The King of Vodka
Page 36
Smirnova, Mariya Ivanovna (Nikolay’s second wife), 253–54
Smirnova, Mariya Nikolayevna (third wife), xxiv, xxix, 95–98, 100–101, 109, 157, 176
daughter of, 179–86
death of, 197–99, 204
husband’s death and, 196
husband’s will and, 192, 208n
Smirnov board and, 160, 190
social life of, 100, 102, 134
sons of, xxix, 102–3, 161–65
Smirnova, Matryona (mother), 5, 78
Smirnova, Nadezhda (first wife), 27, 28, 29
Smirnova, Nataliya (daughter), 180, 192, 197
Smirnova, Nataliya (second wife), 48, 49, 53, 58, 68, 78, 100
childbirth death of, 84, 86–88, 89–91, 98, 160
Smirnova, Olga (daughter), 78, 192
Smirnova, Tatiana Mukhanova (Aleksey’s wife), 253
Smirnova, Tatiana Petrovna (Pyotr Petrovich’s daughter), 158, 288, 314, 315, 332
Smirnova, Vera (daughter), 98, 180, 192
Smirnova-Maksheyeva, Tatiana (Vladimir’s third wife), 312–17
Vladimir’s memoirs and, 95, 99, 109–12, 120, 134, 144, 161–62, 164, 195–96, 209, 215–16, 239–40, 286, 294, 295, 296–99, 307
Smirnov Trading House
advertising and, xxvi, 119–22, 126–27
board of directors of, 160, 190, 205–8
Bolshevik takeover of, 290–91, 308
competition and, 57, 68, 118, 121–22
dominance/success of, 59–60, 77–78, 83, 92–93, 99–100, 118, 137–38, 149–50, 174–75, 206, 265–66
employees of, 100, 108–11, 118, 145–46, 188, 265, 268
establishment of, 49–50, 53–65
financial straits of (1914), 278
future fate of, 274
heirs and, xxix, 135, 157–59, 189–90, 192–93, 205–8, 219–24, 244, 279, 333
label of, 266–68
losses of, 216, 232, 268
marketing by, xvi, 68–70, 74–80, 91–92, 104, 109, 119–21, 173–75, 187, 215–16, 267
non-Russian markets of, 163–64
prices and, 77–78, 83
product array of, xxviii, 77, 170, 215, 265
production process of, 57–59
prohibition effects on, 278, 281
pure vodka production of, 174
reputation for quality and taste of, xxviii, 57, 58, 59, 119, 149–50, 186, 187
restructurings of, 159, 160, 208, 224, 232
revenues of, 138, 174, 265, 268
sole owner of, 245–46, 247–51, 265–66
state emblem privilege for, 104
state vodka monopoly effects on, xxviii, 141, 142–46, 155–56, 165, 169–70, 186–88, 189, 206, 208, 214–15, 216, 244, 260
vodka #21 fame of, xxviii, 122, 124, 125, 150, 169–70
vodka recipe of, 59, 186
worth of, xxii–xxiii, 93, 129, 139, 160
Smirnov vodka brand, xxvi, 69, 109, 118, 122
Vladimir’s revival of, 304–10, 311, 315–16, 318, 321–24
See also Smirnoff vodka
Société Pierre Smirnoff Fils, 309, 322–24
Solovyov, Aleksander, 111
Stalin, Josef, 283, 285, 309, 310n, 324, 330
Stanislavskiy, Konstantin, 211
State Vodka Monopoly, xxviii, 106, 139–52, 154–56, 165, 167–70, 192, 208, 213–20, 244, 258–59
accelerated rollout of, 186–88, 206, 208
arguments for, 139–41, 147–51, 186, 236–37
bootlegging and, 216–17, 281
boycotts and riots against, 237
critics of hypocrisy of, 169, 237
fiscal motivations for, 148, 156
fiscal returns from, 169, 170, 186, 217–18, 236, 237, 247, 259, 273, 334
government curbs on, 274
launching of, 168–70
lobby against, 249–50, 262–63
negative effects of, 186, 206, 213–18, 236–37, 247–48, 273
public opposition to, 247, 248, 260
reinstatement (1925) of, 308
repeal (1992) of, 336
rescinding of (1914), 274
revival (2005) considered for, 338
Stolypin, Pyotr, 259
surnames, 5–6
taverns, xxii, 10–12, 47, 74, 118, 128
rules for, 25n
Smirnov’s marketing to, 76–77
vodka monopoly closing of, 204, 213, 214, 217
tax farming, 45–47
abolition of, 51, 54, 55, 113
Tchaikovskiy, Pyotr, 39, 61, 114
teahouses, 217
temperance groups. See anti-alcohol movement
Timiryazev, K. A., 173
Tolstoy, Lev, 31, 38, 44n, 57, 61, 79, 114, 169, 209, 286
anti-alcohol crusade of, xxvi–xxvii, 140–41, 258, 263–64
criticism of tsar by, 219
novels of, xxvii, 67, 79, 102–3
peasants’ relief and, 152
trademarks, 69, 119, 268
Smirnoff, 321, 333, 335, 336
Transchel, Kate, 217
Tretyakov, Pavel, 38–39, 101
Tretyakov, Sergey, 310
Tretyakova, Vera, 38, 39
Tretyakov family, 62, 83, 101, 108, 191
Tretyakov Museum, 38, 101
Trotskiy, Leon, 250, 283, 285, 293
Trukhanova, Nataliya, 226–30
Turgenev, Ivan, 38, 61, 114, 116
Uglich, xxii, 9, 10, 11, 14–15, 18
Union Against Drunkenness, xxvii, 141
United States, 85, 103–4, 105, 113, 165–66
Smirnoff vodka market and, 320–24, 327–30, 336, 337
Valle Ricci, Umberto de la, 269, 279, 292–93, 315
Vienna Exposition (1873), 80, 81–89, 91–92, 103, 105, 132
Vintorg (Vintorgpravleniye), 308
Vladimir, Grand Duke, 238
Vladimir, Metropolitan, xxiii
Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Grand Prince, 177
vodka culture, xix, xxv, xxviii, 24, 54, 103, 116, 126, 127, 150, 248, 258, 263, 273–74, 338
vodka riots, 47
vodka wars, xxvi, 111, 120–28
Volkov, Ivan, 253–54
Voronotsov-Dashkov, Illarion
Ivanovich, 131, 136
Vyshnegradskiy, Ivan, 138–39, 151–52
West, James L., 292
wine cellars, 49–50, 54
rules for, 25n
wine pogroms, 289–90
wines, xxii, xxviii, 14, 15, 24, 77–78, 103, 126, 169, 170, 249
Bolshevik takeover and, 291
profit margin on, 150
prohibition and, 278
Smirnov line of, 92, 103, 104, 175, 215, 260, 265
Witte, Sergey, 152, 153–54, 156, 165, 166, 167, 172, 177, 190, 204, 224, 273, 334
removal from office of, 233–34
vodka monopoly and, 168–70, 186, 236–37
World’s Columbian Exposition (Chicago, 1893), 165–66
World War I, 274, 275–85, 288, 293
World War II, 328
Yakovlev, Aleksander, 14
Yaron, Grigoriy, 255, 257
Yaron, Mark, 257
Yaroslavl province, 7, 8, 14, 15, 33, 48, 49, 184–85, 186
Yeltsin, Boris, 335, 336
Yusupov, Felix, Prince, 280
zemstvo (civic groups), 55
Zhemchugova, Praskovya, 29–30
Zhukov, Nikolay Nikolayevich, 74–75, 77
Ziloti, Aleksander, 38–39
Zimina, Avdotya, 122, 124
Zimin family, 10, 124
Zola, Émile, xix–xx
About the Author
LINDA HIMELSTEIN began her career in the Washington bureau of the Wall Street Journal before working at the San Francisco Recorder and the Legal Times. In 1993 she joined BusinessWeek as a legal affairs editor, writing about a wide array of topics, including the tobacco industry and Wall Street. One of her cover stories helped BusinessWeek win the National Magazine Award. Later
, as the magazine’s Silicon Valley bureau chief, she wrote about the infancies of eBay, Yahoo!, and other companies. She lives with her family in Northern California.
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Copyright
THE KING OF VODKA. Copyright © 2009 by Linda Himelstein. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the non-exclusive, non-transferable right to access and read the text of this e-book on-screen. No part of this text may be reproduced, transmitted, down-loaded, decompiled, reverse engineered, or stored in or introduced into any information storage and retrieval system, in any form or by any means, whether electronic or mechanical, now known or hereinafter invented, without the express written permission of HarperCollins e-books.
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Endnotes
PROLOGUE
1. “Pokhorony P. A. Smirnova,” Moskovskiy Listok, Dec. 3, 1898.
2. Ibid.
3. David Christian, Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 27.
4. Ibid., 45.
5. State Archives of the Yaroslavl province, subsidiary in Uglich, Fund 1, Inv. 1, Case 2604, 21.
6. Ibid., Fund 56, Inv. 1, Case 1053, 11/Inv. 1, Case 1076, 25.
7. Central Historical Archives of Moscow, Fund 3, Inv. 3, Case 419 (hereafter CHAM).
8. Vestnik finansov, promyshlennosti I torgovli, Ukazatel pravitelstvennyh rasporyazheny po ministerstvu finansov. 1899. Otchyoty kreditnyh uchrezhdeniy, torgovyh I promyshlennyh predpriyatiy (St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Ministerstva Finansov V. Kirschbauma, 1899), 755.
9. CHAM, Fund 142, Inv. 5, Case 809, 2 and 34–49.
10. “Pokhorony P. A. Smirnova,” Moskovskiy Listok, Dec. 3, 1898.
11. Patricia Herlihy, The Alcoholic Empire: Vodka and Politics in Late Imperial Russia (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002), 7.
12. A. P. Chekhov, Complete Works (Moscow-Leningrad: The State Publishing House of Artistic Literature, 1932), vol. 11:194–95.
13. Herlihy, Alcoholic Empire, 113.
14. William E. Johnson, The Liquor Problem in Russia (Westerville, OH: The American Issue Publishing Co., 1915), 154–57.
15. Albom uchastnikov vserossiyskoy promyshlennoy i Khudozhestvennoy Vystavski v Nizhnem Novgorode 1896 g (St. Petersburg: Tipografiya Ministerstva Putey Soobshcheniya, 1896), Part 2, Dept. “zh,” 47–48.
16. Central State Archives of Moscow, Fund 142, Inv. 5, Case 809, 76–77 (hereafter CSAM).
CHAPTER 1: HELLO
1. Roderick E. McGrew, Russia and the Cholera 1823–1832 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 51–52.
2. P. Karatygin. Cholera of 1830-31 (St. Petersburg: M. M. Stasyulevich, 1887), 13.
3. McGrew, Russia and the Cholera.
4. F. A. Brocgauz, I. A. Efron. Entsyklopedicheskiy slovar. Vol. T. XXVA (50) (St. Petersburg: tipo-litografiya I.A. Efrona, 1898), 841.
5. Cholera of 1830. Rasskaz avtora Afoni-Bogatyrya, (Moscow, 1875), 6.
6. McGrew, Russia and the Cholera of 1823–1832 (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1965), 111.
7. Ibid., 111–13.
8. M. Sh. Shafeyev, L. M. Zorina, I. K. Khasanova et al., Especially Dangerous Diseases: Epidemiology and prophylaxis (Kazan: KGMU, 2001), 26.
9. State Archives of the Yaroslavl province, subsidiary in Uglich, Fund 43, Inv. 1, Case 904, 321.
10. “Litso russkoy natsionalnosti.” Vlast, Sept. 26, 2005.
11. State Archives of the Yaroslavl province, subsidiary in Uglich, Fund 43, Inv. 1, Case 904, 395-a, 336-a, and 346.
12. V. A. Pushkin and B. A. Kostin, As a Reason of Unified Love to Motherland (Moscow: Molodaya Gvardia, 1998), 101, http://militera.lib.ru/bio/pushkin_kostin/index.html.
13. A. A. Galagan, Istoriya predprinimatelstva rossiyskogo: Ot kuptsa do bankira (Moscow: Os-89, 1997), 61.
14. State Archive of the Yaroslavl Province, subsidiary in Uglich, Fund 1, Inv. 1, Case 2604. 20.
15. Ibid., 23.
16. Ibid., 22.
17. William L. Blackwell, The Industrialization of Russia (Arlington Heights, IL: Harlan Davidson Inc., 1982), 20–23.
18. State Archives of the Yaroslavl province, subsidiary in Uglich, Fund 1, Inv. 1, Case 2672, 37–38.
19. Russkiye Vedomosti, no. 105, Saturday, May 19, 1873, 1.
CHAPTER 2: MOSCOW
1. A. G. Rashin, “Population of Russia over 100 years (1811–1913),” in Statistical essays, ed. S. F. Strumilin (Moscow, 1956), 124–25.
2. German Shtrumph, 1871, quoted after http://saturday.ng.ru/time/2000-04-08/1_cloakamaxima.html, Subbotnik 25 (72), June 30, 2001.
3. Orlando Figes, Natasha’s Dance: A Cultural History of Russia (New York: Henry Holt & Co., 2002), 27–36.
4. Ibid., 36.
5. Ibid., 144.
CHAPTER 3: THE LAND OF DARKNESS
1. CHAM, Fund 2, Inv. 1, Case 5665, 4.
2. Federalnaya arkhivnaya sluzhba Rossii. Vserossiyskiy nauchnoissledovatelskiy institut dokumentovedeniya i arkhivnogo dela. Genealogicheskaya informatsiya v gosudarstvennyh arkhivah Rossii. Spravochnoye posobiye (Moscow, 1996), 126.
3. Dostoevskiy, F. M., “Dnevnik pisatelya za 1876 god.” Complete works in 30 volumes. (Leningrad: Nauka, 1981), vol. 23, 158.
4. Ibid.
5. Nadezhda von Mekk to P. I. Tchaikovskiy, Belair, Mar. 2, 1887, Perepiska s N.F. Mekk, vol. 3, 1882–90 (Moscow-Leningrad: Academia, 1936), 467.
6. CHAM, Fund 2, Inv. 1, Case 5665, 4.
7. V. A. Fyodorov, The Peasants’ Sobriety Movement in 1858–1860s, vol. 2, The Revolutionary Situation in Russia 1859–1861 (Moscow, 1962), 110.
8. William E. Johnson, The Liquor Problem in Russia (Westerville, OH: American Issue Publishing Company, 1915), 117.
9. Ibid.
10. David Christian, Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 300–302.
11 Ibid., 311.
12. Ibid., 302–3.
13. Fyodorov, Peasants’ Sobriety Movement in 1858–1859, 122.
14. CHAM, Fund 1264, Inv. 1, Case 29, 4.
15. Ibid., Case 34.
16. Thomas Owen, Russian Corporate Capitalism from Peter the Great to Perestroika (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 20.
17. N. V. Davydov, Descriptions of Moscow in the 1850s and 1860s (Moscow: Moskovskiy rabochiy, 1964), 22.
18. S. I. Chuprynin, Moskva i moskvichi v tvorchestve Petra Dmitriyevicha Boborykina//Boborykin P. D., Kitay-gorod (Moscow, 1985), 6.
CHAPTER 4: THE VODKA MAKER
1. Moskovskiye Vedomosti, Jan. 9, 1863, 3.
2. Igor Kurukin and Yelena Nikulina, T
sar’s Pub Business: Essays of Alcohol Politics and Traditions in Russia (Moscow: Publishing House AST, 2005), 129.
3. David Christian, Living Water: Vodka and Russian Society on the Eve of Emancipation (New York: Oxford University Press, 1990), 377–78.
4. I. G. Pryzhov, History of Beggary, Pub-Keeping and Hysterics in Russia, Online Source: http://pryzhov.narod.ru/kabak.html.
5. I. G. Pryzhov, Istoriya kabakov v Rossii v svyazi s istoriyey russkogo naroda (St. Petersburg-Moscow: M. O. Volf, 1868), 318–19.
6. Ben Eklof, Russia’s Great Reforms, 1855–1881 (Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press, 1994), 200.
7. Sekrety i nastavleniya vodochnomu torgovtsu po raznopitiyu i vodochnym skladam i sushchestvuyushchiye zakonopolozheniya po semu predmetu (Moscow, 1876), 67.
8. James L. West and Iurri A. Petrov, Merchant Moscow: Images of Russia’s Vanished Bourgeoisie (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 46.
9. S. V. Bakhrushin, ed. History of Moscow in Six Volumes (Moscow: Izdatelstvo Akademii nauk SSSR, 1952–1959), vol. 4, 673.
10. Ibid., 721–22.
11. V. V. Skurlov and A. N. Ivanov, Postavshchiki vysochaishego dvora (St. Petersburg, 2002), 10–38.
12. Ibid., 4–8.
13. Russian State Historical Archive, Fund 472, Inv. 23 (253/1269), Case 9, 29–36 (hereafter RSHA).
CHAPTER 5: “DEMAND SMIRNOV VODKA”
1. “K 150-letiyu firmy “Petra Smirnova Synovya” (Iz vospominaniy i rasskazov moyego pokoynogo muzha V. P. Smirnova, umershago v 1934 godu)” Rodniye perezvony, #202, 1969, Bruzzels, 10.
2. James L. West and Iurri A. Petrov, Merchant Moscow: Images of Russia’s Vanished Bourgeoisie (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998), 63.
3. RSHA, Fund 472, Inv. 23 (253/1269), Case 9, 29–36.
4. Statisticheskiye etudy//Biblioteka dlya chteniya, St. Petersburg, 1864, Oct.–Nov., 31.
5. L. Ye. Shepelev, Tituly, Mundiry, Ordena v Rossiyskoy Imperii (Moscow: Nauka Publishing House, 1991), 112–142.
6. Alfred J. Rieber, Merchants and Entrepreneurs in Imperial Russia (Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1982), 124.
7. CHAM, Fund 3, Inv. 2, Case 405, back page, 1.