématique (Diderot), 627

  Mémoire sur la découverte du magnétisme animal (Mesmer), 594

  Memoirs of a Woman of Pleasure (Cleland), 64

  Mémorandum pour Abraham Chaumeix, 643

  Mencius (Meng-tse; 372?–289? B.C.), Chinese philosopher, 504

  Mendelssohn, Felix (1809–47), 421, 423, 428, 430

  Mendelssohn, Moses (1729–86), 498

  Mendip, Somersetshire, England, 556

  Mendoza, Juan Gonzales de (1540?–1617), 503

  Menin, 276

  Mennecy-Villeroi, 306

  mental illness, see insanity

  mercantilism, 155

  Mercer’s Hospital, Dublin, 239, 240

  Mercure de France, Le, 484, 498

  Mereworth Castle, 215

  meridian, definition of, 552*

  Merope (Maffei), 381

  Mérope (Voltaire), 378, 381

  Meslier, Jean (1678–1733), 262, 611–17, 741, 782

  Mesmer, Franz Anton (1734–1815), 593–94

  Messiah (Handel), 69, 238–40, 244–45, 412

  Messier, Charles (1730–1817), 542

  Messina, 590

  metallurgy, 577

  Metamorphoses (Ovid), 205

  Metastasio (Pietro Trapassi; 1698–1782), 234, 410, 434–35

  Méthode d’une nomenclature chimique (Lavoisier et al.), 534

  metalwork, 306–7, 309

  métayers, 259

  meteorology, 481, 550–52, 561

  Methodism, 49, 62, 96, 128–37, 403;

  founding of, 116, 128, 130;

  its hostility to art, 137, 214;

  and slavery, 68, 135

  Methodus ad facilem historiarum cognitionem (Bodin), 359*

  metric system, 263, 512, 532, 549, 552

  Metz, 276, 310

  Metz
, Academy of, 498

  Metz, Parlement of, 771

  Mexico, 560

  Mézières, 513

  Michelangelo Buonarroti (1475–1564), 314, 405, 410

  Michelet, Jules (1798–1874), 17, 269, 489, 679

  Micromégas (Voltaire), 246, 387

  microscopes, 561, 576, 581, 586

  middle class (also merchants), British: in art and opera, 205;

  its influence in public life, 55–56, 68, 107, 247, 368;

  in literature, 183, 184, 190, 191, 199, 204, 205;

  mansions of, 216;

  Voltaire and, 247

  middle class, French, see bourgeoisie

  Middleton, Conyers (1683–1750), 120, 121–23, 125, 247, 334

  Midwifery (Smellie), 597

  Mignard, Pierre (1610–95), 309

  Mignot, Catherine Arouet (1691?–1726), 391

  Milan, 410, 435, 453, 539

  Milky Way, 543

  Mill, James (1773–1836), 126

  Millar, Andrew (1707–68), publisher, 157

  Mille et une Nuits, Les (Galland), 341, 502

  Miller, Philip (fl. 1721), 566

  Milton, John (1608–74), 95, 179, 182–83, 214, 239, 675;

  Chesterfield on, 87;

  is read in Germany, 477;

  Pope and, 172, 176;

  Voltaire on, 246

  Mimeure, Marquise de, 5

  mineralogy, 532, 555

  mining, 49, 53, 261, 584

  minnesingers, 476

  Mirabaud, M. (d. 1760), Academician, 699

  Mirabeau (the Elder), Victor Riqueti, Marquis de (1715–89), 267, 293, 312, 591, 647

  Mirepoix, bishop of, see Boyer, Jean François

  Mirepoix, Duchesse de, nee Beauvau (b. 1717), 301

  Mirepoix, Maréchal Duc de (1702–57), 301

  Miscellanies (Fielding), 195

  Miscellanies (Pope), 210

  Misérables, Les (Hugo), 30

  missionaries, 633;

  in America, 264, 558, 560;

  in China, 503–6 passim;

  in Tibet, 560

  Mississippi River, 560

  Mississippi Bubble, see Law, John

  Mississippi Company, see Compagnie des Indes

  Mississippi Valley (basin), 11, 13–14, 264

  Missouri River, 560

  Miss Sara Sampson (Lessing), 184

  Mitchell, John (1724–93), 555–56

  Mitridate Eupatore (A. Scarlatti), 228

  Modena, University of, 576, 587

  Moderate party, Scottish clergy, 184

  Modern Husband (Fielding), 193

  Moeurs, Les (Toussaint), 777

  Mogul dynasty, 264

  Mohammedanism, 644;

  Montesquieu on, 341–43

  passim, 349, 350, 355;

  tolerance toward, 119, 459

  Mohocks, 61

  Moïsade, La, 3

  Moisnel, friend of La Barre, 734

  Molière (Jean Baptiste Poquelin; 1622–73), 28, 29, 281, 326, 327, 670, 766;

  the bourgeois gentilhomme of, 514, 669–70;

  and Lully, 295;

  his masculine comedy superseded, 330;

  Voltaire and, 365, 464

  Moll, Balthasar (1717–85), 433

  Moll Flanders (Defoe), 188, 222

  Mollwitz, Silesia, battle of (1741), 452, 514

  Molyneux, Samuel (1689–1728), 539

  Molyneux, William (1656–98), 627

  monadism, 379

  monarchy: d’Argenson on, 279;

  accepted by Encyclopédie, 646;

  Helvétius on, 688;

  d’Holbach on, 709–10, 711;

  Hume on, 154;

  Montesquieu on, 342, 346–47, 351–53, 355

  monarchy, benevolent or enlightened, see despotism, enlightened

  Monbijou, Schloss, Berlin, 406

  Monboddo, James Burnett, Lord (1714–99), 579

  Mondain, Le (Voltaire), 378

  Monge, Gaspard (1746–1818), 513–14

  Monmouth, England, 136

  monopolies (patents), 11, 50, 57, 104, 113, 262

  Monrion, 473

  Mons, Hainaut, 275

  Montagu, Edward, 1st Earl of Sandwich (1625–72), 205

  Montagu, Edward Wortley, husband of Lady Mary, see Wortley Montagu, Edward

  Montagu, Edward Wortley (1713–16), son of Lady Mary, 206, 208, 211, 595

  Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley (1689–1762), 80, 193, 205–15, 403;

  and Algarotti, 211–13;

  on Austria, 432, 434;

  on Clarissa, 191;

  in Constantinople, 209, 595;

  death of, 213;

  on Dresden, 399;

  on France, 12, 260;

  on George 1, 90;

  inoculation campaign of, 95, 209, 210, 595, 596;

  in Italy, 212–13;

  letters published, 213;

  and Pope, 169, 170, 171, 207–10;

  on women, 63, 65, 209

  Montagu (later Wortley), Sidney (d. 1727), 205, 210

  Montagu House, London, 70

  Montaigne, Michel Eyquem de (1533–92), 16, 100, 159, 340, 353, 503;

  Diderot and, 624, 629, 630;

  and the Enlightenment, 609;

  skepticism of, 3, 247, 629;

  style of, 323, 575;

  Voltaire and, 3, 247

  moon, 510, 511, 538, 540, 545, 548–49

  Montauban, 730, 763

  Montauban, Academy of, 498

  Montbard, France, 569, 575

  Monterey, California, 560

  Montespan, Françoise Athénaïs de Rochecouart, Marquise de (1641–1707), 301

  Montesquieu, Charles Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède et de (1689–1755), 33, 156, 309, 340–60, 474, 498, 569, 609, 624, 637, 693, 779;

  admitted to Academy, 344;

  on China, 505;

  on climate as a determinant of national character, 154, 349–51, 356–58;

  England, his visit to and admiration for, 71, 89, 116, 163, 248, 344, 353, 358;

  and Helvétius, 348, 356, 680;

  and Hume, 154, 158;

  and the Jesuits, 343, 345, 350, 351, 356;

  on Parisian life, 263, 290–91, 493;

  at the Paris salons, 24, 82, 280, 294, 300, 301, 344, 359;

  his philosophy of history, 345–47;

  his political views, 342, 347–60;

  and Mme. de Pompadour, 280, 283, 321;

  his religious heresies, 17, 342–43, 354–56, 506;

  his scientific interests, 341, 508;

  separation of powers advocated by, 352–53, 358, 368;

  and Voltaire, 344, 347, 353, 356“58, 359, 360, 368, 376, 471

  Montesson, Duchesse de, 782

  Montfaucon, Dom Bernard de (1655–1741), 501

  Montfleury, 23

  Montjeu, Château de, 367, 371

  Montmorency, France, 551

  Montpellier, France, 203, 257, 308

  Montpellier, University of, 498, 592

  Montpensier, Mlle, de (fl. 1756), 601

  Montrose, Scotland, 92, 93

  Monuments de la monarchie française, Les (Montfaucon), 501

  Moraea, “Lisa” (Sarah Elizabeth), wife of Linnaeus, 562–63

  moral code, see ethics

  Morale universelle (d’Holbach), 705

  morals: English, 63–69, 81, 87, 188–93 passim;

  French, 6–8, 19–23, 31–33, 83, 274, 287–92, 331, 337–38, 368, 480, 610;

  German, 403;

  Scandinavian, 476;

  Swiss, 476, 480

  Moravia, 402, 452, 454

  Moravian Brethren (Unitas Fratrum), 74, 130–31, 132, 402–3

  Moreau, Jacob Nicolas (fl. 1757), 761, 763, 764

  Morellet, André (1727–1819), 248, 681, 693, 740, 767;

  and the Encyclopédie, 642, 693;

  and d’Holbach, 693, 695, 696, 699;

  satirizes antiphilosophes, 763, 764

  Moreri, Louis (1643–80), 499

&n
bsp; Morgagni, Giovanni Battista (1682–1771), 586

  Morgan Library, New York, 659

  Morland, Samuel (1625–95), 52

  Morley, John (1838–1923), 701*

  Moro, Anton Lazzaro (1687–1740), 553

  Mort de César, La (Voltaire), 246

  Mort de Mademoiselle Lecouvreur, La (Voltaire), 329, 361

  Morveau, Guyton de, see Guyton de Morveau, L. B.

  Mosaic Law, 742, 745

  Moscow, 590

  Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von (1694–1755), 122

  Moussinot, Abbé (fl. 1737), 375

  Moustiers-Ste.-Marie, 305

  Moyland, Schloss, 448

  Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus (1756–91), 338, 409, 410, 423

  Mühlhausen, Saxony, 413–14

  Müller, August Friedrich (fl. 1725), 424

  Munggenast, Franz (1724–48), 433

  Munggenast, Josef (fl. 1725), 432, 433

  Munich, 398–99, 405, 406, 454

  Murray, John (1778–1843), 213

  Muses galantes, Les (Rousseau), 295

  music: in Austria, 409, 434–35;

  in England, 183, 224–26, 230–45;

  in France, 28, 295–98, 421;

  in Germany, 226–29, 397–99

  passim, 407–30;

  in Hungary, 431;

  Italian, 228–37

  passim, 295, 297, 398, 409–10, 419–22

  passim, 427, 434–35;

  theory of, 296, 509, 516

  Musikalischer Patriot (Mattheson), 409–10

  Musschenbroek, Pieter van (1692–1761), 519

  Mustapha III, Ottoman Sultan (r. 1757–74), 648

  Naigeon, Jacques Andre (1738–1810), 549, 692, 697

  Nancy (capital of Lorraine), 271, 308–10

  passim, 361, 388, 404, 762

  Nancy, Academy of, 498

  Nanine (Voltaire), 192

  Nantes, 264, 308

  Nantes, Edict of (1598), 17, 21, 343;

  Revocation of (1685), 21, 343, 505, 605, 735

  Naples, 60, 229, 230, 409, 410, 785;

  under Austrian rule (1713–35), 435

  Naples, King of (1735–59), see Charles III, King of Spain

  Napoleon I, Emperor of the French (r. 1804–14, 1815), 97, 513, 514, 583, 591;

  and Laplace, 548, 549

  Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 430

  Narbonne, Archbishop of, see Dillon, Arthur

  Narrative of the Death of the Chevalier Le Barre (Voltaire), 736

  Narrenthurm, Vienna, 597

  Narva, battle of (1700), 362

  Nash, Richard “Beau” (1674–1762), 80–81

  National Convention (France, 1792–95), 536, 583, 691

  National Gallery, London, 221

  National Portrait Gallery, London, 214

  Nattier, Jean Marc (1685–1766), 275, 311–12, 667

  Natural History of Religion, The (Hume), 152–53

  Natural History of the Human Teeth (J. Hunter), 599

  natural law, see under law

  natural morality, see ethics

  natural selection, 150, 578, 580, 629