Cleopatra and Antony
Page 37
“concerned . . . death”: Plutarch, Of Isis and Osiris, 78.
She and Antony . . . pleasure: The quotes in these three paragraphs are from Plu.Ant, 29–30.
Lake Mareotis: Today Lake Mareotis is in the middle of an industrial area dotted with the flares of oil refineries, but fishermen still pole their puntlike boats through the reeds.
“like . . . night . . . a miserable letter”: Plu.Ant, 30.
“a partaker . . . showed”: Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome, II.74.
“A godless . . . hand”: Vergil, Eclogue, I, lines 71–7.
“in crowds . . . war”: App, V.12.
At the same . . . withdrew: The quotes in this paragraph are from App, V.16.
“Glaphyra’s . . . sound”: Martial, Epigrams, XI.20.
slingshots . . . dick”: The Latin text of the messages on the slingshots are given in the Corpus Inscriptorium Latinarium of 1901, XI or II.2.1.
“as long . . . speedily . . . moved . . . jealousy”: App, V.19.
“that Fulvia . . . Italy”: Plu.Ant, 30.
“laid . . . general . . . on falling . . . dwindle”: App, V.9 and 11.
“She girded . . . them”: DioCass.RH, XXXXVIII.10.
“had . . . sex . . . was . . . violence”: Velleius Paterculus, History of Rome, II.74.
15: SINGLE MOTHER
“delivered . . . fight”: App, V.51.
“had become . . . anger”: ibid., 59.
“generally . . . wife”: Plu.Ant, 31.
“dignity . . . beauty . . . she . . . affairs”: ibid.
“a lover . . . outrageous”: Plutarch, Life of Demetrius, I.
“His rational . . . Egyptian”: Plu.Ant, 31.
“we must . . . performed”: Vitruvius, On Architecture, VI.5. (Vitruvius drew on the ideas of earlier Greek writers but this is the earliest surviving architectural work.)
16: “THE AWFUL CALAMITY”
“Now . . . world”: Vergil, Eclogue, IV, line 4 ff. Medieval Christians took these lines as a prophecy of Christ.
“Nor . . . whatsoever”: The decree is reproduced in several places in translation, for example, P. Jones, Cleopatra: A Source Book, pp. 205–6.
“very . . . disorder”: Josephus, Antiquities, XIV.14.2.
To celebrate . . . promise”: The quotes in this paragraph are from Plu.Ant, 32.
“I could . . . at me . . . the one . . . death”: Suet.A, 62.
“Either . . . man”: Plu.Ant, 33.
“He . . . women”: App, V.76.
“beneficent gods”: Quoted M. Grant, Cleopatra, p. 130.
“beneficent gods”: Quoted 196 “full . . . dead”: App, V.89.
“into fighting condition”: Suet.A, 16.
“not to . . . wretched”: Plu.Ant, 35.
“a hundred . . . warships”: ibid.
“The awful . . . Syria”: Plu.Ant, 36.
17: SUN AND MOON
Unless otherwise stated below, the source for the quotes in this chapter is Plu.Ant, 36–51. Plutarch’s account of the Parthian campaign is based on a work by one of Antony’s generals, Dellius, now lost.
“cut . . . ears . . . complete . . . blemish”: Josephus, Antiquities, XIV.13.10.
Silver coins . . . Antony: One of the silver coins—a drachm—minted in Antioch and depicting Cleopatra on one side and Antony on the other can be seen in the British Museum.
18: “THEATRICAL, OVERDONE, AND ANTI-ROMAN”
“When she . . . had a great . . . to Egypt”: Josephus, Antiquities, XV.4.2.
“realized . . . shock”: Plu.Ant, 53.
As Antony . . . attain’: The quotes in these two paragraphs are from Plu.Ant, 54.
“it was not . . . use it”: Josephus, Antiquities, XV.3.8.
“he . . . war”: Plu.Ant, 52.
Cleopatra . . . state: The quotes in this paragraph are from DioCass.RH, XLIX.40.
“in very . . . wife . . . the son . . . for Caesar’s sake”: ibid., 41.
Plutarch . . . costume: The quotes in this paragraph are from Plu.Ant, 54.
the triple uraeus . . . of Kings”: For a discussion of the linkage by S.-A. Ashton of the triple uraeus with Cleopatra and of Cleopatra’s possible motives for adopting this insignia, see her article in the British Museum Occasional Paper, no. 103, p. 26, and D. E. E. Kleiner’s Cleopatra and Rome, pp. 140–42. The chief evidence for associating the triple uraeus with Cleopatra is provided by a piece of a limestone crown found in a shrine in a temple to Isis at Coptos by Sir Flinders Petrie, the front of which bears three uraei. Sally-Ann Ashton dismisses the view that the crown might have belonged to the earlier Ptolemaic queen Arsinoe II, arguing that evidence from relief carvings in the temple and from the crown itself suggest that the shrine was dedicated early in Cleopatra’s reign when she was sharing the throne with one of her two half brothers. She has also identified a blue glass intaglio in the British Museum depicting an Egyptian queen wearing a magnificent headdress with triple uraeus as a representation of Cleopatra and has linked this to a series of statues of a queen of the late Ptolemaic period, again prominently displaying the triple uraeus.
“was only . . . son”: DioCass.RH., XLIX.41.
And now . . . tolerate: The quotes in this paragraph are from Plu.Ant, 50 and 54.
19: “A WOMAN OF EGYPT”
“to avoid . . . speech”: Suet.A, 84.
Parts . . . done so: The quotes in this paragraph are from Suet.A, 69.
“at a feast . . . twelve . . . The gods . . . grain”: ibid., 70.
“like the slave . . . sale”: ibid., 69.
“that it . . . matters”: Plu.Ant, 56.
Whether bribed . . . decree: A papyrus granting land to Canidius Crassus is reproduced and translated in P. Jones, Cleopatra: A Source Book, pp. 205–6.
“carefully . . . Antony”: Josephus, Antiquities, XV.5.1.
“to her . . . possible”: ibid.
“Every practitioner . . . victories?”: Plu.Ant, 56.
“She left . . . war”: ibid., 57.
“diseased with desertion”: Velleius Paterculus, Roman History, II.83.
“one . . . world”: ibid., 85.
“the Egyptian . . . things”: DioCass. RH, XLVIII.24.
“a slave . . . Cleopatra”: ibid., XLIX.34.
“degenerated . . . monster . . . a crown . . . queen”: Florus, Epitome of Roman History, II.21.
“an enormity . . . ashamed”: Pliny the Elder, Natural History, XXXIII.50.
“to be . . . understood . . . our . . . Asiatic orators”: Suet.A, 86.
“Who would not . . . Egyptian”: DioCass.RH, L.25–7.
“We . . . eunuchs?”: ibid., 24–5.
“so as . . . wiles . . . no . . . treacherous”: The Alexandrian War, 24.
“he plays . . . lust”: DioCass.RH, L.27.
“unchastity . . . dear”: Luc.Phar, X, line 58.
“Antony . . . Nile”: Plutarch, Comparison of Demetrius and Antony, 3.
“as surely . . . Capitol”: DioCass.RH, L.5.
“And . . . curse”: Oracula Sibyllina, III.75 ff.
“the whole . . . way”: Res Gestae Divi Augustus, 25.
Geminius . . . from you”: Plu.Ant, 59.
“that Antony’s . . . deserted him”: DioCass.RH, L.4.
20: THE BATTLE OF ACTIUM
“caused . . . along”: Florus, Epitome of Roman History, II.21.
“Their . . . clothes”: Quoted E. Bradford, Cleopatra, p. 205.
“Who . . . way?”: DioCass.RH, L.9.
“Some . . . birds”: Plu.Ant, 60.
“all . . . knights . . . to demonstrate . . . people”: DioCass. RH, L.11.
“I like . . . traitors”: Quoted M. Foss, The Search for Cleopatra, p. 157.
“angered”: DioCass.RH, L.13.
“upset . . . deal . . . from . . . treachery”: Plu.Ant, 63.
“undermined . . . everything”: DioCass. RH, L.13.
“What . . . ladle?”: Plu.Ant, 62.
“the c
ircus . . . civil wars”: Seneca (the Elder), Suasoriae, I.7.
“press-ganging . . . age”: Plu.Ant, 62.
“an infantry . . . stand”: ibid., 64.
“while it . . . a man”: ibid., 65.
“the fight . . . towers”: ibid., 66.
“doting mallard”: W. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Act III, scene 10, line 20.
“roasted . . . ovens”: DioCass.RH, L.34.
21: AFTER ACTIUM
Unless otherwise stated below the source for the quotes in this chapter is Plu.Ant, 67–73.
“the wild . . . eunuchs”: Horace, “Ode,” I.37.
“a Roman . . . by sale”: Horace, “Epode,” IX.
“the leading . . . shrines”: DioCass.RH, LI.5.
“since . . . parents”: ibid., 6.
“His official . . . intact”: ibid.
“He . . . unharmed”: ibid., 8.
22: DEATH ON THE NILE
Unless otherwise stated below the source for the quotes in this chapter is Plu.Ant, 71–84.
“rescued . . . danger”: Quoted M. Grant, Cleopatra, p. 223.
“a woman of insatiable sexuality”: DioCass.RH, LI.15
“wonderfully enhanced . . . beauty”: DioCass.RH, LI.12.
23: “TOO MANY CAESARS IS NOT A GOOD
“as if . . . him”: DioCass.RH, LI.14.
“to suck . . . wound”: Suet.A, 17.
Asp is a . . . Octavian: The information on the various effects of snakebite draws on Lucy Hughes-Hallett, Cleopatra—Histories, pp. 106–7, and her source, F. W. Fitzsimmons, Snakes and the Treatment of Snakebite, Cape Town, 1929.
“with the . . . queen”: Plu.Ant, 86.
“too . . . good thing”: ibid., 81.
“surpassed . . . magnificence”: DioCass.RH, LI.21.
“came . . . corpses . . . accustomed . . . cattle”: ibid., 16.
“They forgot . . . foreigners”: ibid., 21.
“did not . . . casually”: Suet.A, 84.
By now Rome . . . amulets: In the centuries following Cleopatra’s death, Egyptian and Roman art fused intriguingly in Alexandria. Catacombs built in the second century AD are decorated with carvings of cobras and of the Apis bull but also with Medusa heads. A tunic-clad figure of the god Anubis is depicted mummifying a body, while another figure of Anubis is figure of the god Anubis is depicted mummifying dressed as a Roman soldier.
“who refrained . . . woman”:
“a passion . . . wife”: ibid., 71.
POSTSCRIPT: “THIS PAIR SO FAMOUS”
“this pair so famous”: W. Shakespeare, Antony and Cleopatra, Act V, Scene 2, line 357.
In his Pensées: Pascal’s reflections on the size of Cleopatra’s nose are in Pensées ref. S. 32 (p. 6 of the edition listed in the bibliography). See also Pensées ref. S. 228 (p. 57).
“yours my Roman . . . intransigent”: Vergil, Aeneid, Book VI, lines 853ff.
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