Bible and Sword

by Barbara W. Tuchman

  this page “Wheresoever this carcase is.…”—Matthew, xxiv, 28.

  this page Earl of Chatham, “I am quite a Russ.…”—Quoted in Lecky.

  this page Proclamation to the Jews.—Text in Kobler. See also Guedalla’s Napoleon and Palestine.

  this page Napoleon’s Eastern expedition.—Allison; Rose’s Napoleon, chap. IX, “Egypt” and chap. X, “Syria”; Bourienne, Vol. II; Marriott, pp. 164–92.

  this page Leibnitz.—A. L. Thiers, Histoire de la Revolution Française, 10 vols., Paris, 1828, IX, 63.

  this page Napoleon on glory in the East.—Bourienne, II, 82.

  this page Napoleon on Acre.—Ibid., II, 243.

  this page Napoleon on Sidney Smith.—Allison, III, 486.

  this page Manqué à ma fortune.—Lucien Bonaparte, Mémoires, II, chap. XIV.

  this page Lady Hester.—Some account of her may be found in every diary of Eastern travel of the period for no visit to Syria was considered complete without a glimpse of the famous recluse. Lamartine’s account is the fullest.

  this page William Bankes.—DNB.

  this page “Occupier of the road to India.”—Letter to Sir William Temple, Bulwer, II, 145.

  this page “Active Arabian sovereign.”—Ibid.

  this page Mehemet’s career and the Syrian Crisis. Temperley, pp. 87–156; Marriott, pp. 225–49; Cambridge BFP, Vol. II, chap. IV, “The Near East and France” (covers the period 1829–47).

  this page Ponsonby, “Porte as vassal.”—Foreign Office, Turkey, July 12, 1833, quoted Cambridge BFP, II, 166.

  this page Ponsonby, rising at 6 A.M.—Bulwer, II, 257. Bulwer, who was secretary of embassy of Constantinople at the time, was writing as an eyewitness.

  this page Ponsonby, “wholly erroneous.”—F.O. 78/274, No. 52 of April 24, 1836, quoted Temperley, p. 75.

  this page Palmerston “very merry.”—Greville, diary for October 7, 1840, IV, 308.

  Works Consulted for Chapter X

  BALLEINE, G. R., A History of the Evangelical Party, London, 1908.

  BUNSEN, FRANCES, BARONESS, A Memoir of Baron Bunsen, 2 vols., London, 1868.

  DALLING, LORD (Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer), and EVELYN ASHLEY, Life of Lord Palmerston, Vol. Ill, 1874, Vols. IV and V, 1876. This is a completion of the earlier life by Bulwer.

  FINN, MRS., Reminiscences, London, 1929.

  GIDNEY, REV. W. T., The History of the London Society for the Propagation of Christianity Among the Jews from 1809 to 1908 (centenary vol.), London, 1908.

  GOODMAN, PAUL, Moses Montefiore, Jewish Publication Society of America, Philadelphia, 1925.

  HALEVY, ELIE, A History of the English People in 1815, (this is Vol. I of what was to become Halévy’s History of the English People in the 19th Century), translated by Watkin and Barker, London, n.d., Book III, chap. I, “Religion.”

  HAMMOND, J. L. and B., Lord Shaftesbury, London, 1923.

  HODDER, EDWIN, Life and Works of the Seventh Earl of Shaftesbury, 3 vols., London, 1886. (Invaluable and indispensable, not only for the subject of this chapter but for its information on the religious core of the Victorian age: Evangelicalism and the war between faith and science.)

  HOLLAND, T. E., The European Concert in the Eastern Question 1826–1885; A Collection of Treaties and other Public Acts, Oxford, 1885.

  HYAMSON, ALBERT M., The British Consulate in Jerusalem, 1839–1914, 2 vols., London, 1939. British Projects for the Restoration of the Jews, British Palestine Commission, London, 1917.

  london society for the propagation of christianity among THE JEWS, Annual Reports, 1809, passim. Historical Notice, London, 1850.

  MONTEFIORE, Diaries of Sir Moses and Lady Montefiore, 1812–1883, 2 vols., ed. L. Löewe, London, 1890.

  RODKEY, FREDERICK S., “Lord Palmerston and the Rejuvenation of Turkey,” Journal of Modern History, June 1930.

  TEMPERLEY, H. V. W. Listed under Chapter IX.

  VICTORIA, Letters of Queen Victoria, 1837–61, 1st series, ed. A. C. Benson and Viscount Esher, 3 vols., 1907.

  WARBURTON, ELIOT, The Crescent and the Cross, New York, 1845.

  WOLF, LUCIEN, Sir Moses Montefiore, London, 1884.

  Notes to Chapter X

  this page Palmerston’s letter of August 11, 1840 (to Ponsonby).—F.O. 78/390, No. 134, in Rodkey. Also Temperley, p. 186 and note 275.

  this page Ashley, in diary of August 29.—This, and all subsequent quotations from Ashley’s diary, letters, and speeches are from Hodder’s Life, viz. Vol. I, chap. VI, 1838–39, VIII, 1840, IX, 1841, X, 1842 and Vol. Ill, chap. XXIII, “The Inner Life.”

  this page Ashley “purest, palest.…”—A word portrait written in 1838, quoted by Hodder, I, 228.

  this page Dickens.—Hammond.

  this page 1798 Annual Register.—Trevelyan’s Social History, IV, 29.

  this page Charles Simon.—Balleine.

  this page Facts on Jews Society.—Annual Reports, Historical Notice, and Gidney, passim.

  this page Basil Woodd.—Balleine.

  this page “God of the Jews only?”—Ibid.

  this page Facts about Lewis Way.—Gidney and Society’s Annual Reports and Historical Notice.

  this page Facts about Rev. MacCaul.—Ibid. Also Mrs. Finn.

  this page “Knew little—cared less.”—Mrs. Finn, Reminiscences.

  this page “Lawful owners.”—Ibid.

  this page Lunacy Commission.—Hodder, Ill., 139

  this page “Errors and absurdities.”—Gidney.

  this page Paul.—Romans, iv, 4.

  this page Simeon’s sermon.—Delivered May 8, 1818, Society’s Annual Report for 1818.

  this page Macaulay’s speech.—April 17, 1833, in the House of Commons, reprinted in the Works, 12 vols., ed. Albany, London, 1898, XI, 540. Macaulay made his maiden speech on April 5, 1830, on the subject of the Jewish Disabilities Bill and a third speech on the same subject on March 3, 1841. He also contributed an essay on the Bill to the Edinburgh Review, January 1831.

  this page Consul’s instructions.—F.O. 78/368, No. 2, January 31, 1839, Hyamson’s Consulate.

  this page Young’s census of the Jews.—Rodkey.

  this page Complaint about Young.—Hyamson’s Consulate.

  this page Young upheld.—Ibid.; F.O. 78/368, No. 8, November 23, 1839.

  this page 40 books a year.—Compiled from Edward Robinson, Biblical Researches in Palestine, 3 vols., Boston, 1841, Vol. Ill, Appendix A is a chronological list of works on Palestine and Mount Sinai.

  this page Montefiore on Rosh Hashanah—Goodman.

  this page “Palestine in the seat of the Jewish Empire.”—Wolf, p. 276.

  this page “Begin … building in Jerusalem.”—Wolf, p. 267.

  this page Damascus Incident.—Graetz, Vol. V, chap. XVII, “The Year 1840 and the Damascus Blood Accusation.”

  this page Mehemet Ali’s promise to Montefiore.—Montefiore, Diaries.

  this page Memorials, etc. about the Jews.—Hyamson’s Projects.

  this page Montefiore and Louis Philippe.—Wolf, pp. 109–10.

  this page Queen Victoria and Montefiore.—Ibid., p. 62.

  this page Palmerston’s dispatches to Ponsonby.—F.O. Papers 78/427, No. 33 of February 17, 1841. The letter of February 17 is marked in the margin, “Appd. Victoria R.”—Hyamson.

  this page Straits Convention.—British and Foreign State Papers, 1840–41, Vol. XXIV, London, 1857.

  this page “Antiquated imbecility.”—Guedalla’s Palmerston, p. 295.

  this page Aberdeen to Young.—Hyamson’s Consulate.

  this page Gladstone to Bunsen.—Bunsen.

  this page Bunsen’s call on Gladstone.—Ibid.

  this page Bunsen, “this is a great day.…”—Hodder, I, chap VIII.

  this page Palmerston, “I wrote to Ponsonby.”—Ashley’s diary, October 16, 1841 in Hodder, I, 377.

  this page Melbourne’s grumble.—Bunsen.

  this page Bunsen “moved to tears.”—Letter to A
shley, August 13, 1841 in Hodder, I, 373.

  this page Aberdeen to Young.—F.O. 78/501, No. I, May 3, 1842, Hyamson’s Consulate.

  Works Consulted for Chapter XI

  CHURCHILL, CHARLES HENRY, Mount Lebanon, 3 vols. London, 1853.

  COHEN, ISRAEL, The Zionist Movement, rev. ed., Zionist Organization of America, New York, 1946.

  DISRAELI, BENJAMIN, Alroy, Coningsby, Contarmi Fleming, Life of Lord George Bentinck, Tancred.

  EGERTON, LADY FRANCIS, Journal of a Tour in the Holy Land, London, 1841.

  FINN, JAMES, Stirring Times or Records from Jerusalem Consular Chronicles, 2 vols., London, 1878.

  FINN, MRS. Listed under Chapter X.

  HYAMSON, ALBERT M. Listed under Chapter X.

  KOBLER, FRANZ, “Charles Henry Churchill, A Zionist Pioneer. Centenary of the Damascus Episode,” New Judaea, June-July 1941.

  LINDSAY, ALEXANDER, LORD, Letters from Egypt, Edom and the Holy Land, London, 1838.

  MARTIN, SIR THEODORE, Life of H.R.H. the Prince Consort, 5 vols., 1875–80.

  MONYPENNY, W. F., and G. E. BUCKLE, The Life of Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, 6 vols., London, 1910–20. (Referred to in Notes as M and B.)

  ROTH, CECIL, Benjamin Disraeli, Earl of Beaconsfield, New York, 1952.

  SOKOLOW, NAHUM, History of Zionism, 1600–1918, 2 vols., London, 1919.

  WARBURTON, ELIOT. Listed under Chapter X.

  Notes to Chapter XI

  this page Churchill’s letter to Montefiore.—Cohen, p. 51.

  this page Board of Deputies.—Kobler.

  this page Churchill’s reply.—Ibid.

  this page Bunsen on Egerton’s book.—Letter to his wife, July 13, 1841, Baroness Bunsen’s Memoirs.

  this page Dr. Thomas Clarke.—Hyamson’s British Projects.

  this page Samuel Bradshaw.—Ibid.

  this page Rev. Crybbace.—Ibid.

  this page E. L. Mitford.—Cohen, p. 52.

  this page Col. Gawler.—Hyamson’s Projects. See also Cohen, p. 52.

  this page Prince Alfred.—Mrs. Finn’s Reminiscences.

  this page The Finns’ work in Jerusalem.—Ibid.

  this page Consul Finns’ correspondence with Foreign Office. F.O. 78 11274, Pd. No. 36, Hyamson’s Consulate.

  this page Disraeli’s speech on Emancipation, December 1847.—M and B, III, 69.

  this page “Gazed on Jerusalem.”—From Contarini Fleming (his novel written while on the tour), part VI, chap. 4.

  this page Alroy as Disraeli’s “ideal ambition.”—M and B, I, 196.

  Works Consulted for Chapter XII

  AHAD HA’AM, Essays, Letters and Memoirs (on Judaism and Zionism), ed. and translated by Leon Simon, Oxford, 1946.

  BYRON, GEORGE GORDON, LORD, Hebrew Melodies, 1815.

  COHEN, ISRAEL, Zionism. Listed under Chapter XI.

  CROCE, BENEDETTO, History of Europe in the 19th Century, translated by Henry Furst, New York, 1933.

  CROSS, J. W., George Eliot’s Life as Related in her Letters and Journals, 3 vols., New York, 1885.

  DUBNOW, S. M., History of the Jews in Russia and Poland, from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, translated by I. Friedlander, 3 vols., Philadelphia, 1916.

  ELBOGEN, ISMAR, A Century of Jewish Life, Philadelphia, 1944. (Planned as a continuation of Graetz’ History).

  ELIOT, GEORGE, Daniel Deronda. “The Modern Hep Hep,” (Essay XVIII in The Impressions of Theophrastus Such, 1879).

  GOTTHEIL, RICHARD, Zionism, Philadelphia, 1914.

  HALDANE, ELIZABETH S., George Eliot and Her Times, New York, 1927.

  HESS, MOSES, Rome and Jerusalem, translated by M. Waxman, 2d ed., New York, 1945.

  Jewish Encyclopedia. Articles on individuals mentioned.

  KING, BOLTON, Life of Mazzini, Everyman ed.

  LAZARUS, EMMA, An Epistle to the Hebrews, from the American Hebrew, 1882–83, republished Federation of American Zionists, 1900.

  PINSKER, LEON, Auto-Emancipation, translated by D. S. Blondheim, New York, 1935.

  SIMON, LEON, Studies in Jewish Nationalism, London, 1920.

  SOKOLOW, NAHUM. Listed under Chapter XI.

  STEIN, LEONARD, Zionism, 2d ed., London, 1934.

  STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE, george eliot, London, 1902.

  Notes to Chapter XII

  this page “If I am not for myself, who will be for me.”—A saying of Hillel the Great, Doctor of the Law at Jerusalem in the time of King Herod, chief theological authority of Palestinian Judaism until 500 A.D. Jewish Encyclopedia, VI, 398.

  this page Mazzini, Duties of Man and Other Essays, Everyman ed., 1915, p. 53.

  this page Graetz, “The Rejuvenescence of the Jewish Race.”—Quoted Gottheil, p. 38.

  this page Hess.—For the early Zionists before Herzl see Sokolow, Vol. I. Also Cohen, Part I, chap. II, “The Advocacy of Restoration,” and Part II, chap. Ill, “ ’The Love of Zion’ Movement”; Elbogen, Book 3, chap. I, “The Lovers of Zion,” Gottheil, chaps. I, II, III.

  this page Rabbi Kalischer.—Sokolow, I, 202 and II, 262.

  this page Smolenskin.—Cohen, p. 59 ff.

  this page Lucien Wolf on Easter pogroms.—Encyclopaedia Britannica, 14th ed., article, “Anti-Semitism.”

  this page Kattowitz Conference.—Sokolow, I, 188, 216.

  this page Jellinek.—Ibid., I, 188.

  this page Weizmann on Rothschild.—Trial and Error, p. 162.

  this page George Lewes and Moses Hess.—Universal Jewish Encyclopedia, IV, 78.

  this page Leslie Stephen on Daniel Deronda.—Stephen’s George Eliot, p. 189.

  this page George Eliot’s letter to Mrs. Stowe.—Cross, III, 212.

  Works Consulted for Chapter XIII

  ARNOLD, MATTHEW, Culture and Anarchy, 1869. St. Paul and Protestanism, 1870. Literature and Dogma; An Essay Towards a Better Understanding of the Bible, 1873. God and the Bible, 1875.

  BESANT, SIR WALTER, Thirty Years Work, 1865–1895, London, 1895. (A history of the Palestine Exploration Fund.)

  BENN, A. W., History of English Rationalism in the 19th Century, 2 vols., 1906.

  Cambridge History of English Literature, “The Oxford Movement” by Rev. W. H. Hutton, Vol. XII, chap. XII, and “The Growth of Liberal Theology” by Rev. F. E. Hutchinson, Vol. XII, chap. XIII.

  CARPENTER, J. E., The Bible in the Nineteenth Century, 1919.

  CHEYNE, THOMAS K., The Founders of Old Testament Criticism, 1893.

  COLERIDGE, SAMUEL TAYLOR, Confessions of an Enquiring Spirit, ed. H. N. Coleridge, 3d ed., 1853.

  CONDER, CLAUDE REGNIER, Tent Work in Palestine, A Record of Discovery and Adventure, 2 vols., Palestine Exploration Fund, New York, 1878. Memoirs of the Survey of Western Palestine, 7 vols., Palestine Exploration Fund, 1883.

  Essays and Reviews, Benjamin Jowett, Mark Pattison, Frederick Temple, et al., 1860.

  HALEVY, ELIE, A History of the English People in the 19th Century, Vol. Ill, 1830–41, Part I, chap. Ill, “Revolt of the Established Church and the Sects”; “Victory of the Church,” translated by Watkin, New York, 1930.

  Hasting’s Encyclopedia, article “Criticism, O.T.,” IV, 314.

  LOWDERMILK, WALTER CLAY, Palestine, Land of Promise, New York, 1944.

  MILMAN, HENRY HART, The History of the Jews, 3 vols., 3d ed., 1863.

  MORLEY, JOHN, Life of W. E. Gladstone, 3 vols., 1903.

  PALESTINE EXPLORATION FUND, Quarterly Reports. (Referred to in Notes as P.E.F.)

  PROTHERO, ROWLAND, E., Life and Correspondence of Arthur Penrhyn Stanley, 2 vols., New York, 1894.

  SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON, article “Bible,” in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 9th ed.

  STRACHEY, LYTTON, Eminent Victorians, London, 1918.

  TREVELYAN, G. M., 19th Century. Listed under Chapter IX.

  YOUNG, G. M., Victorian England, Portrait of an Age, Oxford, 1936.

  Notes to Chapter XIII

  this page Prince of Wales’ Tour of the Holy Land.—P.E.F., Quarterly Reports. Also P
rothero’s Stanley.

  this page Conder’s contribution greatest since Tyndale.—Besant.

  this page Conder, “iron chain of Talmudic law.”—Tent Work.

  this page Keble’s Assize Sermon.—Sermons, Academical and Occasional, Oxford, p. 127.

  this page Pusey, 9 lectures a week.—Cambridge Lit., XII, chap. XII.

  this page Heresy trial of 1860.—Ibid., chap. XIII.

  this page Donors to P.E.F.—Besant.

  this page Finn’s Jerusalem Literary Society.—Ibid.

  this page Sir Charles Wilson.—Report on the Survey of Sinai, P.E.F., 1869.

  this page Conder, “not a mile of road.”—Tent Work.

  this page Shaftesbury’s address to P.E.F.—P.E.F., Quarterly Report, 1875, p. 115.

  this page Shaftesbury’s article of 1876.—Sokolow, Vol. II, Appendix.

  Works Consulted for Chapter XIV

  ASHLEY, EVELYN, Life of Henry George Temple, Viscount Palmerston, 2 vols., 1879. A re-editing of the five-volume Life by Dalling and Ashley listed under Chapter X.

  CECIL, LADY GWENDOLYN, Life of Robert, Marquis of Salisbury, 4 vols., London, 1929–31, Vol. II, chaps. IV–IX on the Eastern Question and the Congress of Berlin.

  Cambridge BFP., Vol. II, chap. IV, “The Near East and France” (covers 1829–47), Vol. II, chap. VII, “Prelude to the Crimean War” (covers 1853–54), Vol. II, chap. VIII, “The Crimean War.”

  FITZGERALD, PERCY, The Great Canal at Suez, 2 vols.

  FOREIGN OFFICE, Syria and Palestine, F.O. Historical Section, H.M. Stationery Office, London, 1920.

  GLADSTONE, W. E., The Bulgarian Horrors and the Question of the East, London, 1876.

  HEADLAM-MORLEY, SIR JAMES, Studies in Diplomatic History, New York, 1930.

  HOLLAND, T. E., Treaties. Listed under Chapter X.

  HOSKINS, H. L., Routes to India, New York, 1928.

  MARRIOTT, J. A. R., Eastern Question. Listed under Chapter IX.

  MARTIN, THEODORE, Prince Consort. Listed under Chapter XI.

  MONYPENNY AND BUCKLE, Disraeli. Listed under Chapter XI.