institutions like Cornell Mary Esch, “The Faces of Pollution: In N.Y., Toxic Waste, Contaminated Animals Threaten Mohawk Culture’s Survival,” Los Angeles Times, January 24, 1998.
For one study, the New York State Bruce Johansen, Life and Death in Mohawk Country (Golden, Colo.: North American Press, 1993).
the only place where I have seen unhealthier-looking people Jaclyn Colletti and Maria Masters, “America’s 10 Fattest (and Leanest) Cities,” Men’s Health, April 2010.
(Footnote 4) The GM site finally shuttered Associated Press, “EPA Removes 335,000 Tons of Contaminated Soil from Former GM Site in Massena,” Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.), February 21, 2014.
Since ordering its cleanup in 1989 EPA Report, “Case Summary: Alcoa, Inc. to Conduct $243 Million Cleanup at Grasse River Superfund Site in New York,” available at http://www.epa.gov/enforcement/case-summary-alcoa-inc-conduct-243-million-cleanup-grasse-river-superfund-site-new-york.
(Footnote 5) Poor Massena Brian Mann, “Alcoa Slashes Nearly 500 Jobs in Massena, Move Called ‘Devastating’ for St. Lawrence County,” North Country Public Radio, November 3, 2015.
No two people say it alike John Stokes and Kanawahienton/David Benedict, Thanksgiving Address: Greetings to the Natural World (Corrales, N.M.: Six Nations Indian Museum and the Tracking Project, 1993).
In 2010, GM’s bankruptcy estate Nick Bunkley, “G.M. Estate to Provide Millions for Cleanup of Old Sites,” New York Times, October 20, 2010.
Tribal Council publicly criticized him Brian Hayden, “St. Regis Mohawk Tribe Distances Itself from Larry Thompson,” Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times, August 23, 2011.
Only after repeated requests St. Regis Mohawk Tribal Council and the Tribal Environment Division, “Tribe Clarifies General Motors Issue,” Indian Time, August 25, 2011.
CHAPTER 16. THE MOVEMENT
(Footnote 1) For forty-four days, Chief Spence Staff, “Chief Spence Out of Hospital after Ending 6-week Hunger Strike,” CTV News/Canada, January 24, 2013, available at http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/chief-spence-out-of-hospital-after-ending-6-week-hunger-strike-1.1127449.
(Footnote 2) Raymond Robinson continued his fast Aaron Wherry, “The Testimony of Raymond Robinson,” Maclean’s, January 24, 2013.
(Footnote 3) One year later, two Idle No More Staff, “Idle No More Round Dance Attempt Ends in Arrests at Mall of America,” KBJR News 1, December 31, 2013.
the government estimates less than half that amount Government of Canada, National Household Survey, 2011, “Aboriginal Peoples in Canada,” Analytical Document 99–011-X, available at http://www12.statcan.gc.ca/nhs-enm/2011/as-sa/99–011-x/99–011-x2011001-eng.pdf.
The Supreme Court devised Rick Ouellet and Erin Hanson, “The Métis,” First Nations Studies Program, University of British Columbia, http://indigenousfoundations.arts.ubc.ca.
The youngest is a sixteen-year-old Biographies of the original six Nishiyuu walkers and their guide can be found on their website, www.nishiyuujourney.ca.
(Footnote 7) The Nishiyuu can be viewed Staff, “Native Americans Walk from San Francisco to Washington, D.C. for U.S. Civil Rights, 1978,” Global Nonviolent Action Database, Swarthmore College, available at http://nvdatabase.swarthmore.edu/content/native-americans-walk-san-francisco-washington-dc-us-civil-rights-1978.
The crowd forms a receiving line Staff, “Nishiyuu Walkers Complete 1,600 Kilometer Trek to Ottawa,” CTV News/Canada, March 25, 2013, available at http://www.ctvnews.ca/canada/nishiyuu-walkers-complete-1-600-km-trek-to-ottawa-1.1209929.
Their youth kill themselves because Sari Horwitz, “The Hard Lives and High Suicide Rates of Native American Children,” Washington Post, March 9, 2014.
(Footnote 9) the Northern Ontario First Nation Laurence Mathieu-Leger and Ashifa Kassam, “First Nations Community Grappling with Suicide Crisis: ‘We’re Crying Out for Help,’” Guardian, April 16, 2016.
CHAPTER 17. THE MOTHER TONGUE
Yet despite the generosity of parents and supporters Louellyn White, “Free to Be Kanien’kehaka: A Case Study of Educational Self-Determination at the Akwesasne Freedom School” (diss. submitted to Graduate Interdisciplinary Program in American Indian Studies, University of Arizona, 2009).
Although 187 Native languages Daniel Nettle and Suzanne Romaine, Vanishing Voices: The Extinction of the World’s Languages (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002).
Language is also the touchstone Kate Freeman, Arlene Stairs, Evelyn Corbière, and Dorothy Lazore, “Ojibway, Mohawk, and Inuktitut Alive and Well? Issues of Identity, Ownership, and Change,” Bilingual Research Journal, Winter 1995.
Kahnawake is even more aggressive Marion Bittinger, “Software Helps Revitalize Use of Mohawk Language,” MultiLingual, September 2006.
The 2013 documentary Stolen Education This powerful film by Enrique Alemán and Rudy Luna can be ordered at http://www.videoproject.com/stoleneducation.html.
(Footnote 3) the University of Albany’s “Thompson Trio” Rachel Siegal, “‘Thompson Trio’ Lacrosse Stars Showcased in #SCFeatured Debuting Sunday,” ESPN Front Row, May 2014, available at http://www.espnfrontrow.com/2014/05/thompson-trio/.
(Footnote 4) According to the National Indian Education Association Statistics on high school and college graduation rates were obtained from the National Indian Education Association, at http://www.niea.org. Tribal college stats came from Sarah Butrymowicz, “The Failure of Tribal Schools,” Atlantic, November 2014.
CHAPTER 18. THE BRIDGE
when the Dominion Bridge Company Joseph Mitchell, “The Mohawks in High Steel,” New Yorker, September 17, 1949.
But for the majority of Indians, border crossing Lisa Monchalin and Olga Marques, “Canada under Attack from Within: Problematizing ‘the Natives,’ Governing Borders, and the Social Injustice of the Akwesasne Dispute,” American Indian Culture and Research Journal 38, no. 4 (2014).
(Footnote 1) The twenty-five-year-old killer Julie Bindel, “The Montreal Massacre: Canada’s Feminists Remember,” Guardian, December 3, 2012.
The Ontario Provincial Police estimate Jordan Press, “Increasing Number of Firearms on Ottawa Streets Due to Influx of Illegal Guns from the US, Police Say,” National Post, December 30, 2014.
Tension mounted as June 1 drew near Shannon Burns, “Six Weeks Later, Bridge Reopens,” Indian Time, July 16, 2009.
Considering those bridges average Bridge statistics can be found on the website of the Cornwall North Channel Bridge Replacement, http://www.pontcornwallbridge.ca.
Mohawks have shut down this bridge You Are on Indian Land can be viewed on the website of Canada’s National Film Board at https://www.nfb.ca/film/you_are_on_indian_land.
such a fee clearly violates Carrie Garrow, “The Freedom to Pass and Repass,” in Indigenous Rights in the Age of the UN Declaration, ed. Elvira Pulitano (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012).
MoneySense magazine recently ranked it Staff, “MoneySense Names Ottawa Best Place to Live,” CBC News/Canada, March 20, 2012.
In January 2014, the Federal Bridge Corporation David Sommerstein, “Border Agent Standoff Lingers on Cornwall Island,” North Country Public Radio, August 12, 2010.
CHAPTER 19. THE RIVER
Cornwall is the “contraband capital of Canada” Jean Daudelin with Stephanie Soiffer and Jeff Willows, “Border Integrity, Illicit Tobacco, and Canada’s Security,” Macdonald-Laurier Institute, 2013, available at http://www.macdonaldlaurier.ca/files/pdf/MLIBorder-Integrity-Illicit-Tobacco-Canadas-Security.pdf.
Human trafficking hit its zenith Staff, “Chinese Smuggling Ring Said to Have Used Indian Reservation,” CNN.com, December 14, 1998, available at http://www.cnn.com/US/9812/10/smuggling.ring.02/.
(Footnote 1) A venerated tradition Henry Glass, “Why the Mohawks Are No Longer Walking the High Steel,” Globe and Mail (Toronto, Canada), August 23, 2013.
Doug George-Kanentiio, the former editor Tom Blackwell, “The New Big Tobacco,” National Post, September 20, 2010.
(Footnote 3) Au
thor of necessary reads Scott Carrier, “Charles Bowden’s Fury,” High Country News, October 13, 2014, available at http://www.hcn.org/issues/46.17/charles-bowdens-fury.
CHAPTER 20. THE WORDS THAT COME BEFORE ALL ELSE
Because it has no interior provinces Lauren McKinsey and Victor Konrad, “Borderlands Reflections: The United States and Canada,” Borderlands Monograph Series (Orono: University of Maine’s Borderlands Project, Canadian-American Center, 1989).
(Footnote 1) Boundary disputes wrought Janice Cheryl Beaver, “U.S. International Borders: Brief Facts,” CRS Report for Congress, November 9, 2006, available at https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RS21729.pdf.
This next border-crossing point Dan Heath, “Churubusco Border Work to Resume,” Press-Republican (Plattsburgh, N.Y.), April 28, 2011.
25 percent of the casino’s profits Susan Mende, “St. Lawrence County, Towns of Brasher and Massena Win Greater Control over Tribal-State Compact Funds,” Watertown (N.Y.) Daily Times, April 16, 2015.
(Footnote 4) Or so it seemed Cindy Casares, “A Textbook on Mexican Americans That Gets Their History Wrong? Oh, Texas,” Guardian, May 31, 2016.
The National Congress of American Indians David Johnston, “Spiritual Seekers Borrow Indians’ Ways,” New York Times, December 27, 1993.
A decade later, Arvol Looking Horse Arvol Looking Horse, “Looking Horse Proclamation on the Protection of Ceremonies,” Indian Country Today, April 25, 2003.
(Footnote 5) Carved out of living trees William Engelbrecht, Iroquoia: The Development of a Native World (Syracuse, N.Y.: Syracuse University Press, 2003).
Wilson then detailed Dean R. Snow, The Iroquois (Cambridge: Blackwell, 1994).
(Footnote 6) he got charged with money laundering Staff, “4 Admit Guilt in Laundering of Illicit Funds,” New York Times, November 5, 1998.
And as Edmund Wilson concluded Edmund Wilson, Apologies to the Iroquois (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1959).
EPILOGUE: THE UNITED STATES OF IN-BETWEEN
Some researchers have even Mary Annette Pember, “Trauma May Be Woven into DNA of Native Americans,” Indian Country Today, May 28, 2015.
The tribe recently won Staff, “Saint Regis to Receive Approximately $8.4 Million in Alcoa Settlement,” Indian Country, March 29, 2013.
(Footnote 1) Without serious intervention Tina Casagrand, “Millions of Ash Trees Are Dying, Creating Huge Headaches for Cities,” National Geographic, December 4, 2014.
Author photo by Alexander Devora.
ABOUT THE AUTHOR
Stephanie Elizondo Griest is a globe-trotting author from South Texas. Her books include the award-winning memoirs Around the Bloc: My Life in Moscow, Beijing, and Havana (Villard/Random House, 2004) and Mexican Enough: My Life Between the Borderlines (Washington Square Press/Simon & Schuster, 2008); and the best-selling guidebook 100 Places Every Woman Should Go (Travelers’ Tales, 2007). She has also written for the New York Times, the Washington Post, The Believer, the Virginia Quarterly Review, and the Oxford American, and she edited the anthology Best Women’s Travel Writing 2010. Her coverage of the Texas-Mexico border won a Margolis Award for Social Justice Reporting. A renowned public speaker, she is assistant professor of creative nonfiction at the University of North Carolina–Chapel Hill. Visit her website at www.StephanieElizondoGriest.com or follow her on Twitter and Instagram @SElizondoGriest.
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