Dying Every Day

by James Romm

  Wallace-Hadrill, Andrew. “The Imperial Court.” In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 10, The Augustan Empire: 43 b.c. to a.d. 69. Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott. Cambridge, 1996.

  ———. “Seneca and the Pompeian Earthquake.” In Seneca uomo politico e l’età di Claudio e di Nerone. Edited by Arturo De Vivo and Elio Lo Cascio. Bari, 2003.

  Waltz, René. Vie de Sénèque. Paris, 1909.

  Warmington, B. H. Nero: Reality and Legend. London, 1969.

  ———. Suetonius: Nero. London, 1977.

  Wiedemann, T. E. J. “Tiberius to Nero.” In The Cambridge Ancient History, vol. 10, The Augustan Empire: 43 b.c. to a.d. 69. Edited by Alan K. Bowman, Edward Champlin, and Andrew Lintott. Cambridge, 1996.

  Williams, Gareth. “Nero, Seneca and Stoicism in the Octavia.” In Reflections of Nero: Culture, History, and Representation. Edited by Jás Elsner and Jamie Masters. Chapel Hill, N.C., 1994.

  ———. The Cosmic Viewpoint: A Study of Seneca’s “Natural Questions.” Oxford, 2012.

  Williams, Gareth, ed. Seneca: De Otio, De Brevitate Vitae. Cambridge, 2003.

  Winters, Jeffrey. Oligarchy. Cambridge, 2011.

  Wood, Susan. Imperial Women: A Study in Public Images, 40 b.c.–a.d. 68. Leiden, 1999.

  Woodman, A. J. Tacitus Reviewed. Oxford and New York, 1998.

  ———. “Aliena facundia: Seneca in Tacitus.” In Form and Function in Roman Oratory. Edited by D. H. Berry and Andrew Erskine. Cambridge and New York, 2010.

  Index

  Acerronia

  Acratus, 6.1, nts.1

  Acte, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, epi.1, nts.1

  Acts of the Apostles, 2.1, nts.1

  Aelia Catella

  Aelia Paetina

  Aeneid (Vergil), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, epi.1, nts.1

  Agamemnon (Seneca)

  Agerinus, 4.1, 5.1

  Agrippa, Marcus Vipsanius, 2.1, 5.1

  Agrippina the Younger, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1

  in Acte crisis, 3.1, 3.2

  in Aphrodisias statuary, 3.1, 3.2

  Augusta title bestowed on, 2.1, nts.1

  beauty of, 1.1, 1.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Britannicus as threat wielded by, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Britannicus mourned by

  Caligula’s persecution and exile of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  chlamys worn by, 2.1, nts.1

  Claudius poisoned by, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  Claudius deified by

  Claudius married to, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  on coinage, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, nts.1, nts.2

  collapsible boat trap survived by, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2

  councils of state invaded by, 3.1, 5.1

  cremation of

  death of, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1, nts.2

  female rivals eliminated by, 2.1, nts.1

  first marriage of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, epi.1

  German bodyguards of, 4.1, nts.1

  German town named for

  as god’s widow and priestess, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2

  impotentia of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1

  incestuous relationship initiated by, 4.1, nts.1

  last request of, 4.1, nts.1

  lineage of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1

  Marcus Junius Silanus poisoned by, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, nts.1

  Narcissus assassinated by, 3.1, 6.1, nts.1

  Narcissus humbled by, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3

  Nero born to, 1.1, nts.1

  Nero’s arranged murder of, 1.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 7.6, nts.1, nts.2

  Nero’s challenging of, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 4.1, nts.1

  Nero’s prodigality and

  as optima mater (“best of mothers”)

  Pallas elevated by, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, nts.1

  Plautus conspiracy ascribed to, 4.1, 5.1

  Poppaea and

  potential second son of, 4.1, nts.1

  power acquired by, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2

  Praetorian support of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 5.1, nts.1

  second marriage of, 1.1, 1.2, nts.1

  self-defense speech of

  Seneca hired by

  Seneca’s friendship with, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, nts.1

  Seneca’s recall arranged by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1, nts.2

  sense of humor lacked by

  sexual comportment attributed to, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, nts.1, nts.2

  tragic dramas and

  as wicked stepmother, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, nts.1

  Agrippina’s Tomb

  Agrippina the Elder, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Ahenobarbus, Domitius, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, epi.1

  Alexander the Great, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2

  Callisthenes murdered by, 6.1, nts.1

  Americas, predicted discovery of, 2.1, nts.1

  Anicetus, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Annaeus clan, 1.1, 5.1, 6.1

  as equites (“knights”), 1.1, 1.2, nts.1

  Antistius Sosianus, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  Antium, 6.1, 6.2

  Antonia (daughter of Claudius), 3.1, 4.1, 7.1, epi.1

  Aphrodisias statuary, 3.1, 3.2

  Apicius, gourmandise of, 1.1, nts.1

  Apocolocyntosis (Seneca), 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4, nts.5

  Aristotle, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  Armenia

  uprising in

  Arrian of Nicomedia

  asceticism, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1, 5.1, 6.1

  self-exposure in

  of Seneca, 1.1, 4.1, 7.1

  Asper, Sulpicius

  astrology, 2.1, 6.1

  Atellan farces

  Athens, 1.1, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Attalus, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, nts.1

  “Attis or the Bacchantes” (Nero)

  Augustiani cheering corps, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Augustus Caesar, Emperor of Rome, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  bloodline of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

  Cinna conspiracy and, 4.1, nts.1

  deification of, 3.1, 3.2

  Ovid’s plaintive poems to, 1.1, nts.1

  retirements allowed by

  Vergil’s verse addressed to

  Baiae, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Balbillus

  Bassus, Aufidius, nts.6

  Boudicca, Queen of the Iceni, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1

  Britain, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1

  Boudicca’s revolt in, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1

  moneylending in, 4.1, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Roman invasion of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, nts.1

  Britannicus, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1, nts.2

  on coinage, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  coming-of-age birthday of

  cremation of

  as divi filius

  hasty interment of

  Locusta’s poisoning of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1

  Nero’s murder of, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Nero’s seniority over, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, nts.1

  pluck displayed by, 2.1, 3.1

  posthumous property distribution of, 3.1, 5.1

  posthumous reverence for

  Seneca’s support of, 2.1, nts.1

  statues of, 3.1, 3.2

  in succession rivalry, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, nts.1, nts.2

  as threat wielded by Agrippina, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3

  Titus as friend of, 3.1, 3.2

  Brutus

  Stoic commemoration of, 6.1, nts.1

  as ideological symbol

  Burrus, Afranius, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  death of, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  divorcing Octavia opposed by, 5.1, nts.1

  Nero’s mistrust of, 4.1, nts.1

  Seneca’s alliance wi
th, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, 5.1, 5.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4, nts.5

  Sulla conspiracy linked to

  Caligula (Gaius Germanicus Caesar), Emperor of Rome, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4

  accession of

  enemy lists of

  hair loss of

  Lepidus conspiracy alleged by

  madness of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 3.1, 3.2, 7.1, nts.1

  Praetorians’ murder of, 1.1, 1.2

  premonitory dream of, 1.1, nts.1

  Sejanus conspiracy and

  senators victimized by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 3.1

  Seneca’s speeches criticized by

  sisters persecuted and exiled by, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  Callisthenes, 6.1, nts.1

  Cambyses, King of Persia

  Capito, Cossutianus, 6.1, 6.2

  Thrasea denounced by

  Caratacus

  Cassius

  celebrated birthday of, 6.1, nts.1

  as ideological symbol

  Cato, Marcus Porcius, 3.1, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1

  as Stoic symbol of integrity, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, epi.1

  suicide of, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, nts.1

  Catus, Decianus

  Celer, Egnatius

  Ceres festival

  chariot racing, 2.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, nts.1, nts.2

  chlamys, 2.1, nts.1

  Christianity, 1.1, 4.1

  A.D. 64 great fire blamed on, 6.1, nts.1

  Paul and, 2.1, 6.1

  Seneca’s imagined adherence to, 2.1, nts.1

  Cicero, 1.1, nts.1

  Cimber, Tillius, nts.7

  Cinna, Lucius, 4.1, nts.1

  Circus Maximus, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1

  Civil War (De Bello Civili) (Lucan), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1

  Claudia (daughter of Nero), 6.1, 6.2

  Claudius, Emperor of Rome, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 2.2, 4.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2

  accession of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 4.1

  Agrippina as wife of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  Augustus’ bloodline and, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1

  Britain invaded by, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, nts.1

  closed-door trials held by, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  coinage of, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1

  death of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2

  deification of, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 5.1, nts.1

  Fucine Lake project of, 2.1, nts.1

  funeral of

  Greek freedmen staff of, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 4.1, 6.1, nts.1

  murders committed by, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  mushrooms in death of, 2.1, nts.1

  Nero adopted by, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1, nts.2

  official will of, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1

  Seneca exiled by, 1.1, 1.2, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1

  succession rivalry and, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Suillius as delator under

  temples dedicated to, 3.1, 5.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Clemens, Salienus

  Cleonicus

  Cluvius Rufus, 4.1, 7.1

  coinage, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1

  of Claudius, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1

  jugate profiles on, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1

  of Nero, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3

  Colonia Agrippinensis (Cologne)

  Colosseum, 5.1, nts.1

  Colossus Neronis, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1

  Columbus, Christopher, 2.1, nts.1

  comet portents, 5.1, 6.1

  Consolation to Helvia (Seneca), 1.1, 3.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4

  Consolation to Marcia (Seneca), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Consolation to Polybius (Seneca), 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  Corbulo, Domitius

  Cordus, Cremutius

  Corinthians, Paul’s Epistles to, 2.1, nts.1

  Crispinus, Rufrius

  Crispus, Passienus 1.1, 1.2, nts.1

  cyclical destruction, apocalyptic, 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1, nts.2

  Cynicism, 1.1, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1

  Datus, 5.1, nts.1

  De Bello Civili (Civil War) (Lucan), 5.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1

  De Beneficiis (“On Benefits”) (Seneca), 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4

  De Brevitate Vitae (“On the Shortness of Life”) (Seneca), 1.1, 2.1, 4.1, nts.1

  De Clementia (“On Mercy”) (Seneca), 1.1, 3.1, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1, nts.2

  Nero in, 4.1, 5.1, 7.1, nts.1

  De Incendio Urbis (“On the Burning of the City”) (Lucan)

  De Ira (“On Anger”) (Seneca), 1.1, 2.1, 3.1, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, epi.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4

  executive restraint explained in, 3.1, 4.1, nts.1

  Medea and

  and Nero’s inaugural Senate speech

  spiritual cost of despotism in

  delators, 4.1, 6.1, epi.1

  Demetrius of Sunium, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, epi.1, nts.1

  De Otio (“On nonparticipation”)

  De Vita Beata (“On the Happy Life”) (Seneca), 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, epi.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4

  wealth as theme in

  Dio, Cassius, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 7.1, epi.1

  Diogenes the Cynic

  Domenico da Peccioli, nts.1

  Domitian, Emperor of Rome, 3.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1

  Domus Aurea, 6.1, 7.1

  Domus Transitoria, 6.1, 6.2

  Doryphorus

  Drusilla (sister of Caligula)

  Drusilla (wife of Felix)

  Drusus II, Emperor of Rome, nts.3

  earthquakes, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, nts.1

  Egypt, 1.1, 4.1, 6.1, 6.2

  “Egyptian, the,” Jewish revolt led by, 2.1, 2.2, nts.1

  Epaphroditus, epi.1, epi.2

  Epicharis, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1

  torture and suicide of

  Epictetus, epi.1, nts.1

  equites (“knights”), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 5.1, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Euripides, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1

  Felix, Antonius, 2.1, 2.2

  fires, urban

  A.D. 64, of Rome, itr.1, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1

  Flavus, Subrius, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3

  Fucine Lake project, 2.1, nts.1

  Galba, Emperor of Rome, epi.1, nts.1, nts.2

  Gallio, Lucius Junius, nts.1

  Seneca’s brother Novatus adopted by, see Novatus, Annaeus Lucius as Gallio

  Gallus, Crepereius

  Gaul

  Georgics (Vergil)

  Germanicus Caesar, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 7.1, nts.1

  graffiti, 5.1, nts.1

  Pompeiian

  Greeks, ancient, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1, nts.2

  of Achaea, 2.1, 2.2

  art stolen from

  Epictetus and

  Stoics, 1.1, 1.2

  theatrical entertainments of, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 7.1, epi.1

  Griffin, Miriam, 2.1, 4.1, 6.1

  Gyges’ ring, story of

  Halotus, 2.1, nts.1

  Harpagus, story of

  Helvidius Priscus, 7.1, epi.1, nts.1

  Herculaneum, 6.1, 6.2

  Herculeius

  Herodotus, nts.1

  Hughes, Robert, itr.1, nts.1

  impotentia (lack of restraint), 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1

  Institutio Oratoria (Quintilian), epi.1, epi.2, nts.1

  Jerusalem, 1.1, 2.1

  Temple in, 2.1, 2.2

  Jewish revolts, 2.1, 2.2, 5.1, nts.1

  Jews, 1.1, 2.1

  Jonathan (rabbi)

  Josephus

  Judaea

  Julia (daughter of Augustus)

  Julian clan, 1.1, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 7.1, epi.1, epi.2, nts.1

  Julian law, 3.1,
nts.1

  Julia Silana, 4.1, 4.2, nts.1

  Julius Caesar, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 5.1, 7.1, nts.1

  assassination of, 1.1, 1.2, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1

  Junii Silani clan, 1.1, 3.1

  Jupiter the Liberator, libations to, 7.1, 7.2

  Juvenal, 4.1, epi.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  Juvenalia

  Lateranus, Plautius, 7.1, 7.2

  Laudes Neronis (“Praises of Nero”) (Lucan), 5.1, 7.1

  Lepidus conspiracy, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, nts.1

  Letters to Lucilius (Seneca), 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 6.4, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3, nts.4, nts.5, nts.6, nts.7

  author’s style as theme in

  death theme in, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1, 7.2

  moral reflections in, 6.1, 6.2, 6.3, 7.1, nts.1

  rulers vs. philosophers in

  Levick, Barbara

  Liberalis, Aebutius, 6.1, nts.1

  lictors

  Lives of the Caesars (Suetonius)

  Livia (wife of Augustus), 3.1, 7.1, nts.1

  as god’s widow

  Livilla (sister of Caligula)

  Caligula’s persecution and exile of, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3

  second exile and death of

  Seneca’s alleged adultery with, 1.1, 1.2, 4.1

  Locusta “the Crayfish,” 2.1, 3.1, 6.1

  Britannicus poisoned by, 3.1, nts.1

  poison for Nero provided by

  Lucan (Marcus Annaeus Lucanus), itr.1, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, nts.1, nts.2, nts.3

  Nero’s artistic jealousy of, 6.1, 7.1, nts.1, nts.2

  in Pisonian conspiracy, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, nts.1

  poetry competition won by, 5.1, nts.1

  poetry of, 5.1, 5.2, 6.1, 6.2, 7.1

  as quaestor

  Seneca’s affection for, 5.1, 6.1

  suicide of

  Lucilius, 2.1, 2.2, 6.1, 6.2, nts.1

  otium (political nonparticipation) of

  torture endured by, 6.1, nts.1

  Ludi Maximi

  Lugdunum, fire in

  Macaulay, Lord, 1.1, nts.1

  maiestas (“treason”) charge, 3.1, 6.1, 6.2

  Marcelinus, Tullius, nts.6

  Marcus Aurelius, Emperor of Rome

  Marcus Lucanus, see Lucan

  Medea (Euripides)

  Medea (Seneca), 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, nts.1, nts.2

  meditatio mortis (“Rehearsal for death”)

  Meditations (Marcus Aurelius)

  Mela, Annaeus (younger brother of Seneca), 1.1, 1.2, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, nts.1

  suicide of