1916
Page 52
Ibid ., p. 105.
Jackson, Alvin, ‘Unionists and the Empire, 1880–1920’ in Jeffery, Keith (ed.), An Irish empire? Aspects of Ireland in the British empire , MUP, Manchester, 1996, pp. 132–38.
Buckland, Patrick, (ed.), Irish unionism, 1885–1923: a documentary history , PRONI, Belfast, 1973, pp. 204–5.
Bowman, Tim, ‘The Ulster Volunteer Force, 1910–1920: new perspectives’, in Boyce, D.G. and O’Day, Alan (eds), The Ulster crisis 1885–1921 , Palgrave, London, 2005, pp. 247–58, at p. 249. The UVF’s peak strength was 110,000 members by July 1914 ( Ibid ., p. 247).
Ring, Jim, Erskine Childers , John Murray, London, 1996, p. 59.
Boyce, D.G., Nationalism in Ireland , Third edition, Routledge, London, 1995, pp. 268, 272.
Adams, R.J.Q., Bonar Law , SUP, London, 1999, p. 113.
Bew, Paul, ‘The Ulster crisis: some ideological questions revisited’ in Wichert, Sabine (ed.), From the United Irishmen to twentieth century unionism: a festchrift for A.T.Q. Stewart , Four Courts, Dublin, 2004, pp. 159–74, at p. 168.
Megahey, A.J., The Irish Protestant churches in the twentieth century , Pal-grave, London, 2000, pp. 105–10.
Boyce, Nationalism in Ireland , pp. 273–74.
Bardon, Jonathan, A history of Ulster , Blackstaff, Belfast, 1992, p. 437.
Megahey, Irish Protestant churches , pp. 24–26.
Ibid ., p. 30.
Lord Milner to Lord Selborne, 18 February 1914, in Boyce, D.G. (ed.), The crisis of British unionism: the second Earl of Selborne’s political papers, 1885–1922 , Historians’ press, London, 1987, pp. 102–4.
Boyce, D.G., ‘Moral force unionism: A.V. Dicey and Ireland, 1885–1922’ in Wichert, From the United Irishmen to twentieth century unionism , pp. 97–110, at p. 105.
Bowman, ‘The Ulster Volunteer Force’, p. 249.
Buckland, Irish unionism, p. 261. See also the circular memorandum on the ‘Prevention of Arrest of Leaders’, 14 May 1914, issued by UVF headquarters, Ibid ., pp. 259–60.
Lord Selborne to Lord Grey, 3 April 1914, in Boyce (ed.), Crisis of British unionism , pp. 105–7.
Adams, Bonar Law , pp. 107–8.
Ibid ., p. 154.
Beckett, Ian F.W. (ed.), The army and the Curragh incident, 1914 , Army records society, London, 1986, p. 57.
Ibid., pp. 254–55.
Ibid., pp. 120–23.
Ibid., pp. 246–54.
Ibid., p. 21.
Adams, Bonar Law, p. 106.
Ibid ., pp. 147–51.
Stewart, A.T.Q., ‘Craig and the UVF’, in Martin, F.X. (ed.), Leaders and men of the Easter Rising: Dublin 1916 , Methuen, London, 1967, pp. 67–80, at p. 77.
Mansergh, The unresolved question , pp. 75–76.
Ibid ., p. 84. Boyce, Nineteenth century Ireland: the search for stability, second edition , Gill & Macmillan, Dublin, 2005, pp. 282–83.
House of Commons debates, vol. cxvi, cols. 882–93, 15 September 1914.
Jeffery, Keith, Ireland and the Great War , CUP, Cambridge, 2000, p. 15.
Ibid ., p. 12.
Buckland, Irish unionism , pp. 261–63.
Boyce, D.G., Englishmen and Irish troubles: British public opinion and the making of Irish policy, 1918–22 , Gregg Revivals, Aldershot, 1994, p. 107.
Laffan, Michael, The resurrection of Ireland: the Sinn Féin party, 1916–1923 , CUP, Cambridge, 1999, p. 7.
Bew, Paul, Ideology and the Irish question: Ulster unionism and Irish nationalism , 1912–16, OUP, Oxford, 1994, pp. 110–11.
Smith. Jeremy, The Tories and Ireland, 1910–14: Conservative party politics and the home rule crisis , IAP, Dublin, 2000, p. 201.
Laffan, Resurrection of Ireland , p. 8.
Ibid ., p. 15.
Novick, Ben, ‘The arming of Ireland: gun-running and the Great War, 1914–16’, in Gregory, Adrian and Paseta, Senia (eds), Ireland and the Great War: ‘a war to unite us all? ’, MUP, Manchester, 2002, pp. 94–112, at p. 95.
Wheatley, Michael, ‘Ireland is out for blood and murder: nationalist opinion and the Ulster crisis in provincial Ireland, 1913–14’, in Boyce and O’Day, The Ulster crisis , pp. 182–201, at pp. 200–1.
Novick, ‘Arming of Ireland’, p. 108.
Lord Grey to Gilbert Murray, 21 September 1920, Gilbert Murray MSS, GM 21, Bodleian Library Oxford.
‘Irreconcilable enemies’ or ‘flesh and blood’?
The Irish party and the Easter rebels, 1914–16:
Redmond’s cabled statement to the New York paper Ireland, reported in the Western Nationalist , 20 May 1916.
Longford Leader , 19 August 1916.
Fitzgibbon speaking to the Castlerea Guardians, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 11 November 1916. Fitzgibbon had also been a strong advocate of recruiting to the British army and had already lost one son killed in the war, at Gallipoli. A second son would be killed in 1918.
Notably by F.S.L. Lyons in John Dillon: a biography , Routledge and Kegan Paul, London 1968, pp. 372–83.
Wheatley, Michael, Nationalism and the Irish party: provincial Ireland 1910–1916 , OUP, Oxford 2005.
The newspapers studied were as follows: nationalist and pro-party: Longford Leader , Roscommon Messenger , Sligo Champion , Sligo Nationalist , Strokestown Democrat , Western Nationalist , Westmeath Examiner and Westmeath Independent ; nationalist and anti-party: Leitrim Observer , Midland Reporter , Roscommon Herald and Roscommon Journal ; unionist: Sligo Independent and Westmeath Guardian; independent: Leitrim Advertiser and Longford Independent.
Roscommon Journal , Sligo Nationalist , Western Nationalist , Westmeath Examiner , 29 April 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 6 May 1916.
Ibid ., 29 April 1916.
Roscommon Messenger , Sligo Nationalist , Western Nationalist , Westmeath Independent , 6 May 1916.
Redmond’s manifesto of 3 May, reported in the Westmeath Independent , 6 May 1916.
Redmond’s statement to the New York paper Ireland, as reported in the Western Nationalist , 20 May 1916.
Lee, J.J., Ireland 1912–1985: politics and society , CUP, Cambridge 1989, p. 21.
Hayden speaking to the Mullingar UIL, 21 May 1916, reported in the Westmeath Examiner , 27 May 1916.
Farrell speaking to the executive of the south Longford UIL, 19 November 1916, reported in the Longford Leader , 25 November 1916.
Kelly, M.J., The fenian ideal and Irish nationalism, 1882–1916 , Boydell, Woodbridge, 2006, p. 234.
National Volunteer , 24 October 1914.
Ibid ., 17 October 1914. The author of the article under this first set of headlines was Tom Kettle.
Ibid ., 7 November 1914.
Redmond, speaking to the New York World from his country home Aughavanagh, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 7 August 1915.
Roscommon Messenger , 25 December; Western Nationalist, 18 December 1915, 25 March 1916.
Sligo Champion , 15 April 1916. Bradshaw later went on to acquire the Sligo Nationalist newspaper, rename it the Connachtman , embrace Sinn Féin, become intelligence officer for the Sligo Brigade of the IRA and, during the Civil War, an ardent anti-Treatyite. For details of Bradshaw’s later career, see Farry, Michael, The aftermath of revolution: Sligo 1921–3 , UCDP, Dublin, 2000.
Lyons, John Dillon, p. 382.
Western Nationalist , 24 July 1915.
Roscommon Herald ; Westmeath Examiner , 4, 11 September; Westmeath Independent , 2, 9, 16 October; Midland Reporter , 4, 11 November, 2 December 1915.
Roscommon Herald , 13 November 1915; Mac Giolla Choille, Breandán, Intelligence notes 1913–16, Stationery Office, Dublin, 1966, p. 154; Western Nationalist , 4 December 1915.
Western Nationalist , 12 February 1916.
See Farry, Michael, Sligo, 1914–1921: a chronicle of conflict , Killoran, Trim 1992, p. 57. Reverend O’Grady was president of the Keash UIL branch and later went on to become president of the Keash Sinn Féin club.
Sligo Champion , 4 December 1915.
Leitrim Observer , 22 January 1916; Longford Leader , 20 November 1915.
See also Wheatley, Nationalism and the Irish party , pp. 244–47.
Monthly report of the RIC inspector general, March 1916, CO 904/99, National Archives, Kew; Westmeath Independent , 25 March 1916.
For the Westmeath Independent the Tullamore affair was local news – King’s was a neighbouring county and the paper carried extensive coverage of King’s County news.
Midland Reporter , 6 April; Westmeath Independent , 25 March 1916. The ten men still in custody were finally sent to Dublin after the Rising and tried by a court martial. The court martial convicted them of a lesser charge and immediately released them given the length of time they had already been in custody. The Westmeath Independent on 24 June praised the court’s wisdom.
Longford Leader , 1 January 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 5 June 1915.
See Wheatley, Nationalism and the Irish party , pp. 238–42.
Western Nationalist , 1 January 1916.
Roscommon Herald , 1 January 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 29 April 1916.
Ibid ., 6 May 1916. De Wet, the leader of the South African rebellion in 1914-15, got a six-year jail sentence (he served less than twelve months) and a £2,000 fine. There was only one execution. 118 prisoners were amnestied within six months.
Sligo Champion , 6 May 1916.
Monthly report of the RIC inspector general, May 1916, CO 904/99, National Archives, Kew.
Roscommon Messenger , 29 April 1916.
Ibid ., 13 May; Roscommon Journal , 13 May 1916.
Longford Leader , 20 May 1916.
Ibid ., 13, 20 May 1916.
Mac Giolla Choille, Intelligence notes , p. 241.
Farrell addressing Longford County Council on 17 May ( Longford Leader , 20 May); Sligo Champion , 27 May; Sligo Nationalist , 13 May; Westmeath Independent , 13 May 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 13 May 1916.
Lyons, John Dillon , pp. 380–83.
Jasper Tully addressing Roscommon County Council, 16 May, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 20 May 1916.
Sligo Champion , 20 May 1916. The paper also stated that Dillon’s speech was six days too late.
Western Nationalist , 10 June 1916.
Monthly report of the RIC inspector general, June 1916, CO 904/100, National Archives, Kew.
Ibid ., August 1916, CO 904/100.
Sligo Champion , Sligo Independent , 10 June 1916.
Keaveny addressing the Knockcroghery, Roscommon UIL branch on 18 June, as reported in the Western Nationalist , 1 July 1916; Fitzgibbon addressing the Castlerea Guardians on 13 May and Roscommon County council on 16 May, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 20 May 1916.
Sligo Champion , 5 August 1916.
See Leitrim Advertiser , 11 May; Longford Leader , 20 May; Strokestown Democrat , 13 May 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 13 May; Sligo Nationalist , Western Nationalist , 20 May 1916. The Westmeath Independent referred to ‘Captain Edward Daly’.
See Sligo Champion , 27 May, 3 June; Sligo Nationalist , 1, 8 and 15 July; Strokestown Democrat , 3 June; Western Nationalist , 3 June; Westmeath Examiner , 10 June; Westmeath Independent , 3 June.
Longford Leader , 5 August 1916.
Redmond speaking in Waterford on 6 October, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 14 October, and in Sligo on 29 October, as reported in the Sligo Champion , 4 November 1916.
Irish party manifesto reported in the Sligo Champion , 13 May; leading article in the Longford Leader , 13 May 1916.
See Westmeath Examiner , 27 May, 24 June, 5 August, 1, 30 September, 21, 28 October, 11 November; Roscommon Messenger , 11 November 1916.
Longford Leader , 28 August 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 20 May 1916.
Sligo Nationalist ; Longford Leader , 12 August 1916.
Monthly report of the RIC inspector general, September 1916, CO 904/101, National Archives, Kew.
Westmeath Independent , 3 June 1916.
Westmeath Examiner , 22, 29 July; Sligo Champion , 28 October 1916.
Longford Leader , 12 August; Western Nationalist , 29 July 1916.
Longford Leader , Roscommon Messenger , Western Nationalist , Westmeath Examiner , 5 August 1916.
Westmeath Independent , 9 September 1916.
Monthly report of the Leitrim county inspector, August 1916, CO 904/100, National Archives, Kew.
Redmond speaking at Waterford on 6 October, as reported in the Westmeath Independent , 14 October 1916.
Ibid .
Sligo Champion , 6 May 1916.
The First World War and the Rising: mode, moment and memory
Jeffery, Keith, Ireland and the Great War , CUP, Cambridge, 2000, p. 2.
For a more ‘microcosmic’ exploration of 1916, see my The GPO and the Easter Rising , IAP, Dublin, 2006, where I focus not just on the Rising but specifically on the Post Office itself.
Arthur Hamilton Norway (secretary to the Irish Post Office), quoted in Ibid ., p. 30.
See the discussion in Howard, Michael, Clausewitz , OUP, Oxford, 1983, chapter 3.
Black, Jeremy, War and the world: military power and the fate of continents, 1450–2000 , YUP, New Haven, 1998, pp. 227–29.
The hymn was written for a ‘Children’s Festival’ at Horbury Bridge, Yorkshire (where Baring-Gould was a curate) in 1864. Watson, Richard and Trickett, Kenneth (eds), Companion to hymns and psalms , Methodist publishing house, Peterborough, 1988, p. 407.
Springhall, John, Youth, empire and society: British youth movements, 1883–1940 , Croom Helm, London, 1977.
See, for example, his chapter, ‘Militarism in Ireland, 1900–1922’ in Bartlett, Thomas and Jeffery, Keith (eds), A military history of Ireland , CUP, Cambridge, 1996, pp. 379–406.
Verhey, Jeffrey, The spirit of 1914: militarism, myth and mobilisation in Germany , CUP, Cambridge, 2000, is a salutary corrective to easy generalisations about war enthusiasm.
For a discussion of Irish recruitment, upon which I have drawn for this essay, see Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War , pp. 5–20.
Barry, Tom, Guerrilla days in Ireland , Anvil edition, Tralee, 1962, p. 8.
A phrase used by Philip Orr in his splendid The road to the Somme: men of the Ulster division tell their story , Blackstaff, Belfast, 1987, p. 38.
See Workers’ Republic , 25 December 1915, quoted in Dudley Edwards, Ruth, Patrick Pearse: the triumph of failure , Faber edition, London, 1979, p. 245.
Jeffery, Ireland and the Great War , pp. 14–15.
Pearse to Joseph McGarrity, 19 October 1914, quoted in Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: the triumph of failure , p. 357.
‘Peace and the Gael’, in Pearse, Patrick H., Political writings and speeches , Phoenix, Dublin, 1924, p. 216.
See Dudley Edwards, Patrick Pearse: the triumph of failure , p. 245.
From the Irish Worker , 8 August 1914, reprinted in Musgrove, P.J. (ed.), Connolly, James: a socialist and war, 1914–1916 , Lawrence and Wishart, London, 1941, p. 36.
For those who welcomed the war (if, in most cases, only briefly), see Hynes, Samuel, A war imagined: the First World War and English culture , Bodley Head, London, 1990, part I.
Quoted in Foster, R.H. ‘Irish Methodism and war’ in McCrea, Alexander (ed.), Irish Methodism in the twentieth century , Irish Methodist Publishing Company, Belfast, 1931, p. 76.
Church of Ireland Gazette , 4 September 1914, quoted in McDowell, R.B., The Church of Ireland 1869–1969 , Routledge and Kegan Paul, London, 1975, p. 106.
Report of diocesan council of Meath for 1914, p. 76.
The Tablet , 3 April 1915, quoted in aan de Wiel, Jérôme, The Catholic Church in Ireland 1914–1918: war and politics , IAP, Dublin, 2003, p. 16.
Irish Catholic , 25 September 1916, quoted in Privilege, John, ‘Michael Logue, the Catholic church and public affairs in Ireland, 1879–1924’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ulster, 20
05, p. 174.
Redmond, John, Strong words from Mr Redmond, Joseph Causton, London, 1916, p. 3, quoted in Denman, Terence, Ireland’s unknown soldiers: the 16th (Irish) division in the Great War , IAP, Dublin, 1992, p. 129.