The Last Full Measure
Page 43
53. Barbusse, Under Fire, 196.
54. Lord Moran, Anatomy of Courage (1945; repr., New York: Avery, 1987), 63.
55. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 398.
56. Barbusse, Under Fire, 154.
57. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, 38.
58. Barbusse, Under Fire, 46.
59. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 400.
60. Ibid., 401.
61. Moran, Anatomy, 19.
62. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, 83.
63. Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 103.
64. Campbell, Cannon’s Mouth, 261.
65. Holmes, Acts of War, 186.
66. Barbusse, Under Fire, 297–98.
67. Holmes, Acts of War, 189.
68. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 116.
69. Moran, Anatomy, 121.
70. Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 66.
71. UK National Archives, http://www.learningcurve.gov.uk.
72. Holmes, Tommy, 420.
73. Griffith, Battle Tactics, 118.
74. “Fatal Exposure to Mustard Gas, WWI,” The Medical Front WWI, WWW Virtual Library, http://www.vlib.us/medical/gaswar/mustrdpm.htm.
75. Holmes, Acts of War, 188.
76. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 418.
77. Quoted in ibid., 425.
78. Quoted in ibid., 461.
79. Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 43.
80. Quoted in ibid., 109.
81. Quoted in ibid., 162.
82. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 462.
83. Blaise Cendrars, Lice, translated by Nina Rootes (London: Peter Owen, 1973). First published as La main coupée, 1946.
84. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, 34–36.
85. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 176.
86. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 195–96.
87. R. C. Sherriff, Journey’s End (1929; repr., Oxford: Heinemann, 1993).
88. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 150.
89. Siegfried Sassoon, Memoirs of an Infantry Officer (1930; repr., London: Faber, 1944), 166–69.
90. Graves, Good-bye, 111–12.
91. Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 77.
92. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, 25.
93. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 47.
94. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 83.
95. Graves, Good-bye, 113–14.
96. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 81.
97. Graves, Good-bye, 112.
98. Quoted in Ellis, Social History, 53–54.
99. David A. Bell, The First Total War: Napoleon’s Europe and the Birth of Modern Warfare (London: Bloomsbury, 2007), 188.
100. Quoted in ibid., 54.
101. Sassoon, Memoirs, 8.
102. Holmes, Tommy, 382.
103. Moran, Anatomy, 69.
104. Quoted in Sassoon, Memoirs, 11.
105. Graves, Good-bye, 195–96.
106. Holmes, Tommy, 345.
107. Campbell, Cannon’s Mouth, 251.
108. Holmes, Tommy, 548.
109. Quoted in Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 66.
110. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 70–71.
111. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 383.
112. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 70–71.
113. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 413.
114. Quoted in ibid., 415.
115. Quoted in ibid., 548.
116. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 220.
117. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 241.
118. Moran, Anatomy, 147.
119. Ibid., 16.
120. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 248.
121. Graves, Good-bye, 134.
122. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 578.
123. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 281–82.
124. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 186–87.
125. Sassoon, Memoirs, 51, 165.
126. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 156.
127. Manning, Her Privates We, 215.
128. Barbusse, Under Fire, 46–47.
129. Manning, Her Privates We, 13.
130. Moran, Anatomy, 127.
131. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 98.
132. Barbusse, Under Fire, 28.
133. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 452.
134. Quoted in Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 42.
135. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 162.
136. Graves, Good-bye, 97.
137. Dunn, War the Infantry Knew, 80.
138. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 63.
139. Quoted in Arthur, Forgotten Voices, 165.
140. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 322.
141. Quoted in Peter E. Hodgkinson, “Clearing the Dead,” Journal of the Centre for First World War Studies 3, no. 1 (September 2007): 49.
142. Coppard, With a Machine Gun, 114–15.
143. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 46.
144. Sassoon, Memoirs, 58.
145. Jünger, Storm of Steel, 85.
146. Patrick Creagh, trans., Giuseppe Ungaretti: Selected Poems (London: Penguin, 1971), 28.
147. Sassoon, Memoirs, 157.
148. Barbusse, Under Fire, 246.
149. Quoted in Passingham, Kaiser’s Men, 11.
150. Moran, Anatomy, 148–49.
151. Ibid., 116.
152. Barbusse, Under Fire, 245.
153. Manning, Her Privates We, 116.
154. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 551.
155. Moran, Anatomy, 121.
156. Haythornthwaite, Source Book, 135.
157. Quoted in Holmes, Tommy, 84.
158. Sassoon, Memoirs, 153.
CHAPTER SEVEN
1. “Source List and Detailed Death Tolls for Man-made Multicides Throughout History,” from Matthew White’s invaluable Atlas of Twentieth Century History website: http://necrometrics.com/warstats.htm. His numbers are derived from a review of more than 50 sources.
2. Catherine Merridale, Ivan’s War: Life and Death in the Red Army, 1939–1945 (New York: Metropolitan Books/Henry Holt, 2006), 337.
3. Colonel General G. F. Krivosheev, ed., Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses in the Twentieth Century (London: Greenhill, 1997), 85, 96. David M. Glantz and Jonathan House, When Titans Clashed: How the Red Army Stopped Hitler (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1995), adopt Krivosheev’s numbers (from the original 1993 Russian-language edition). Richard Ellis, World War II: The Encyclopedia of Facts and Figures (Madison, WI: Facts on File, 1995), 254, gives Soviet “killed and missing” at 11 million.
4. Omer Bartov, Hitler’s Army: Soldiers, Nazis, and War in the Third Reich (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992), 83.
5. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 123.
6. Ibid., 284.
7. Ibid. Ellis, World War II, 253, gives a much lower figure for German losses: 7.9 million casualties in all theaters, of whom 3.3 million were killed.
8. http://necrometrics.com/warstats.htm.
9. Congressional Research Service Report for Congress, “American War and Military Operations Casualties: Lists and Statistics,” Congressional Record S3 (2007), CRS3.
10. http://necrometrics.com/warstats.htm.
11. Ellis, World War II, 256.
12. James F. Dunnigan and Albert A. Nofi, The Pacific War Encyclopedia (Madison, WI: Facts on File, 1998), 690.
13. Perrett, Battle Book, 127; and Dunnigan and Nofi, Pacific War, 255.
14. Perrett, Battle Book, 224.
15. Michael Bess, Choices Under Fire: Moral Dimensions of World War II (New York: Knopf, 2006), 212.
16. Quoted in Bartov, Hitler’s Army, 130.
17. Paul Fussell, Wartime: Understanding and Behavior in the Second World War (New York: Oxford University Press, 1989), 116.
18. Quoted in Craig M. Cameron, American Samurai: Myth, Imagination and the Conduct of Battle in the First Marine Division, 1941–1951 (Cambridge University Press, 1994), 1.
19. E. B. Sledge, With the Old Breed at Peleliu and Okinawa (1981; repr., New York: Ballantine, 2007), 400.
20. George MacDonald Fraser, Quartered Safe Out Here: A
Harrowing Tale of World War II (New York: Skyhorse, 2007), 125.
21. John C. McManus, The Deadly Brotherhood: The American Combat Soldier in World War II (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1998), 172.
22. Quoted in Richard J. Aldrich, Witness to War: Diaries of the Second World War in Europe and the Middle East (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 2004), 541–42.
23. Günter K. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow: The Memoirs of a German Soldier on the Eastern Front (Minneapolis: Zenith, 2005), 255.
24. Fussell, Wartime, 140.
25. Quoted in ibid.
26. Alex Bowlby, The Recollections of Rifleman Bowlby: Italy 1944 (London: Leo Cooper, 1969), 114.
27. William Manchester, Goodbye, Darkness: A Memoir of the Pacific War (Boston: Little, Brown, 1979), 391.
28. Lee Kennett, G.I.: The American Soldier in World War II (New York: Scribner’s, 1987), 140.
29. McManus, Deadly Brotherhood, 237.
30. Quoted in ibid., 240.
31. Quoted in ibid., 283.
32. Quoted in Merridale, Ivan’s War, 233.
33. Ellis, World War II, 161.
34. Frank A. Reister, Medical Statistics in World War II (Washington, DC: Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army, 1975), 16.
35. Thomas M. Huber, “Japanese Counterartillery Methods on Okinawa, April–June 1945,” Combined Studies Institute Report 13, Tactical Responses to Concentrated Artillery, US Army Combined Arms Center.
36. Kennett, G.I., 152.
37. John Lucas, The Silken Canopy: A History of the Parachute (Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1997), 67.
38. Glantz and House, When Titans Clashed, 172.
39. Quoted in Gerald Astor, The Mighty Eighth: The Air War in Europe as Told by the Men Who Fought It (New York: Dell, 1997), 308.
40. War Chronicle, http://warchronicle.com/16th–infantry.com.
41. 29th Infantry Division Historical Society, http://www.29infantrydivision.org/WWII-stories/Ford_Richard_J_2.html.
42. D-Day Museum and Overlord Embroidery, http://www.ddaymuseum.co.uk.
43. Manchester, Goodbye, 224.
44. Gordon L. Rottman, U.S. World War II Amphibious Tactics: Army & Marine Corps, Pacific Theater (London: Osprey, 2004), 31. Ironically, Andrew Higgins’s inspiration came from a photograph the Marines had shown him in 1941 of a Japanese drop-ramp landing craft—the Daisatsu—developed in the late 1920s.
45. Robert Leckie, Helmet for My Pillow (New York: iBooks, 2001), 57.
46. Manchester, Goodbye, 162.
47. Raymond Gantter, Roll Me Over: An Infantryman’s World War II (New York: Ballantine, 1997), 4.
48. Quoted in Martin Bowman, Remembering D-Day: Personal Histories of Everyday Heroes (New York: HarperCollins, 2005), 118.
49. Quoted in Ronald Lewin, ed., Voices from the War on Land, 1939–1945 (New York: Vintage, 2007), 205.
50. Ibid.
51. John Ellis, On the Front Lines: The Experience of War Through the Eyes of Allied Soldiers in World War II (New York: Wiley, 1991), 61.
52. Manchester, Goodbye, 228. This anecdote is reminiscent of a similar accusation made by Stephen Ambrose in D-Day, June 6, 1944: The Climactic Battle of World War II (New York: Touchstone, 1994), 337, 343, that a British coxswain ferrying men of the U.S. assault force at Omaha Beach lost his nerve and would not press on to the beach until threatened by an officer with a Colt .45. Ambrose had based his story on an account by another fabulist, S. L. A. Marshall (who would himself be discredited for fabricating evidence to support his thesis that most soldiers were too intimidated to fire their weapons). An American survivor of that boat, Bob Sales, knew the story to be a complete fabrication and confronted Ambrose with his scurrilous fiction. Sales recounts that Ambrose “just laughed it off and said, ‘I can’t do everything,’ ” For a full account see http://www.warchronicle.com/correcting–the–record/ambrose–coxswains.
53. Bowman, Remembering D-Day, 268.
54. Quoted in Manchester, Goodbye, 224.
55. McManus, Deadly Brotherhood, 128.
56. Quoted in Lewin, War on Land, 252.
57. Bowman, Remembering D-Day, 123.
58. Ibid., 117.
59. Manchester, Goodbye, 340.
60. Rottman, Amphibious Tactics, 9.
61. Cameron, American Samurai, 135.
62. Quoted in ibid., 155.
63. Manchester, Goodbye, 238.
64. Cameron, American Samurai, 142.
65. Leckie, Helmet, 58.
66. Donald R. Burgett, Currahee! A Screaming Eagle at Normandy (New York: Dell, 2000), 8.
67. Quoted in Lewin, Voices, 191.
68. John Lucas, The Silken Canopy: A History of the Parachute (Shrewsbury, UK: Airlife, 1997), 87.
69. Burgett, Currahee!, 32–33.
70. John Weeks, The Airborne Soldier (Poole, UK: Blandford, 1982), 45, 53.
71. John Weeks, Assault from the Sky: The History of Airborne Warfare (Newton Abbot, UK: David and Charles, 1978), 66.
72. Burgett, Currahee!, 66.
73. Antony Beevor, D-Day: The Battle for Normandy (New York: Viking, 2009), 64.
74. Quoted in Fussell, Wartime, 271.
75. Bowman, Remembering D-Day, 63.
76. Weeks, Assault, 57.
77. Ibid., 58.
78. Rick Atkinson, The Day of Battle: The War in Sicily and Italy, 1943–1944 (New York: Holt, 2007), 108–9.
79. Quoted in Beevor, D-Day, 62.
80. Burgett, Currahee!, 76.
81. Randy Hils, “An Open Letter to the Airborne Community on the History of OPERATION NEPTUNE, June 6, 1944,” http://www.warchronicle.com/correcting–the–record/NEPTUNE–airborne.htm. Hils is particularly scathing about the uncritical acceptance of S. L. A. Marshall’s assertions of pilot failure (in his book Night Drop) adopted by many subsequent military historians, the most influential being Stephen E. Ambrose in D-Day, June 6, 1944.
82. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 64.
83. Weeks, Airborne Soldier, 102.
84. Quoted in McManus, Deadly Brotherhood, 154.
85. Gantter, Roll Me Over, 32.
86. Paul Fussell, The Boys’ Crusade: The American Infantry in Northwest Europe, 1944–1945 (New York: Modern Library, 2003), xiii.
87. Paddy Griffith, Forward into Battle: Fighting Tactics from Waterloo to the Near Future (Novato, CA: Presidio, 1997), 111. See also Ellis, On the Front Lines, 74.
88. Griffith, Forward into Battle, 118.
89. Quoted in Ellis, On the Front Lines, 52.
90. Quoted in Fussell, Boys’ Crusade, 96.
91. US Army Medical Department, Medical Statistics in World War II, Office of the Surgeon General, Department of the Army (1975), frontispiece chart.
92. Fussell, Boys’ Crusade, 10.
93. McManus, Deadly Brotherhood, 4.
94. US Army, Medical Statistics, 350.
95. William W. Tribby, “Examination of 1,000 American Casualties Killed in Italy,” US Army Medical Department Office of Medical History, http://history.amedd.army.mil/booksdocs/wwii/woundblstcs/chapter6.htm, 441.
96. Ibid., 446.
97. Quoted in Ellis, On the Front Lines, 70.
98. Gantter, Roll Me Over, 304.
99. David Kenyon Webster, Parachute Infantry: An American Paratrooper’s Memoir of D-Day and the Fall of the Third Reich (New York: Delta/Dell, 2002), 100.
100. Quoted in Ellis, On the Front Lines, 70.
101. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, 284–85.
102. Burgett, Seven Roads, 250.
103. Gantter, Roll Me Over, 95.
104. Leo Litwak, Medic: Life and Death in the Last Days of World War II (Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin, 2001), 81.
105. Paul Fussell, Doing Battle: The Making of a Skeptic (Boston: Back Bay/Little, Brown, 1996), 133–34.
106. Burgett, Currahee!, 138.
107. Morris Fishbein, ed., Doctors at War (New York: Dutton, 1945), 177.
108. Ibid.
109. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 89.
&n
bsp; 110. Quoted in ibid., 330.
111. Quoted in ibid., 88.
112. William Woodruff, Vessel of Sadness (Boston: Abacus, 2004), 54.
113. Bergerud, Touched with Fire: The Land War in the South Pacific (New York: Viking, 1996), 287.
114. Burgett, Currahee!, 92.
115. Quoted in McManus, Deadly Brotherhood, 46.
116. Ellis, On the Front Lines, 90.
117. Bergerud, Touched with Fire, 319; and Griffith, Forward into Battle, 117.
118. Quoted in Bergerud, Touched with Fire, 321.
119. Quoted in Lewin, Voices from the War, 239.
120. Manchester, Goodbye, 384.
121. Quoted in Bowman, Remembering D-Day, 107.
122. Roscoe C. Blunt Jr., Foot Soldier: A Combat Infantryman’s War in Europe (Cambridge, MA: Da Capo, 2002), 69.
123. Quoted in Ellis, On the Front Lines, 86.
124. Merridale, Ivan’s War, 181.
125. Koschorrek, Blood Red Snow, 92–94.
126. Trevor Dupuy, Attrition: Forecasting Battle Casualties and Equipment Losses in Modern War (Falls Church, VA: Nova, 1995), 80; and Gordon L. Rothman, World War II Infantry Anti-Tank Tactics (London: Osprey, 2005), 15.
127. John Weeks, Men Against Tanks: A History of Anti-Tank Warfare (New York: Mason/Charter, 1975), 23.
128. Quoted in Samuel Hynes, The Soldiers’ Tale: Bearing Witness to a Modern War (New York: Allen Lane/Penguin Press, 1997), 141–42.
129. Quoted in Aldrich, Witness to War, 491.
130. Quoted in George Forty, Tank Warfare in the Second World War: An Oral History (London: Constable and Robinson, 1998), 76–77.
131. Quoted in Kenneth Macksey, Tank Warfare: A History of Tanks in Battle (New York: Stein and Day, 1972), 153.
132. Jock Watt, A Tankie’s Travels (Bognor Regis: Woodfield, 2006), 73.
133. Bowman, Remembering D-Day, 76–77.
134. Robert C. Dick, Cutthroats: The Adventures of a Sherman Tank Driver in the Pacific (New York: Ballantine/Presidio, 2006), 93–94.
135. Blunt, Foot Soldier, 134.
136. Quoted in Stephen G. Fritz, Frontsoldaten: The German Soldier in World War II (Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1995), 41.
137. Merridale, Ivan’s War, 215.
138. Ibid., 216.
139. Quoted in Lewin, War on Land, 61.
140. Quoted in Ellis, On the Front Lines, 154.
141. Quoted in Forty, Tank Warfare, 197.
142. Quoted in Vasily Grossman, A Writer at War: A Soviet Journalist with the Red Army, 1941–1945, trans. and eds. Antony Beevor and Luba Vinogradova (New York: Pantheon, 2005), 140.