one gets assaulted every twenty-six hours Alfredo Corchado, “Mexico Bureau Chief Defends Freedom of Press at Subcommittee Hearing,” Dallas Morning News blog, July 29, 2015, available at http://thescoopblog.dallasnews.com/2015/07/mexico-bureau-chief-defends-freedom-of-press-at-subcommittee-hearing.html/.
In his authoritative book El Narco Ioan Grillo, El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2012).
$100 billion a year on cocaine “What America’s Users Spend on Illegal Drugs: 2000–2010,” prepared for the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy by the RAND Corporation, February 2014, available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/default/files/ondcp/policy-and research/wausid_results_report.pdf.
Analysts say as much as 40 percent Patrick Radden Keefe, “Cocaine Incorporated,” New York Times Magazine, June 15, 2012.
Even the most famous capos Grillo, El Narco.
With nearly half of all Mexicans dwelling in poverty Christopher Wilson and Gerardo Silva, “Mexico’s Latest Poverty Stats, 2013,” Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars: Mexico Institute, available at http://www.wilsoncenter.org/sites/default/files/Poverty_Statistics_Mexico_2013.pdf.
“ni-nis,” short for ni estudian, ni trabajan Alfredo Corchado, Midnight in Mexico: A Reporter’s Journey through a Country’s Descent into Darkness (New York: Penguin, 2014).
(Footnote 10) Santa Muerte is revered Desirée Martín, Borderlands Saints: Secular Sanctity in Chicano/a and Mexican Culture (New Brunswick: Rutgers University Press, 2014).
(Footnote 12) Corruption, of course, doesn’t halt at the borderline John Burnett and Marisa Peñaloza, “With Corruption Rampant, Good Cops Go Bad in Texas’ Rio Grande Valley,” National Public Radio, July 6, 2015.
Mexico watchers generally recognize six major drug cartels Mexico Report, InSight Crime, available at http://www.insightcrime.org/mexico-organized-crime-news/mexico.
(Footnote 13) rebranded the cartel the Knights Templar Ioan Grillo, Gangster Warlords: Drug Dollars, Killing Fields, and the New Politics of Latin America (New York: Bloomsbury Press, 2016).
forty-three ways to kill a man Corchado, Midnight in Mexico.
According to the DEA Camilo Smith, “DEA Releases Which Cartels Rule Texas Towns,” San Antonio Express-News, August 26, 2015.
Juarez, a city that tallied more than 3,000 murders Nick Valencia, “Juarez Counts 3,000th Homicide of 2010,” CNN.com, December 15, 2010, available at http://www.cnn.com/2010/WORLD/americas/12/15/mexico.juarez.homicides/index.html.
El Paso, which registered 5 homicides Staff, “2010 Murder Rate Not Seen since 1965,” ABC/KVIA–El Paso, July 15, 2012, available at http://www.kvia.com/news/2010-murder-rate-not-seen-since-1965/53331335.
The writer Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie Hear Adichie’s excellent TED Talk, “The Danger of a Single Story,” https://www.ted.com/talks/chimamanda_adichie_the_danger_of_a_single_story#t-114246.
Just a month ago, a sixty-six-year-old man Katherine Rosenberg, “Robstown Man Faces Felony Drug Charges,” Corpus Christi Caller-Times, July 20, 2010.
pled guilty to drug possession Steven Alford, “Cocaine-Dealing Robstown Taco Stand Owner Pleads Guilty,” Corpus Christi Caller-Times, January 21, 2011.
CHAPTER 6. THE AGENTS
(Footnote 1) Approximately 250,000 guns Charles D. Thompson Jr., Border Odyssey: Travels along the U.S./Mexico Divide (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2015).
being upholstered into the backseat of a van To see the photo, visit “Bizarre Busts” at the Telegraph, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/picturegalleries/worldnews/7817733/Bizarre-busts-US-Border-Patrol-pictures-of-the-most-bizarre-attempts-at-smuggling-people-and-drugs.html.
an agent’s starting salary Dani Arbuckle, “Salary of a Law Enforcement Border Patrol Person,” Houston Chronicle, available at http://work.chron.com/salary-law-enforcement-border-patrol-person-3148.html.
sterling silver Border Patrol badges Available at https://www.borderpatrolmuseum.com/giftshop/.
countrywide youth “Explorer” programs Todd Miller, Border Patrol Nation (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2014).
a nearly $13 billion budget “Budget-in-Brief Fiscal Year 2015,” U.S. Department of Homeland Security, available at http://www.dhs.gov/sites/default/files/publications/MGMT/FY%202014%20BIB%20-%20FINAL%20–508%20Formatted%20%284%29.pdf.
more than every other federal law enforcement agency Sarah Stillman, “Where Are the Children?,” New Yorker, April 27, 2015.
swollen ranks to more than 21,000 “Border Patrol Overview,” U.S. Customs and Border Protection, available at http://www.cbp.gov/border-security/along-us-borders/overview.
up from 8,500 agents in 2001 Miller, Border Patrol Nation.
a book was written about his platoon See Martha Raddatz, The Long Road Home (New York: Putnam, 2007).
Notions of being “diseased” Rachel Pearson, “Disease Threat from Immigrant Children Wildly Overstated,” Texas Observer, July 10, 2014.
Dr. Marc Siegel will deem it Michelle Leung, “Conservative Media Stoke Fears about Humanitarian Crisis Causing Children to Enter U.S.,” Media Matters for America, June 24, 2014.
16 percent of whom are uninsured Texas Medical Association, available at http://www.texmed.org/uninsured_in_texas/.
According to a 2011 Frontline documentary Maria Hinojosa, “Lost in Detention,” Frontline, PBS, October 18, 2011, available at http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/lost-in-detention/.
If suicide rates are any indication Paul J. Weber, “Increase in Suicides among Border Patrol Agents Causes Alarm,” Washington Post, August 19, 2010.
(Footnote 4) Known as “Tent City” Daniel Blue Tyx, “Goodbye to Tent City,” Texas Observer, March 26, 2015.
CHAPTER 7. THE WALL
(Footnote 2) Other U.S. presidents who condemned the world’s walls Roosevelt gave this quote during his State of the Union, “The Four Freedoms,” on January 6, 1941; Nixon during an exchange with reporters at the Great Wall of China on February 24, 1972; and Trump during a speech at the Trump Tower in New York City on June 16, 2015.
Here in Brownsville Jazmine Ulloa, “Border Fence Construction Nears Completion in Hope Park,” Brownsville (Tex.) Herald, December 26, 2010.
Yet when they aired these concerns Melissa del Bosque, “All Walled Up,” Texas Observer, January 21, 2010.
The following ramifications Facts culled from short essays by Charles Bowden, Miguel Diaz-Barriga, Margaret Dorsey, Denise Gilman, Scott Nicol, and James Tyron in the photography book by Maurice Sherif, The American Wall (Austin: University of Texas Press, 2012).
It has inspired an offshore drilling rig designer “Border Fence News,” University of Texas at Brownsville, available at http://www.utb.edu/newsinfo/archives/Pages/BorderFence/BorderFence.aspx.
The west side of the Berlin Wall Staff, “Keith Haring Paints Mural on Berlin Wall,” New York Times, October 24, 1986.
Over in the West Bank William Parry, Against the Wall: The Art of Resistance in Palestine (Chicago: Lawrence Hill Books, 2011).
The park was founded in 1971 “Timeline and Slideshows,” Friendship Park, available at http://www.friendshippark.org/#!history/c20x9; Joseph Nivens, “Pat Nixon at the U.S.-Mexico Border,” La Prensa San Diego, August 29, 2008.
In 2004, Arizona artist Alfred Quiroz Quiroz’s work can be viewed via YouTube, “Parade of Humanity: Border Wall Project,” October 5, 2009, available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5MdoA8bAzis#t=37.
And since 2012, Arizona artists Cindy Carcamo, “Artists Brighten Up U.S.-Mexico Border Fence,” Los Angeles Times, December 23, 2012.
On April Fool’s Day in 2011 Billy Jam, “Guerrilla Street Artist Ron English Takes Risk with Daring US/Mexico Border Art Prank,” Amoeblog, April 7, 2011, available at http://www.amoeba.com/blog/2011/04/jamoeblog/guerrilla-street-artist-ron-english-takes-risk-with-daring-us-mexico-border-art-prank.html.
The 18-foot wall that soars above Richard Marosi, “$57.7-Million Fence Added to an Al
ready Grueling Illegal Immigration Route,” Los Angeles Times, February 15, 2010.
while the 9-foot wall at the Tecate Sherif, American Wall.
(Footnote 7) More than 68,000 unaccompanied children Haeyoun Park, “Q&A: Children at the Border,” New York Times, October 21, 2014.
CHAPTER 8. THE CHOKEPOINT
when migration across the U.S. border is at a historic low Jeffrey S. Passel, D’Vera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera, “Net Migration from Mexico Falls to Zero—and Perhaps Less,” Pew Research Center, April 23, 2012, available at http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/.
In 2012, the entire state of Arizona “Border Deaths” database, Arizona Daily Star, available at http://azstarnet.com/online/databases/border-deaths-database/html_c104ad38–3877–11df-aa1a-001cc4c002e0.html (accessed June 18, 2013).
Although taxpayers spent upward of $90 billion Martha Mendoza, “US Border Security—Expensive with Mixed Results,” Associated Press, June 26, 2011, available at http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43539092/ns/us_news-security/t/us-border-security-expensive-mixed-results/#.V-7-JrT0tSU.
nearly 40 percent live below the poverty line Statistics found at City-Data, http://www.city-data.com/city/Falfurrias-Texas.html#b.
the wife of the justice of the peace Staff, “Judge’s Wife Arrested Transporting Illegal Immigrants,” KIITV News/Corpus Christi, July 3, 2012.
CHAPTER 9. THE WOMAN IN THE WOODS
About a thousand people are caught Brad Plumer, “Who’s Crossing the Mexico Border? A New Survey Tries to Find Out,” Washington Post, June 2, 2013.
law enforcement busted 237 stash houses Rene Peña, “Trends in Texas Gang Activity,” Prosecutor, March–April 2014 issue, available at http://www.tdcaa.com/journal/trends-texas-gang-activity.
grisly discovery occurred in Edinburg Jared Taylor, “2 Indicted in Edinburg ‘Hell’ Stash-House Case,” The Monitor (McAllen, Tex.), May 16, 2012.
Yet the tragedies she witnesses here daily Melissa del Bosque, “A Cemetery for Our People,” Texas Observer, August 20, 2014.
(Footnote 3) In their book, Forgotten Dead William D. Carrigan and Clive Webb, Forgotten Dead: Mob Violence against Mexicans in the United States, 1848–1928 (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).
Cofounded by a Vietnam veteran David Holthouse, “Minutemen, Other Anti-Immigrant Militia Groups Stake Out Arizona Border,” Southern Poverty Law Center Intelligence Report, June 27, 2005, available at https://www.splcenter.org/fighting-hate/intelligence-report/2005/minutemen-other-anti-immigrant-militia-groups-stake-out-arizona-border.
according to an early website Visit the site at http://unitedstates.fm/Minuteman.htm.
In 2015, the Texas Observer John Carlos Frey, “Graves of Shame,” Texas Observer, July 6, 2015.
CHAPTER 10. THE HEALING
As Mexican writer Carlos Fuentes Quoted in Franciscan Friars of the Immaculate, A Handbook on Guadalupe (San Francisco: Ignatius Press, 2009).
(Footnote 2) This crucial matter of skin tone Carlos Monsivais, Mexican Postcards (New York: Verso, 1997).
CHAPTER 11. THE SORT OF HOMECOMING
(Footnote 1) With more than 16,000 members Kirk Semple, “Abduction Case Tests Limits of Amish Ties to Modern World,” New York Times, August 21, 2014.
CHAPTER 12. THE TRADE
(Footnote 2) In October 2014 Kristen Millares Young, “Misty Upham: The Tragic Death and Unscripted Life of Hollywood’s Rising Star,” Guardian, June 30, 2015, available at https://www.theguardian.com/global/2015/jun/30/misty-upham-native-american-actress-tragic-death-inspiring-life.
(Footnote 4) This decision was likely also influenced Thomas Kaplan, “In Tax Fight, Tribes Make, and Sell, Cigarettes,” New York Times, February 22, 2012.
Ontario … has a cigarette allocation system Gregory Thomas and Scott Hennig, “Blowing Smoke on the Reserves,” Toronto Sun, January 9, 2013.
The Royal Canadian Mounted Police reported “Akwesasne Cigarette Plant Legalizes Operations,” CBS News Ottawa, April 14, 2010, available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/ottawa/akwesasne-cigarette-plant-legalizes-operations-1.898838; Tom Blackwell, “The New Big Tobacco,” National Post, September 20, 2010, available at http://news.nationalpost.com/news/canada/post-preview-inside-canadas-underground-tobacco-industry-a-five-part-series.
The United States also loses billions Jon Campbell, “Smuggled, Untaxed Cigarettes Are Everywhere in New York City,” Village Voice, April 7, 2015.
(Footnote 5) In his 2000 Los Angeles Times review Sherman Alexie, “Some of My Best Friends,” Los Angeles Times, January 23, 2000; Jessica Chapel, “Atlantic Unbound: Interviews: Sherman Alexie,” June 1, 2000, available at http://www.theatlantic.com/past/docs/unbound/interviews/ba2000–06–01.htm.
CHAPTER 13. THE WAR
penchant for scalping or beheading enemies William Engelbrecht, Iroquoia: The Development of a Native World (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2003).
eating enemies’ hearts as a way to absorb victims’ courage Dean R. Snow, The Iroquois (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994).
Yet according to the Seneca scholar Jose Barreiro, ed., Thinking in Indian: A John Mohawk Reader (Golden, Colo.: Fulcrum, 2010).
(Footnote 3) Exactly when this historic event Louellyn White, “Free to Be Kanien’kehaka: A Case Study of Educational Self-Determination at the Akwesasne Freedom School” (diss. submitted to Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in American Indian Studies, University of Arizona, 2009).
No one knows for certain when Native Americans Ian Frazier, On the Rez (New York: Picador, 2000).
North America’s first tribally operated gaming venture Jessica Cattelino, High Stakes: Florida Seminole Gaming and Sovereignty (Durham: Duke University Press, 2008).
At least 240 tribes in twenty-eight states have since followed suit That, at least, is the number of tribes regulated by the National Indian Gaming Commission, which is an independent agency within the U.S. Department of the Interior. Visit its website at www.nigc.gov.
Reactions varied wildly The facts and figures featured in the remainder of this section about the civil skirmish over gambling at Akwesasne have been culled from Doug George-Kanentiio, Iroquois on Fire: A Voice from the Mohawk Nation (Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 2006); Rick Hornung, One Nation under the Gun: Inside the Mohawk Civil War (Toronto: Stoddart, 1991); Bruce Johansen, Life and Death in Mohawk Country (Golden, Colo.: North American Press, 1993); Harry Swain, OKA: A Political Crisis and Its Legacy (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2010); and Peter Wilkinson, “Renegade Nation,” Men’s Journal, December 1994, reprinted in Akwesasne Notes, Spring 1995.
(Footnote 10) Because New York State James M. Odato, “Cuomo Reaches Deal with Mohawks,” Times Union (Albany, N.Y.), May 21, 2013; James M. Odato, “Mohawks Move Toward Resolving Land Claims,” Times Union (Albany, N.Y.), May 28, 2014.
In December, I’ll pick up a Watertown Daily Times Roger Dupuis, “St. Regis Casino Operators Indicted on Illegal-Gambling Charges,” Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times, December 19, 2012.
(Footnote 11) A year later, in December 2013 James M. Odato, “Tribal Ways Trumped U.S. Law at Trial,” Times Union (Albany, N.Y.), December 26, 2013.
CHAPTER 14. THE SAINT
so-called Las Vegas, Atlantic City W5 Staff, “How a Pig Farmer Made Billions in Online Gambling,” CTV News/Ontario, March 13, 2010, available at http://www.ctvnews.ca/how-a-pig-farmer-made-billions-in-online-gambling-1.491399.
(Footnote 1) According to a 2015 New York Times Walt Bogdanich, James Glanz, and Agustin Armendariz, “Cash Drops and Keystrokes: The Dark Reality of Sports Betting and Daily Fantasy Games,” New York Times, October 15, 2015.
and otherwise “do all they can …” Audra Simpson, Mohawk Interruptus (Durham: Duke University Press, 2014).
Soon after Akwesasne’s casino war Harry Swain, Oka: A Political Crisis and Its Legacy (Vancouver: Douglas and McIntyre, 2010).
The outside world has called Biographical information about Saint Kateri wa
s culled from Darren Bonaparte, A Lily among Thorns: The Mohawk Repatriation of Kateri Tekahkwi:tha (Ahkwesahsne Mohawk Territory: Wampum Chronicles, 2009); and Allan Greer, Mohawk Saint (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005).
Her father’s profession hints Marie-Pierre Bousquet, “A Generation in Politics: The Alumni of the Saint-Marc-de-Figuery Residential School” (Winnipeg: University of Manitoba, 2006), available at http://www.academia.edu/1270629/A_Generation_in_Politics_The_Alumni_of_the_Saint-Marc-de-Figuery_Residential_School.
Residential schools for First Nations “Residential Schools Timeline,” National Centre for Truth and Reconciliation, available at http://nctr.ca/exhibitions.php.
(Footnote 6) Sir Hector Langevin J. Charles Boyce, ed., Official Reports of the Debates of the House of Commons of the Dominion of Canada, vol. 14 (Ottawa: Maclean, Roger, 1883). Richard Henry Pratt, the founder Darek Hunt, “BIA’s Impact on Indian Education Is an Education in Bad Education,” Indian Country, January 30, 2012.
At least 4,100 children died Connie Walker, “New Documents May Shed Light on Residential School Deaths,” CBC News/Canada, January 7, 2014, available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/indigenous/new-documents-may-shed-light-on-residential-school-deaths-1.2487015.
(Footnote 8) just-elected prime minister Justin Trudeau Susana Mas, “Trudeau Lays Out Plan for New Relationship with Indigenous People,” CBC News/Canada, December 8, 2015, available at http://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/justin-trudeau-afn-indigenous-aboriginal-people-1.3354747.
Kateri reminds me of La Malinche Anna Lanyon, Malinche’s Conquest (St. Leonards, Australia: Allen and Unwin, 1999).
CHAPTER 15. THE ACTIVIST AND THE OBELISK
One by one, their cattle went lame Janet Raloff, “The St. Regis Syndrome,” Science News, July 19, 1980, available at http://fluoridealert.org/news/the-st-regis-syndrome/.
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