The Age of Voltaire
Page 138
on Hogarth, 218;
on Humphrey Clinker, 203;
on Pope, 177
Thales of Miletus (fl. 600 B.C.), 518, 746
Thamasch, Andrä (1639–97), 433
Thames River, 60, 62, 67, 79, 169, 242, 245
Théâtre de la Foire, Paris, 30
Théâtre des Italiens, Paris, 28, 325, 330
Théâtre des Petits Appartements, Versailles, 281
Théâtre-Française, see Comédie-Française
Theatre Royal, Covent Garden, London, 240
theism, 716–18, 738
Theobald, Lewis (1688–1744), 125, 169, 171
Theodicy (Leibniz), 172
Theodosius II, Eastern Roman Emperor (r. 408–50), 4
Theologia naturalis (Wolff), 401
Théologie portative (d’Holbach), 699
Theoria Generationis (C. F. Wolff), 566–67
Théorie analytique des probabilités (Laplace), 548
Théorie de la figure de la terre (Clairaut), 544
Théorie de la lune (Clairaut), 545
Théorie de la terre (Buffon), 553–54
Théorie du mouvement des comètes (Clairaut), 545
Theory of the Earth (J. Hutton), 557
thermometers, 550, 577, 586, 593
Thiele, Johann (1685–1752), 404
Thieriot, Nicolas Claude (1696–1772), friend of Voltaire, 40, 361, 762;
Voltaire correspondence with, 247, 366, 370, 374, 464, 472
Third Estate (tiers état), 251, 258–66, 535
Thirty Years’ War, 397, 402, 437
Thomas à Kempis (1380–1471), 127, 130
Thomists, 747
Thompson, Benjamin, see Rumford, Count
Thomson, James (1700–48), 78, 99, 178–80, 193, 224, 246;
Diderot and, 625
Thomson, Sir Joseph John (1856–1940), 520
Thoresby Park, Nottinghamshire, 205
Thornhill, Sir James (1675–1734), 70, 217
Three Most Famous Impostors, The (anticlerical brochure), 611
Thucydides (471?–400? B.C.), 487
Thurgau, 474, 590
Thuringia, 412, 556
Tiberius, Emperor of Rome (r. 14–37), 486
Tibet, 560
Ticino, 474
Tickell, Thomas (1685–1740), 168
tides, theory of, 538–39, 548
Tiepolo, Giovanni Battista (1696–1770), 314, 405
tiers état, see Third Estate
Tigris River, 485
Tillemont, Sébastien Le Nain de (1637–98), 487
Timoni, Emanuel (fl. 1714), 594
Tindal, Matthew (1657–1733), 120, 121, 123, 247
Tirol, 431, 433, 453
Tissot, Simon André (1728–97), 600–601
tithes, 47, 103, 105, 254, 257–58, 259
Titian (1477–1576), 25, 372
Titus, Emperor of Rome (r. 79–81), 686
tobacco trade, 11, 55, 82, 98
Tocqueville, Alexis Clérel de (1805–59), 252, 781
Tod Jesu, Der (Graun), 412
“Toilet, The” (Gay), 207
Toland, John (1670–1722), 120, 247
toleration, 754;
in England, 117–18, 119, 247, 367–68, 369, 608;
in France under Louis XV, 270, 732, 783–84;
in France under Regent, 8, 17, 28, 33;
Helvétius on, 685;
d’Holbach on, 707;
in Ireland, 105;
Montesquieu on, 343, 356;
in new morality, 778;
Voltaire on, 367–68, 369, 718, 731–32
toleration, edict of (France, 1787), 732
Tolomeo, Re d’Egitto (Handel), 234
Tom Jones (Fielding), 187–88, 192, 196–98, 216
Tonga Islands, 559
Torelli, Giuseppe (c.1650–1708), 242
Tories, 90–91, 162, 202, 232;
Bolingbroke’s influence on, 100–101;
Hume and, 157, 158;
and Jacobitism, 91, 92, 93, 101;
and Septennial Act, 93;
suspect Voltaire, 248;
Walpole forced out by, 96, 99, 103, 114;
war with Spain promoted by, 101–3
Torné, Abbé, 782
Torricelli, Evangelista (1608–47), 550
torture, judicial, 353, 447, 647, 703
Tott, Baron François de (1733–93), 648
Toulouse, Louis Alexandre de Bourbon, Comte de (1678–1737), 22, 269
Toulouse, Sophie de Noailles, Comtesse de (b. 1688), 22
Toulouse, 254, 262, 308, 310, 670, 726–31, 732–33
Toulouse, Academy of, 498
Toulouse, Parlement of; and Calas case, 693, 727, 729–31, 737, 772;
and Sirven case, 733;
and Jesuits, 770;
becomes tolerant, 783
Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de (1656–1708), 563
Tournehem, Charles François Lenormant de (d. 1751), 265, 280, 281
Tournemine, Père René Joseph de (1661–1739), 608
Tours, 305
Toussaint, F. V. (fl. 1748), 777
Toussaint L’Ouverture, Pierre Dominique (1743–1803), 693
Townshend, Charles (1674–1738), 2d Viscount Townshend of Raynham, 47, 216
Tractatus theologico-politicus (Spinoza), 119, 610
trade unions (workers’ combinations), 54, 155
Tragedy of Tragedies, The, or The Life and Death of Tom Thumb the Great (Fielding), 193
Traité de l’astronomie (Lalande), 545
Traité de l’équilibre et du mouvement des fluides ( d’Alembert), 515
Traité de l’harmonie réduite à ses principes naturels (Rameau), 296
Traité de métaphysique (Voltaire), 376, 715–16
Traité de météorologie (Cotte), 551
Traité des études (Rollin), 287
Traité des sensations (Condillac), 582–83, 633
Traité des vérités premières (Buffier), 758
Traité d’insectologie (Bonnet), 578
Traité élémentaire de chimie (Lavoisier), 534
Traité médico-philosophique sur l’aliénation mentale (Pinel), 598
Traité sur la tolérance (Voltaire), 648, 731–32
Trajan, Emperor of Rome (r. 98–117), 347, 385, 445, 686
transport, 49, 50, 54–55, 59, 584
transubstantiation, 118
Trapassi, Pietro, see Metastasio
Travels of Scarmentado (Voltaire), 387
Travels through France and Italy (Smollett), 203
Treatise of Human Nature, A (Hume), 116, 142–47, 148, 156, 172
Trembley, Abraham (1700–84), 576, 577, 620
Trevelyan, George Macaulay (1876–1962), historian, 47
Trévoux, 498
trial by jury, 71, 267, 353, 368, 369
Tribunal of the Seine, 658
Triennial Acts (England, 1641, 1694), 93
Trier, Archbishop of, 406
Trier, archbishopric of, 397, 405, 406, 493
Trigault, Nicolas (1577–1628), 503
trigonometry, 510
Trinity College, Cambridge, 121
Triple Alliance (1717), 32, 93
Tristram Shandy (Sterne), 658
Trivia, or The Art of Walking the Streets of London (Gay), 63, 185
Troglodytae, 342
Tronchin, François, author and painter, 472*
Tronchin, Jakob, councilor, 472*
Tronchin, Jean Robert (1710–93), banker, 472
Tronchin, Théodore (1709–81), physician, 472*, 596, 601–2, 675
Troy, Jean François de (1679–1752), 311
Tschirnhaus, Walter von (1651–1708), 404
Tübingen, University of, 477
Tuileries, Jardins des, 295, 307, 308
Tuileries, Palais des, 18, 273
Tull, Jethro (1674–1741), 47
Tulle, France, 34
Tunbridge Wells, England, 80, 236, 241
Turandot (Gozzi), 505
Turcaret (
Lesage), 23, 29
Turgenev, Ivan Sergeevich (1818–83), 572, 583
Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de l’Aulne (1727–81), 13, 159, 253, 283, 505, 516, 522, 532, 647;
becomes chief minister, 761, 776;
Diderot and, 666;
and Encyclopédie, 640, 641, 642;
his belief in enlightened despotism, 776;
censors Fréron, 761;
on Helvétius’ book, 689;
penal code revised by, 736;
his physiocrat views, 262, 640, 666;
Priestley describes dinner of, 782;
at the salons, 680, 681, 695, 781, 782;
his views on education, 774, 775;
his views on morality, 776
Turin, 147, 212, 493, 510–11, 513
Turin Academy of Science, 511
Turkey, 59;
and Austria, 74, 435, 436;
European trade with, 264;
in Hungary, 431;
toleration in, 685;
Voltaire on, 350, 779
Turpin, Dick (1706–39), 70
Tuscany, grand duchy of, 436, 590
Twickenham, 169, 176, 209, 210
Tyrawley, Lord, 88
Tyson, Edward (1650–1708), 579
Ukraine, 590
Ulm, free city of, 397
Ultramontanism, 766
Unigenitus (papal bull), 257, 768
Union, Act of (Britain, 1707), 91, 107
Unitarians, 62, 118, 459, 480, 530, 738
Unitarian Society, Philadelphia, 530
Unitas Fratrum, see Moravian Brethren
United Provinces (Dutch Republic, “Holland”), 38, 52, 76, 342, 357;
and the arts, 214, 224;
commerce and finance in, 48, 56, 67–68, 462, 557;
population of, 59;
accepts Pragmatic Sanction, 436;
religion in, 495;
in Triple Alliance, 32, 93;
and War of Austrian Succession, 82, 277–78, 452, 455, 456;
signs Pact of Warsaw (1745), 456
United States, 225, 479, 526, 530, 691, 784;
Congress, 360, 530;
Constitution, 360
Universal History (Smollett), 202
Universalists, Philadelphia, 530
universities, 19, 63, 107, 108, 400, 498, 507, 608, 786
Unterwalden, 473, 474, 475
Upper Austria, 453
Uppsala, 550, 562
Uppsala, Academy of, 498
Uppsala, University of, 496, 524, 561, 563
Uranus, 541–42, 545, 547
Uri, 473, 474, 475
Ursprung der musikalisch Bachischen Familie (J. S. Bach), 412
Ussher, James (1581–1656), Anglican Archbishop of Armagh, 106
Utah, 560
utilitarianism, 139, 149, 529, 687–88, 691
Utrecht, Treaty of (1713), 31, 67, 101, 231, 335
“Utrecht Te Deum” (Handel), 231
vaccination, 590, 596, 598; see also inoculation
Valais, 474
Valla, Lorenzo (c.1406–1457), Italian humanist, 347, 500
Vallisnieri, Antonio (1661–1730), 553
Vanbrugh, Sir John (1664–1726), 215
Van der Cruissen textile mill, 262
Vandeul, Marie Angélique Diderot, Mme. de (b. 1753), 626–27, 628, 659, 665, 676–77, 678
Vandyck, Sir Anthony (1599–1641), 218, 222
Vanini, Giulio Cesare Lucilio (1585–1619), Italian philosopher, 692
Vanloo, Carle (1705–65), 266, 281, 282, 312, 314, 322;
in England, 216–17
Vanloo, Caroline, 312
Vanloo, Jean Baptiste (1684–1745), 273, 312
Vanloo, Michel (1707–71), 673
Van Robais family, textile manufacturers, 261–62
Vaud, 474, 475
Vauvenargues, Luc de Clapiers, Marquis de (1715–47), 338–40, 384
Vauxhall, 77–79
Vauxhall Gardens, London, 62, 198, 237, 242–43;
Rotunda, 214
Vegetable Staticks (Hales), 567, 569
Vélez de Guevara, Luis (1579–1644), 28
Vendôme, Philippe de (1655–1727), 4–5
Venel, Jean André (1740–91), 599
Venice, republic of, 10, 215, 398, 503, 670;
Lady Mary’s salon at, 212;
Montesquieu on, 351, 358;
opera in, 228, 229, 232–34
passim, 410, 434
Ventadour, Duchesse de, 272
Venus (planet), 545;
transit of (1769), 559
Vernes, Jacques (fl. 1758), Swiss clergyman, 480
Vernet, Claude Joseph (1714–89), 321
Vernon, Edward, Admiral (1684–1757), 67, 103
Vero amico, Il (Goldoni), 670
Verona, 54, 381
Veronese (Caliari) Paolo (1528–88), 25, 372
Versailles, forest of, 282
Versailles, Museum of, 273, 311
Versailles, Palace of, 16–18
passim, 32, 406;
its architecture and decorations, 24, 25, 306, 308, 309, 311;
court of, 22, 253, 254, 268–69, 274–75, 277, 280–85, 384–86;
gardens of, 77, 309;
Salon d’Hercule, 25, 311;
theatre at, 281;
its windows opened, 601
Vertot, Abbé René Aubert de (1655–1735), 500
Vesalius, Andreas (1514–64), 633
Vespasian (Titus Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus), Emperor of Rome (r. A.D. 69–79), 233
Vesuvius, Mount, 501
Vetenskapssocietet, Uppsala, 562
Vevey, Vaud, 475
Vicar of Wakefield (Goldsmith), 192
Vicenza, Italy, 215
Vico, Giovanni Battista (1668–1744), Italian philosopher, 347, 359*, 500
Vicq-d’Azyr, Félix (1748–94), 583, 587
Vie de Mahomet, La (Boulainvilliers), 502
Vie de Marianne (Marivaux), 189, 323, 330–31
Vienna, 60, 431, 432, 451, 590;
architecture and sculpture in, 432–34;
opera in, 233, 410;
public health and medicine in, 591, 594, 596, 597, 601;
threatened with attack, 436, 453, 454, 455
Vienna, Congress of (1815), 336
Vienna, University of, 592, 593
Vierzehnheiligen, 405
Vigée-Lebrun, Marie Anne Élisabeth (1735–1842), 299
Vignière, Jeanne (fl. 1761), 728–30
Villa Rotonda, Vicenza, 215
Villars, Maréchal Duc Claude de (1653–1734), 12
Villars, Duc Honoré Armand de (1702–70), 383, 730
Villedeuil, Laurent de (fl. 1787), 534
Villemain, Abel François (1790–1870), 575
Villeroi, François de Neufville, Maréchal Duc de (1644–1730), 273, 294
Villeroi, Jeanne Louise Constance, Duchesse de, 301
Villette, Marie Claire Deschamps de Marcilly, Marquise de, later Viscountess Bolingbroke (d. 1750), 38, 93, 99, 123, 246, 252
Vincennes, 306
Vincennes, Château de, 17, 630–32, 633, 634
Vincent of Beauvais (c.1190–c.1264), 499
Vinci, Leonardo (1690–1732), composer, 660
Vindication of the English Constitution (Disraeli), 101
vingtième, 260
Vintimille, Pauline Félicité de Nesle, Marquise de (1712–41), 271–72, 274–75, 282, 307
Virgil (70–19 B.C.), 38, 40, 374, 552
Virginia, 73
virtual velocities, principle of, 516
Vistula River, 437
vitalism, 619, 621, 651, 652–53
Vitruvius Britannicus (Campbell), 215
Vivaldi, Antonio (c.1675–1741), 414, 421
Voix du sage et du peuple, Le (Voltaire), 255, 387–88
Volland, Louise Henriette (“Sophie”; 1717–84), 652, 655, 656, 671, 675–76, 696
Volta, Alessandro (1745–1827), 507, 523, 587
Voltaire (Fran�
�ois Marie Arouet; 1694–1778), 3–5, 33–41, 59, 245–48, 361–93, 461–71, 482–89, 715–54;
his appearance, 34, 482;
his character, 5, 373, 384;
his denial strategy, 34;
his health and expectation of death, 3, 39–40, 383, 388, 468, 472, 473, 739, 740;
his financial and business dealings, 37–38, 248, 265, 361, 365, 383–84, 393, 462–63, 472;
his manners, 302, 506;
his regimen, 294, 383, 600;
his style, 370, 573
EARLY YEARS IN FRANCE (1694–1726): 3–5, 12, 33–41;
childhood and education, 3–5, 287, 498;
his skepticism, 3–5, 35, 38–39, 116, 287, 715;
early loves, 5, 35–36, 38–39, 326;
attends salons, 6, 23, 327;
enjoys toleration under Regency, 17, 33;
exiled from Paris, 34, 36, 37;
J’ai-vus and Philippiques attributed to, 18, 34–35;
in Bastille (1717–18), 17, 33, 35–36;
adopts name Voltaire, 36;
first play, Oedipe, produced, 27, 36–37;
visits Bolingbroke at La Source, 38, 93, 16;
writes Épître à Uranie, 38–39;
La Henriade published, 40;
secures Desfontaines’ pardon, 289;
Rohan-Chabot incident, 41;
again in Bastille, released, 41, 246, 267;
embarks for England, 41
ENGLAND AND VOLTAIRE: 45, 112, 116, 124, 139, 192, 213, 245–48;
his arrival (1726), 245;
his call on Congreve, 164, 246;
and Caroline of Ansbach, 95, 245, 248;
Chesterfield and, 82, 86, 87, 88, 465, 784;
and the English deists, 120, 247, 248, 609, 715;
and Hume, 156–59
passim, 784;
his impressions of English life and institutions, 46, 55, 71, 89, 90, 116, 118, 119, 128–29, 183, 245, 247–48, 446;
and Pope, 169, 175, 177, 246, 376, 463;
on Shakespeare, 165, 246;
Smollett and, 202, 204, 784;
and Young, 180, 246
IN FRANCE AND THE NETHERLANDS (1729–50): his observations on French society and arts, 251, 254, 257, 260, 264, 304, 309;
on Fleury, 269–70;
on Saxe and the battle of Fontenoy, 277–78;
and La Tour, 321, 322;
and the literary scene, 324, 325, 335, 345;
and Montesquieu, 344, 347, 353, 356–59;
back in Paris, 248, 280, 301, 302, 361–66, 372, 378–81
passim; his rivals as playwright, 299, 330, 388;
his theater campaigns, 325–26, 371;
and the death of Adrienne Lecouvreur, 328–29, 361;
issues History of Charles XII, 361–63, 365;
his Zaïre produced, 363–65;
meets Mme. du Châtelet, 365–66;
issues Letters on the English, 366–70;
escapes arrest at Montjeu, 371;
at Cirey, 7, 211, 371–78, 379, 382–83, 384, 464, 466, 715–16;
writes Discours sur l’homme and La Pucelle, 376–77;