The Invisible Emperor
Page 40
Young, Norwood. Napoleon in Exile: Elba. Stanley Paul, 1914.
Zamoyski, Adam. Moscow 1812: Napoleon’s Fatal March. HarperCollins, 2004.
———. Rites of Peace: The Fall of Napoleon and the Congress of Vienna. Harper Perennial, 2008.
NOVELS
Broch, Hermann. The Death of Virgil. Pantheon, 1945.
Dumas, Alexandre. The Count of Monte Cristo. Penguin, 2003.
Stendhal. The Red and the Black. Penguin, 2002.
Leys, Simon. The Death of Napoleon. New York Review Books, 2006.
ARTICLES, CONFERENCE PAPERS, AND DISSERTATIONS
Bear, Jordan. “Adrift: The Time and Space of the News in Géricault’s Le Radeau de la Méduse.” In Getting the Picture: The Visual Culture of the News, edited by Jason Hill and Vanessa R. Schwartz. Bloomsbury, 2015.
Beer, Gillian. “The Island and the Aeroplane: The Case of Virginia Woolf.” In Nation and Narration, edited by Homi K. Bhabha. Routledge, 1990.
Clubbe, John. “Between Emperor and Exile: Byron and Napoleon, 1814–1816.” Napoleonic Scholarship 1, no. 1 (April 1997).
Delvaux, Steven Laurence. “Witness to Glory: Lieutenant-Général Henri-Gatien Bertrand, 1791–1815.” Dissertation, Florida State University, 2005.
Dutourd, Jean. “‘Le Dictionnaire des girouettes,’ paru en 1815, demeure une arme pour comprendre notre temps.” Le Figaro, June 2, 2007.
Éloi-Vial, Charles. “4, 6 et 11 avril 1814: Les trois actes d’abdication de Napoléon Ier.” Napoleonica: La Revue (January 2014): 3–24.
Englund, Steven. “Napoleon: The Unsolved Enigma.” New York Review of Books, March 24, 2016.
Fyfe, Christopher. “Circular Road Burial Ground.” Journal of Sierra Leone Studies, 1958, II.
Gabriëls, Jos. “Cutting the Cake: The Congress of Vienna in British, French and German Political Caricature.” European Review of History 24, no. 1 (2016): 131–57.
Gopnik, Adam. “The Good Soldier.” New Yorker, November 24, 1997.
———. “Voltaire’s Garden.” New Yorker, March 7, 2005.
Gray, D. S. “An Audience of One: Sir Neil Campbell on Napoleon.” History Today 24, no. 9 (September 1974).
Hicks, Peter. “Napoleon on Elba: An Exile of Consent.” Napoleonica, no. 19 (January 2014): 53–67.
MacDonogh, Katharine. “A Sympathetic Ear: Napoleon, Elba and the British.” History Today 44, no. 2 (1994).
McFadden, Robert D. “Long After Napoleon’s Conquests, a Tale of Intrigue Leads to Court.” New York Times, April 6, 2001.
Sainte-Beuve, C.-A. “Essai sur Talleyrand par Sir Henry Lytton Bulwer.” Nouveaux Lundis, XII. Michel Levy, 1870.
Smith, Zadie. “Two Paths for the Novel.” New York Review of Books, December 20, 2008.
Thompson, J. M. “Napoleon’s Journey to Elba in 1814. Part I. By Land.” American Historical Review 55, no. 1 (October 1949): 1–21.
Tozzi, Christopher. “Soldiers Without a Country: Foreign Veterans in the Transition from Empire to Restoration.” Journal of Military History 80, no. 1 (January 2016): 93–120.
Wagner, Anne M. “Outrages: Sculpture and Kingship in France After 1789.” In The Consumption of Culture: 1600–1800: Image, Object, Text, edited by Ann Bermingham and John Brewer. Routledge, 1995.
Waresquiel, Emmanuel de. “Talleyrand au congrés de Vienne et les caricatures du Nain jaune.” Delivered at the “200ème anniversaire du congrés de Vienne, Talleyrand l’indispensable,” organisé par l’association les amis de Talleyrand, Hotel de Talleyrand, 8 et 9 juin, 2015.
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INDEX
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Abeille, 80, 196, 213
Adye, John, 195, 202–3, 210, 215, 217, 221–22, 224, 231, 236
France discounted as Napoleon’s destination by, 240
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 241–42
and Napoleon’s escape plans, 213–14
Napoleon’s flotilla missed by, 231–32
Napoleon’s imminent escape discounted by, 222
in pursuit of Napoleon, 246–47
Aix-en-Provence, France, 23
Aix-les-Bains, France, 118, 119–21, 130, 161
Albany, Countess of, 113
Alexander I, Tsar of Russia, 4, 5, 46, 83–84, 85, 172, 286n, 317n
in choice of Elba for Napoleon’s exile, 6–9, 12–13, 288n
at Congress of Vienna, 162, 164–65
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 257
Vienna congress proposed by, 305n
Algiers, in war with Naples, Greece, and Elba, 137
allies:
and Alexander’s selection of Elba for Napoleon’s exile, 7–10, 288n
and Napoleon’s surrender terms, 5–6, 283n–84n
and Treaty of Paris terms, 84–86
use of term, 283n
André, Antoine de (French chief of police), 190
Andrieux, Captain, 233–34, 325n
Angoulême, duc d’, 147
Angoulême, duchesse d’, 62
Antibes, 217, 248, 250–51, 269
Campbell at, 263–64
Artois, comte d’, 62, 147
Atlas of Remote Islands (Schalansky), ix
Aube River, xviii
Avignon, France, 23
Bassano, Hughes-Bernard Maret, duc de, 283n
Bathurst, Lord, 288n
Beauharnais, Eugène de, 119, 286n, 311n–12n
Beauharnais, Hortense de, 45, 120
Beaume, Joseph, 269
Bell, David A., 329n, 331n–32n
Bellerophon, HMS, 268
Bernadotte, Jean-Baptiste, 286n
Berneaud, Thiébaut de, 30–31, 67, 296n
Berry, duc de, 147
Berry, Mary, 255, 304n
Berthier, Louis-Alexandre, 44–45
Bertrand, Fanny, 68–69, 155, 173, 199, 214, 219–20, 222, 236, 311n
and death of infant son, 159
and death of Napoleon, 269–70
Henri’s relationship with, 160
in move to Elba, 127–29
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 237, 326n
Napoleon’s relationship with, 159–60
Bertrand, Henri Gatien, 14, 25, 27, 28, 33, 37, 49, 50, 53, 56, 67, 70, 73, 76, 82, 89, 100, 115, 124, 127, 137, 140, 151, 153, 155, 185, 195, 196, 199, 201, 202, 205, 223, 227, 232, 236, 273, 274
background of, 22
death of, 270
and death of infant son, 159, 160
and death of Napoleon, 269–70
Elba exile joined by, 21, 22
and escape from Elba, 219–20, 234, 235, 237
Fanny’s relationship with, 160
and government of Elba, 66
imperial stables created by, 74
letter to Marie Louise from, 118
and Madame Mère’s arrival on Elba, 122–23
in march on Paris, 249, 251
Napoleon’s relationship with, 159–60
on Napoleon’s relentless activity, 65
Portoferraio town hall as residence of, 68
Bertrand, Napoleon, 159
Beugnot, Jacques Claude (French chief of police), 142, 147, 168, 190, 290n–91n
and possibility of Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 174
Blücher, Field Marshal, 304n
Boigne, comtesse de, 301n
Bonaparte, Caroline, 91, 156, 297n
Bonaparte, Elisa, 103, 171
Bonaparte, Jérôme, 90–91, 119–20
Bonaparte, Joseph, xv
iii, 90–91, 120, 287n
in reported sexual advances on Marie Louise, 47, 298n
Bonaparte, Letizia (Madame Mère), 90–91, 115–16, 122, 125, 158–59, 171, 204, 209, 219, 272
Bonaparte, Louis, 90–91, 116
Bonaparte, Pauline, see Pauline, Princess of Borghese
Boncompagni, Luigi, 164
Borodino, battle of, 61, 75
Bouillidou, Château de, 23
Bourbon restoration, 5, 87, 143–47, 244
growing unpopularity of, 154, 172–73, 191–93, 202
mixed responses to, 145–46
Talleyrand and, 5, 63–64, 286n, 300n–301n
see also Louis XVIII, King of France
Bourrienne, Louis Antoine de, 58
Braudel, Fernand, 290n
Broch, Hermann, 292n–93n
Bruslart, Louis Guerin de, 189, 218, 274
Brussels, 272
Buon Gusto (Portoferraio café), 40, 170, 171
Burghersh, John Fane, Lord, 173, 177, 208, 232–33, 252, 290n–91n
letters to Castlereagh from, 252–53
Burghersh, Priscilla, Lady, 290n, 291n, 305n
Burney, Fanny, 255
Byron, George Gordon, Lord, 60, 61
Cabinet noir (French postal censors), 189
Calamita, Cape, 105
Calvert, Frances, 300n, 303n
Cambrai, 272
Cambronne, Pierre, 79, 93, 101, 124, 153, 223, 226–27, 307n
in march on Paris, 249, 250, 251
Campbell, Neil, 70, 76, 122, 204, 217, 231, 309n
accidental wounding of, 11–12, 290n
appointed British representative on Elba, 12
in arrival on Elba, 33–34, 38–39, 40
background of, 13
Castlereagh on Elba role of, 272, 330n–31n
Castlereagh’s orders to, 116, 134, 153, 168, 290n
death of, 274
in decision to stay on Elba, 82, 90
on Elbans’ diminished respect for Napoleon, 152
on Elbans’ increasing opposition to Napoleon’s rule, 100–101
on Elbans’ love for Napoleon, 74
at Fontainebleau, 16, 18
France discounted as Napoleon’s destination by, 240
as governor of Sierra Leone, 274
Hobhouse on, 264–65
Hyde de Neuville’s meeting with, 168
isolation of, 109
Italian trips of, 112–16, 133–34, 137–38, 141, 153–54, 167, 183, 187, 202–3, 208–11, 221, 252–53, 264
on Italy as Napoleon’s likely destination, 223–24, 232, 237, 326n
journal of, 11, 14, 15, 35, 38, 71, 78, 82, 108, 109, 112, 114, 115, 133, 134, 139, 151, 153, 184, 198, 199, 209, 210–11, 221, 223–24, 231–32, 238, 240, 241, 263, 264, 265, 272, 291n, 298n, 326n
in journey to Fréjus, 24
lazaretto crisis and, 97–98, 307n–8n
Maxwell and, 140
in meeting with Lapi, 237–38
mutual enmity of Pons and, 35
and Napoleon’s discourses on military matters, 70–71, 139
Napoleon’s distrust of, 92, 109
on Napoleon’s Elban army, 80–81
on Napoleon’s financial problems, 151–52, 175
Napoleon’s flotilla missed by, 231–32
Napoleon’s growing distance from, 183–84
Napoleon’s imminent escape feared by, 221–24
on Napoleon’s increasing inactivity and isolation, 154–55, 198
Napoleon’s meetings with, 14–16, 154, 166–67, 175–77, 187–88, 198
on Napoleon’s relentless activity, 54, 109–10
and Napoleon’s rides around Elba, 55–56
and Napoleon’s visit to Dryade, 78
and Pauline’s first visit, 90, 91
Pauline’s meeting with, 238–39
Pius VII’s meeting with, 114
post-Elba life of, 272–74
in pursuit of Napoleon, 246–47, 263–64, 327n
recall from Elba desired by, 114, 202, 210–11
in reports to Castlereagh, 15, 70, 116, 153, 167, 177, 221
in request to remain as allied representative on Elba, 70
in return to Elba after Napoleon’s escape, 236–42, 326n
in return to London, 264
tax crisis and, 99
uncertain status of, 108
in visit to Monte Orello, 55
in voyage to Elba, 28, 29–30, 298n
Campbell, Patrick, 264
Cannes, 248, 249, 250
Cannes National Guard, 249
Capoliveri, Elba, 99–100, 167
Capraia Island, 32–33, 230, 233, 246, 327n
Carlyle, Thomas, 60, 146
Carnot, Lazare, 191–92
Caroline, 80, 213, 223
Castlereagh, Emily, Lady, 85
Castlereagh, Lord, 6, 8, 9, 12–13, 15, 70, 82, 90, 108, 138, 167, 173, 208, 211, 240, 259, 264, 272, 286n, 305n
Burghersh’s letters to, 252–53
Campbell’s orders from, 116, 134, 153, 168, 290n
Campbell’s reports to, 15, 70, 116, 153, 167, 177, 221
on Campbell’s role at Elba, 273, 330n–31n
at Congress of Vienna, 163, 164, 319n
and issue of exile site, 287n–88n
Liverpool’s correspondence with, 268, 284n, 287n–88n, 319n
and Treaty of Paris, 85–86
Catherine, Grand Duchess of Russia, 300n
Caulaincourt, Armand de, xix, 6–7, 17, 21, 47, 120, 267, 285n, 288n, 298n
Chateaubriand, François-René de, 62, 87, 146, 269, 307n
Chautard, Jean François, 186, 187, 214, 245
Civitavecchia, Italy, 185
Clam-Martinic, Heinrich Karl von, 294n
Collet, Captain, 232
Condé, Louis Henri, 60, 62
Condé, Louis-Joseph, Prince de, 60, 62
Constant, Benjamin, 143, 145, 314n
Cooke, Edward, 208–9, 253, 289n, 305n
Cooper, Duff, 300n–301n
Corday, Charlotte, 287n
Corsica, 28, 29–30, 55, 105, 123, 186, 189, 246
as Napoleon’s fallback destination in escape, 218
Corsicans, on Elba, 156
Count of Monte Cristo, The (Dumas), 269
Courier (London), 166
Curacoa, HMS, 69–70, 91
Dalesme, Gerard, 31–32, 33, 34, 35, 50, 51, 53, 274–75
in return to France, 93
David, Jacques-Louis, 29
Death of Virgil, The (Broch), 292n–93n
de Garat, Captain, 246, 327n
Denuelle, Eléonore, 297n
Deschamps (Napoleon’s secretary), 103
Don Giovanni (Mozart), 161
Drouot, Antoine, 27, 70, 122, 123, 124, 125, 140, 152, 155, 158, 187, 196, 201, 223
allegiance to France of, 67
in arrival on Elba, 33–34
background of, 21
in escape from Elba, 226, 227, 234–35, 245
Fort Stella residence of, 67
in march to Paris, 249
named governor of Elba, 66, 68
Napoleon’s directives to, 65–66
Napoleon’s Elba exile joined by, 21
Napoleon’s Elba forces commanded by, 80
and Napoleon’s escape plans, 204–5
and resettlement of Pianosa, 111
sanitary improvements by, 102–3
tax crisis and, 99
Dryade (French frigate), 75, 91
Napoleon’s visit to, 77–78
in return to France, 93
Dumas, Ale
xandre, 10, 269
Dumoulin, Jean-Baptiste, 189, 190
Dupont, Pierre, 189, 190
Ebrington, Lord, 173, 183
Egypt, Napoleon’s invasion of, 18, 25–26, 106, 308n–9n
Elba:
anti-French uprisings in, 31–32
British visitors to, 173, 194, 214, 236–37
ceded to duchy of Tuscany, 274–75
chosen for site of Napoleon’s exile, 6–10, 12–13, 288
foreign conquests of, 57
French naval patrols of, 190, 200
increase in visitors to, 200
marble and granite quarries of, 56
Mardi Gras celebration in, 213
mythic past of, 56–57
Napoleon on, see Napoleon, Emperor of the French, on Elba
Napoleon’s flag design for, 38, 50, 51
Napoleon’s legacy on, 275–76
Napoleon’s staff at, 20–21
poverty of, 57–58
regional competition of, 57, 299n
Elban Academy of Arts, 195
Elban guard, as part of Napoleon’s forces, 80
Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 266
Enghien, duc d’, 18
Étoile, 80, 203, 204, 213, 223
exiles, 307n
islands and, 10, 289n–90n
Seneca on, 308n
Filidoro (postmaster), 214, 215, 251
Fleur de Lys, 190, 230, 232, 246, 263
Fleury du Chaboulon, 200–202, 204, 206
Florence, 252
Campbell in, 113–14, 141, 167–68, 183, 208–9
Fontainebleau, xix, 14, 16, 18
Napoleon’s departure from, 18–19, 77
Fontainebleau, Treaty of, 9–10, 13, 20, 86, 128, 147, 159, 163, 165, 259, 270, 273, 288n–89n
Forli, Alessandro, see Oil Merchant
Fort Falcone, 49, 79
Fort Stella, Elba, 33, 49, 67, 186, 197
Fouché, Joseph, 147
France:
Cabinet noir (postal censors) of, 189
resurgence of pro-Napoleon feelings in, 142–43
see also Paris
Francis I, Emperor of Austria, 6, 17, 43–44, 118, 181, 182
and Congress of Vienna, 163
and Marie Louise’s Italian claims, 163
Marie Louise’s letters to, 270
Napoleon’s Elba exile opposed by, 8
and Napoleon’s escape from Elba, 256–57
Fréjus, France, 22, 75, 76
French army:
Napoleon’s march on Paris joined by, 261–62, 269, 329n