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LP Spanish – Letters, Dispatches and State Papers, Spanish:
Henry VIII, Vol. VI, pt.i, 1538–42, Pascualde Gaynagos (ed.), London, 1890; pt.ii, Pascualde Gaynagos (ed.), London, 1895.
Henry VIII, Vol. VIII, 1545–6, Martin A. S. Hume (ed.), London, 1904.
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Muller, James (ed.), ‘Letters’ – Letters of Stephen Gardiner, Cambridge, 1931.
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— ‘Narratives’ – Narratives of the Days of the Reformation, Camden Society, London, 1859.
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SP – State Papers, Vol. I, London, 1830; Vol. VIII, London, 1849.
‘Spanish Chronicle’ – Chronicle of King Henry VIII of England … Written in Spanish by an unknown hand, Martin A. Hume (ed.), London, 1889.
SPD – State Papers Domestic:
Calendar State Papers Domestic, Edward VI, 1547–53, C. S. Knightley (ed.), London, 1992.
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Calendar State Papers Domestic, Mary, 1553–58, C. S. Knightley (ed.), London, 1998.
SP Foreign – Calendar State Papers Foreign, Edward VI, William Turnbill (ed.), London, 1861.
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SECONDARY SOURCES
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Chronology
Dramatis Personae
Henry Tudor (1491–1547). King of England, France and Lord of Ireland, Defender of the Faith and Supreme Head of the Church of England.
Jane Seymour (?1509–37). Henry’s third queen, whom he married on 30 May 1536 at the Palace of Westminster. Died from puerperal fever and septicaemia following childbirth at Hampton Court, 24 October 1537.
Anne of Cleves (1515–57). Henry’s fourth queen. Married at Greenwich Palace, 6 January 1540. Marriage annulled by Clerical Convocation on 9 July 1540 and by Parliament on 13 July 1540. Pensioned off. Died 16 July 1557 at Chelsea. Buried in Westminster Abbey.
Katherine Howard (1522–42). Henry’s fifth queen. Married 28 July 1540 at Otelands, Surrey. Beheaded at Tower Green, 13 February 1542, for treason.
Katherine Parr (?1512–48). Henry’s sixth and final queen. Married 12 July 1543 at Hampton Court. Following Henry’s death in January 1547, married Thomas Seymour, Lord High Admiral, probably in early June 1547. Died from puerperal fever following the birth of a daughter at Sudeley Castle, Gloucestershire, 5 September 1548.
Prince Edward, later King Edward VI, (1537–53). Legitimate son and heir of Henry and Queen Jane Seymour. Proclaimed king 31 January 1547 at the Tower of London. Died of tuberculosis, Greenwich Palace, 6 July 1553.
Princess Mary, later Queen Mary I, (1516–58). Fourth and only surviving child (from at least six pregnancies) of Henry and his first wife, Catherine of Aragon. Proclaimed queen 19 July 1553. Reintroduced Catholicism to England. Married Philip, son of Charles V of Spain, at Winchester, 25 July 1554. Died, childless, from ovarian or stomach cancer, St James’s Palace, London, 17 November 1558.
Princess Elizabeth, later Queen Elizabeth I, (1533–1603). Daughter of Henry and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Succeeded Mary as queen November 1558. Secured Protestantism as state religion. Died, unmarried, from pneumonia and dental sepsis, Richmond, 24 March 1603.
Candidates for Henry’s Brides
Christina (1522–90). Daughter of Christian II of Denmark, widow of the Duke of Milan. Married François, Duc de Bar, 1541. Regent of Lorraine, 1545.
Marie of Guise (1515–60). Second wife of James V of Scotland (1512–42) and mother of Mary, Queen of Scots. Regent of Scotland during her daughter’s absence in France, 1554.
Marie of Vendôme (1515–38).
Foreign Rulers and their Ambassadors
Francis I of France (1494–1547). Crowned at Reims, 1515. Died at Château-Rambouillet, thirty miles south-west of Paris, and succeeded by son Henry II.
Francis I’s Ambassadors to Henry’s Court:
Louis de Perreau, Sieur de Castillon. Ambassador, November 1537– December 1538.
Charles de Marillac (c.1510–60). Ambassador, 1538–43. Later Bishop of Vannes (1550); Archbishop of Vienne (1557).
Odet de Selve (c.1504–63). Ambassador, 6 July 1546–1550.
Charle
s V, King of Spain and Holy Roman Emperor (1500–58). Nephew of Catherine of Aragon, first wife of Henry VIII. Acceded to Spanish throne 1516. Abdicated in favour of son, Philip (husband of Mary I of England), 1556. Retreated to monastery of Yuste, dying two years later.
Charles V’s Ambassadors to Henry’s Court:
Eustace Chapuys (d.1556). First embassy, 1529–38. Second embassy, 1540–5.
Francis van der Delft. Imperial ambassador from 1545.
Henry’s Privy Chamber
William Clerk, a clerk to the Privy Seal, 1542–8. Authorised to ink in the ‘dry stamp’ used to sign Henry’s documents from September 1545.
Sir Anthony Denny (1501–49). Powerful confidant of the king. Assisted in suppression of Kett’s Rebellion in Norfolk in 1549. Accumulated substantial incomes and lands through royal favour. Died ?10 September 1549 at his home in Cheshunt, Hertfordshire.
John Gates (?1504–53). Brother-in-law to Denny. Servant to Queen Katherine Parr, 1543–5. Appointed Vice-Chamberlain of the Household 8 April 1551. Appointed Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster 7 July 1552. Executed as supporter of Northumberland, 22 August 1553.
Sir Thomas Heneage (1480–1553). Chief Gentleman and Groom of the Stool. Knighted 1537. Abruptly dismissed and succeeded by Denny in 1546 after thirty years’ service to the Crown.
Sir William Herbert (?1501–70). Appointed one of the Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber in 1546. Married Katherine Parr’s sister Anne. Appointed President of Wales 1550. Created Earl of Pembroke 1551; joined Northumberland in proclaiming Lady Jane Grey queen in 1553 but quickly switched sides to support Mary. Appointed Governor of Calais 1556. Made Lord Steward under Elizabeth in 1568. Buried in St Paul’s Cathedral.
The Royal Household and Henry’s Government
Sir John Baker (d.1558). Lawyer; Attorney-General, 1535–40. Chancellor of the Exchequer, 1545–58.
Charles Brandon, First Duke of Suffolk (?1484–1545). Appointed Warden of the Scottish Marches in 1542. Commanded English army invading France in 1544. Lord Steward of the King’s Household, 1541–4. Died at Guildford, Surrey, 22 August 1545. Buried in St George’s Chapel, Windsor.
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