Unlikely Allies
Page 40
Beaumont, Charles d’Eon de
Beaumarchais, negotiations with
discontinuation of
opening of
prolonging of
the Transaction
Beaumarchais, relationship with
compatibility
denouncement
obsession
at rumors of engagement to
blackmail threat
Britain
minister plenipotentiary post
peace treaty negotiations
spy mission
celebrity
childhood and early career
Croix de Saint-Louis
final years and death
gender
admission of female identity
androgynous appearance
betting on
discovery of
disguise for evasion of arrest
disguise for mission to Russia
intention to reveal
rumors and curiosity about
transformation into woman
Louis XV, secret correspondence with
Memoirs
military career
Morande and
publication of diplomatic correspondence
Russia, secret mission to
Bertin, Rose
Bestuchef, Count
Bonvouloir, Julien-Alexandre Archard de
Brillon, Madame
Britain
colonies
Coercive Acts
Fort Ticonderoga
French and Indian War
military action against
permanent military presence in
Saratoga surrender
tariffs and taxes
trade restrictions
Treaty of Paris
Yorktown surrender
Deane and Franklin, negotiations with
France
blockade of French coast
declaration of war by
Seven Years’ War
treaties and peace accords
Spain and
spying operations
world war
Broglie, Comte de
Burgoyne, John
Carmichael, William
Catherine the Great, empress of Russia
Charles III, king of Spain
Chaumont, Comte de (Jacques-Donatien Le Ray)
Choiseul, Duc de
Clap, Thomas
Clinton, Henry
Cole, Mary
colonies. See American colonies; see under Britain
Committee for Foreign Affairs. See also Secret Committee
Committee of Secret Correspondence
Congress. See Continental Congress
Conti, Prince de
Continental Army
defeats
establishment of
French officers
Saratoga victory
shortages and hardships
Trenton and Princeton victories
Yorktown victory
Continental Congress
Arnold’s loyalty, attack on
Beaumarchais, failure to pay
Britain, peace terms with
Constitution
currency devaluation
allegations concerning finances
lack of communication
membership in Congress
military commissions by
recall from Paris
reimbursement of expenses
self-defense
vague charges against
Declaration and Resolves
Declaration of Independence
European delegates, recall of
evacuation from Philadelphia
First
France, failure to pay
France, silence toward
independence deliberations
leadership change
Lee, deceptions by
Beaumarchais’s exposure of
congressional acknowledgment of
Deane’s financial impropriety
French gift of free aid
Lee-Adams Junto
on adoption of Constitution
Deane’s broadside exposing
distrust of France
factionalism
influence of
militia diplomacy
Robert Morris, embarrassment concerning
peace commissioner, appointment of
replacement by elected government
Second
Secret Committee (later Committee for Foreign Affairs)
commission of Deane to gain French support
financial arrangements
Arthur Lee’s involvement with
meetings with French representative
military funding
recall of Deane from Paris
Copeland, Thomas
Cornwallis, Charles
Cushing, Thomas
Davis, Captain
Daymon, Francis
Deane, Barnabas
Deane, Elizabeth (formerly Elizabeth Saltonstall)
Deane, Jesse
Deane, Mehitabel (formerly Mehitabel Webb)
Deane, Silas
John Adams, friendship with
American navy, establishment of
American Revolution, doubts concerning
Arnold, friendship with
Bancroft, trust in
Beaumarchais, partnership and friendship with
birth and childhood
Britain, call for reconciliation with
Britain, negotiations with
careers in law and business
commissioning of army officers
Congress
exposure of Lee-Adams Junto
frictions and tensions
independence deliberations
lack of communication
leadership role
membership
reimbursement of expenses
self-defense against accusations
vague charges against Deane
death
Declaration of Independence
at dockyard terrorism plot
education
exile in Ghent
exile in London
financial impropriety charges
Fort Ticonderoga victory
Franklin, estrangement from
French aid and alliance
advance funding for mission
arguments and appeals
commission to acquire
on French motives
French resistance to
procurement of supplies
recall from mission
status as emissary
terms of trade
treaties of commerce and alliance
Arthur Lee’s hostility toward
Paris, voyage to
personality and temperament
politics, entrance into
recordkeeping
spies, monitoring by
wives and children
Deane, Simeon
d’Eon, the Chevalier. See Beaumont, Charles d’Eon de
Dickinson, John
Distroff, Durand de
Douglas, Alexander Mackenzie
du Barry, Madame
Dubourg. See Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques
du Coudray, Tronson
du Deffand, Marquise
Dunmore, Lord
Dyer, Eliphalet
Eden, William
Elysée, Father
Estaing, Comte d’
Floridablanca, Conde de
Fort Ticonderoga
Foullay, Monsieur
France
American aid and alliance
British treaty violations
gift of ships and troops
importance of, to America
king’s agreement for
payment for
smuggling plan
treaties on trade and alliance
Austria, alliance with
Austria and Prussia, declaratio
n of war on
bankruptcy
Britain
declaration of war on
Louis XV’s plan to invade
Seven Years’ War
treaties and peace accords
Caribbean sugar colonies
French Revolution
Russia, diplomatic relations with
the Secret
Spain, alliance with
See also Louis XV; Louis XVI
Francquet, Madame
Franklin, Benjamin
Britain
consideration of reconciliation with
negotiations
treaty
celebrity
congressional committee memberships
Deane
estrangement
favorable impression of
offer of French commission to
sympathy with and defense of
dress and appearance
flirtation
France
appointment as commissioner to
negotiations
overture by
treaties of commerce and alliance
land syndicate
Arthur Lee
attempts to befriend
hostility of
impatience with
Lee-Adams Junto attack
lifestyle
spying, resignation to
Treaty of Paris
Franklin, Temple
Franklin, William
Frederick the Great, emperor of Prussia
Gates, Horatio
George III, king of England
on Deane’s call for reconciliation
on French-American treaty
halt to American westward expansion
order for military action in colonies
Gérard, Conrad-Alexandre
appointment as ambassador to America
assurances of French assistance
defense of Deane
preparation of Congress for peace talks
warning of Deane against Lee
Goëzman, Judge Advocate
Grafton, Duke of
Grand, Ferdinand
Grimaldi, Marqués de
Gudin de La Brenellerie, Paul-Philippe
Guerchy, Comte de
Guines, Comte de
Hamilton, Alexander
Hancock, John
Harrison, Benjamin
Hopkins, Theodore
Houret, Amélie
Howe, William
Hunter, William
Hynson, Joseph
Izard, Ralph
Jay, John
appointment as minister to Spain
in Committee of Secret Correspondence
on Deane’s return to America
meetings with French representative
presidency of Congress
rebuff of Deane
suspicion of Bonvouloir
Jefferson, Thomas
Johnson, Thomas
Joseph II, emperor of Austria
Kalb, Baron de
Knox, Henry
La Blache, Comte de (Alexandre-Joseph Falcoz)
La Borde, Jean-Benjamin de
Lafayette, Marquis de
Lauraguais, Comte de
Laurens, Henry
Lee, Arthur
Bancroft and Carmichael, suspicions concerning
Beaumarchais, arms negotiations with
British informants, disclosure of information to
Congress, election to
Constitution, opposition to
Deane
financial impropriety allegations against
influence in Deane’s recall from Paris
obstruction of Deane’s reimbursement
death
deceptions, congressional acknowledgment of
diplomacy, lack of talent for
education and early career
France
appointment as commissioner to
contempt for
negotiations
oversight of funds for French mission
recall from
treaties of commerce and alliance
Franklin, hostility toward
on French aid as gift
land syndicate
paranoia
residence at Middle Temple
Spain, diplomatic mission to
Spain and Prussia, appointment as emissary to
Wilkes, adulation of
Lee, Francis Lightfoot
Lee, John
Lee, Richard Henry
allegations against Deane and Franklin
leadership of Lee-Adams Junto
membership in Congress
rejection for stamp distributor post
release of jailed British spy
Lee, Thomas, family business of
Lee, William
Lenoir, Jean-Charles-Pierre
Lepaute, Jean André
Livingston, Robert
Louis XV
Beaumarchais’s access to
death
d’Eon’s blackmail threat
diplomatic relations with Russia
plot to invade England
secret agent network
Louis XVI
on American aid and alliance
ascension to throne
Austrian alliance
d’Eon’s blackmail threat
formal acknowledgment of commissioners
ouster of Beaumarchais
Lovell, James
Mansfield, Lord
Manuel, Jacques
Marie Antoinette
Morande, Charles Théveneau de
Noailles, Vicomte de
Paine, Thomas
Palmor, Joseph
Pâris-Duverney, Joseph
Parsons, Samuel
Pinette, Monsieur
Pompadour, Madame de
Praslin, Duc de
Prussia
alliance with France
attack on Poland
French alliance against
French declaration of war on
impending war with Austria
Arthur Lee’s diplomatic mission to
Putnam, Israel
Reed, Joseph
Revolutionary War. See Continental Army; specific individuals
Rivington, James
Robinson, John
Rochambeau, General
Rockingham, Marquess of (Charles Watson-Wentworth)
Rodriguez and Hortalez
appeal for French funding
embargo of ships
payment
procurement of supplies and equipment
shipments
smuggling plan
Russia
Saint-Germain, Comte de (Claude Robert)
Saltonstall, Elizabeth. See Deane, Elizabeth
Sartine, Antoine de
Sayre, Stephen
Schuyler, Philip
Secret, the (le secret du roi)
Secret Committee (later Committee for Foreign Affairs)
commission of Deane to gain French support
financial arrangements
Arthur Lee’s involvement with
meetings with French representative
military funding
recall of Deane from Paris
See also Committee for Foreign Affairs
Ségur, Comte de
Shelton, Thomas
Sherman, Roger
Spain
aid for American cause
alliance with France
arrest of American privateer
in Franco-American alliance
treaty with Britain
war against Britain
Steuben, General
Stevens, Benjamin Franklin
Stiles, Ezra
Stormont, David Murray
demands for embargo of shipments
intelligence collection
knowledge of French assistance to Americans
proposal to kidnap Dean
e
recall from Paris
Tallmadge, Major
Thornton, John
Ticonderoga, Fort
Trumbull, John
Turgot, Anne-Jacques-Robert (Baron de l’Aulne)
Vergennes, Comte de (Charles Gravier)
American aid and alliance
on Beaumarchais’s smuggling plan
commitment to
dispatch of agent to Congress
embargo of shipments
meetings
on privateers
treaties on trade and alliance
Deane, support and appreciation of
d’Eon’s blackmail threat
as French foreign minister
political career
the Secret, conspirator in
See under Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin Caron de
Voltaire
Wadsworth, Jeremiah
Walker, Thomas
Walpole, Horace
Washington, George
commission as army commander-in-chief
in French and Indian War
presidency of new government
See also Continental Army
Watebled, Geneviève-Madeleine
Webb, John
Webb, Joseph
Webb, Mehitabel. See Deane, Mehitabel
Webb, Samuel
Wentworth, Paul
Weymouth, Lord
Wharton, Samuel
Wickes, Lambert
Wilkes, John
Williams, Jonathan
Wooster, David
Wyllys, Samuel
Yarmouth, Earl of