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Gallipoli

Page 62

by Peter Hart


  Warning

  This outline tour includes some rough country and you need to be reasonably fit to undertake it. Certainly do not attempt it alone in case of accident. Take plenty of water and a mobile phone and wear walking boots and trousers capable of resisting prickly thorns; shorts are a painful option! Also be aware of a slight risk from unsupervised farm dogs (a stout stick can make you feel better), but snakes are rarely seen and if you spot them they are usually trying their best to get away from you. Overall at Gallipoli a commonsense approach should see you all right. If in doubt, it is no disgrace to retrace your steps and drive round to the next point in the tour.

  APPENDIX B

  Glossary of Military Terms

  Acronyms

  AIF

  Australian Imperial Force

  AWOL

  Absent Without Leave

  BEF

  British Expeditionary Force

  CEO

  Corps Expéditionnaire d’Orient

  CIGS

  Chief of Imperial General Staff

  CO

  Commanding Officer

  CRA

  Commander Royal Artillery

  EMS

  Eastern Mediterranean Squadron

  HE

  High Explosives

  KOSB

  King’s Own Scottish Borderers

  MEF

  Mediterranean Expeditionary Force

  NZ&AD

  New Zealand and Australian Division

  NZEF

  New Zealand Expeditionary Force

  PMLO

  Principle Military Landing Officer

  RAMC

  Royal Army Medical Corps

  RMLI

  Royal Marine Light Infantry

  RNAS

  Royal Naval Air Service

  RND

  Royal Naval Division

  Military units

  Section

  The sub-unit of an infantry platoon. About sixteen men usually commanded by a Corporal.

  Platoon

  The sub-unit of an infantry company. Four sections of about sixteen men. Commanded by a Lieutenant or Second Lieutenant.

  Company

  The sub-unit of a Battalion. At full strength about 250 men. Commanded by a Major.

  Battalion

  The building block of the army made up of four Companies. At full strength a Battalion could contain a thousand men, more often between 600–800, commanded by a Lieutenant Colonel.

  Brigade

  Made up of four Battalions. Approximately 3,000–4,300 men. Commanded by Brigadier General.

  Division

  Made up of four Brigades plus artillery units, engineers and support services, totalling between 12,000–20,000 men. Commanded by a Major General.

  Corps

  Between two and five Divisions with all the supporting arms and services. Commanded by a Lieutenant General.

  Army

  Two or more Corps. Commanded by General.

  Artillery Battery

  Basic unit of artillery. A Field Artillery Battery had six field guns and about 200 men. A Heavy Battery had four heavy guns and about 170 men. Together they made an Artillery Brigade.

  Cavalry Squadron

  The basic Cavalry unit of about 175 men.

  Cavalry Regiment

  Made up of three squadrons. Brigaded together as Cavalry Brigade.

  Military terms

  Ammonal

  Type of high explosive

  Chevaux de frise

  Framework covered with long spikes

  Cordite

  Smokeless propellant in rifle cartridges

  Defilade

  Shielded or concealed from enemy fire

  Dixie

  Iron pot with a handle for cooking food

  Dreadnought

  Named after the first HMS Dreadnought launched in 1906. All big gun main armament.

  Embrasure

  Gap in the trench sandbags

  Enfilade

  Fire catching a position or unit from the flank

  Hawser

  Thick cable or rope used in mooring a boat

  Kepis

  Cap with a flat circular top worn by the French infantry

  Lyddite

  Type of high explosive

  Melinite

  Type of high explosive

  Monitors

  Shallow draft warships, weakly armoured and slow but with a big gun armament

  Paravane ‘kite’

  Pair of towed winged (hydrofoiled) underwater objects with a cable between them to cut the mooring wires of mines

  Parados

  Raised side of a trench topped with sandbags that faced the enemy

  Parapet

  Rearward side of a trench

  Picket boat

  Small boat usually used as a guard boat

  Picket/picquet

  Small force of soldiers posted in advance of the main body to give warning of the approach of the enemy

  Pinnace

  Small boat used to carry messages or run errands by a larger ship

  Poilus

  French infantry

  Pom-pom

  Quick firing small calibre gun

  Pre-dreadnought

  Battleship with a mixed main armament of guns in contrast to the ‘all big gun’ dreadnoughts

  Puttee

  Cloth band wound round the leg from the boot to just below the knee to give support and protection to the lower leg

  Salient

  A salient is where the front line trenches project deep into enemy territory and are hence surrounded on three sides and vulnerable to enfilade fire

  Sangar

  Trench built up from ground level using stones and sandbags; usually built in rocky or swampy areas

  Sap

  Short trench dug out into No Man’s Land

  Sapper

  A military engineer

  Shrapnel

  Artillery shell filled with lead pellets and exploded by a time fuse to create a ‘shot gun’ effect

  Trench

  The defensive ditches that protected the soldiers from direct fire

  INDEX

  Figures in bold indicate maps.

  4th Parade Ground Cemetery, Anzac 431

  400 Plateau 85, 89, 91, 92, 99, 101, 180, 181, 184, 279, 302, 422, 505

  A

  A Beach, Suvla 331, 334, 345, 351, 506

  Abdul Rahman Ridge 279, 304, 323

  Achi Baba 67, 120, 121, 132, 138, 167–68, 204–9, 214, 216, 222, 228, 252, 272, 283, 284, 285, 325, 397, 400, 433, 436, 443, 449, 456, 503, 504

  Achi Baba Nullah 208, 216, 218, 239

  Achilles Mount 27

  Adams, Major George 135

  Adams, Private John 191–92

  Admiralty 399, 400

  Churchill’s position of ascendancy 15

  instructed to invade Gallipoli Peninsula 16

  Royal Marines sent to Lemnos 23

  view on the Carden plan 23–24

  and planning for landings at Gallipoli 63

  and progress of the U-21 195–96

  Admiralty War Staff Group 15, 46

  Adrianople 3, 4

  AE2 (submarine) 68

  Aegean Sea 31, 235, 329, 410

  Agamemnon, HMS 22, 26, 32, 34, 36, 140, 142, 335

  Aghyl Dere 79, 279, 303, 304, 322, 417

  Agincourt (dreadnought battleship) 8

  Aker, Colonel 91

  Albion 33

  Alcitepe see Krithia

  Alexandretta, Syria 14, 400

  Alexandria, Egypt 50, 51, 52, 105, 234, 329

  ‘All Arms Battle’ tactics 458, 459, 461

  Allanson, Major Cecil 294, 304, 321, 322, 324–25, 387–88, 406, 412, 505

  Allen, Lieutenant Cuthbert Llewelyn 354, 358

  Amade, General Albert d’ 51, 170, 175

  Anafarta front 411

  Anafarta Sagir 356

  Anafarta Spur 323, 355, 373

  An
atolia 4

  Anderson, Colonel John 272–73

  Anglo-Greek Scheme 13–14, 63

  Antill, Lieutenant Colonel Jack 315, 316

  Antrobus, Captain 125

  Antwerp, RND in 52

  ANZAC Corps (Australian and New Zealand Army Corps)

  in Egypt 23, 24, 48–49

  inexperience 76, 453

  Anzac landings see under Anzac Cove

  the Anzac line 180–81

  attack on Baby 700 182–84

  spirit of adventurous soldiering 184–85

  and ‘Beachy Bill’ gun 185–86

  need for howitzers 188–89

  defeats Turkish general attack (19 May) 189–94

  periscope rifles 193

  truce for burial of Turkish dead 194–95

  presence at Anzac underpinned by Royal Navy 195

  development of an underground war 200–201

  in a state of stasis 204

  Birdwood and Skeen’s discussion 313

  evacuation plans 414

  resilience in the campaign 432

  important but secondary role at Gallipoli 452

  comradeship, determination and military competence 453

  serves on the Somme 450

  Lone Pine monument 505

  Anzac Cove (Ariburnu) 171, 504, 506

  map of Anzac landing 77

  the landing plan 76, 78–79

  night landing 66, 70, 76

  Metcalf’s initiative 81–82

  Allied landings 82–86, 504

  the local terrain 86–87

  Sinclair-MacLagan reins in the advance 88–89, 99

  reserves ordered to 400 Plateau 89, 99

  skirmish at Fisherman’s Hut 89

  missed chance to disrupt Turkish reserves 90

  Australians under heavy fire 91–92

  Anzac problems on ridges and gullies 93

  the drive to Baby 700 99–100

  Baby 700 captured by the Turks 101

  evacuees on the beach 103–6

  Birdwood writes of critical situation 107–8

  Hamilton’s decision to ‘stick it out’ 109

  Turkish line and ANZAC Corps left weak 110

  location of front line 113–14, 116

  Turkish snipers 114–15

  trench system at Second Ridge 117

  Liman sends more regiments and artillery 118

  Anzacs’ landing a failure 118

  continued occupation by Anzacs 181

  Hepburn’s gunnery problems 188–89

  refinements to defences 198

  Triumph sunk off Anzac 233

  stores deposited on the beach 235

  proposed breakout away from Anzac 276, 291

  Skeen’s plan 279, 292

  the breakout 292–329, 293, 332, 350, 367, 385

  Munro visits 398

  evacuation of 401, 413–17, 422–29, 436

  evacuation achieved without casualties 429

  Apex, the 306, 307, 319, 326

  Aquitania 254

  Aragon (hospital carrier) 157, 235

  Arcadian 71

  Ari Burnu 79, 82, 84, 85, 90, 95, 96, 178–79, 430, 456

  Ari Burnu Cemetery 504

  Ark Royal, HMS 30, 36, 43, 70, 281

  Arkayan, Captain Ashir 38, 59, 265

  Armstrong, Major 183

  Arno (destroyer) 280

  Ashburner, Major Lionel 347, 354

  Ashmead-Bartlett, Ellis 233–34

  Ashton, Captain Peter 404–6

  Askold (Russian cruiser) 172

  Aspinall, Colonel Cecil 355

  Asquith, Arthur 442, 443

  Asquith, Herbert 17, 237, 435

  Atatürk, Kemal see Kemal, Mustafa

  Atif, Corporal Huseyin 425

  Attlee, Lieutenant Clement 394, 403–4, 407, 420–21

  Audacious 14

  Augagneur, Victor 20

  August Offensive 202, 292, 369–84, 386, 452

  Australia: burgeoning sense of nationhood 453

  Australian Imperial Force (AIF) 47–48

  1st Division 47, 78, 89, 99, 114, 181, 185, 186, 193, 292, 295, 327

  1st Brigade 78, 99, 115, 301, 302

  2nd (New South Wales) Battalion 116, 192, 296, 299, 300

  3rd (New South Wales) Battalion 102, 117, 192, 302

  4th (New South Wales) Battalion 49, 106, 297, 298, 300, 301, 412, 431

  Signal Company 115

  1st Field Artillery Brigade, 2nd Battery 251, 272, 291

  1st Field Company Engineers 200, 201

  2nd Brigade 78, 88, 89, 216, 220, 312, 313

  5th (Victoria) Battalion 101, 221

  6th (Victoria) Battalion 308, 309, 310, 312

  7th (Victoria) Battalion 416, 424

  3rd Brigade 49, 78–81, 88, 93

  9th (Queensland) Battalion 79, 87, 92, 103, 191

  10th Battalion 79, 87

  11th (Western Australia) Battalion 79, 84, 86, 87, 88, 93, 94, 98, 99, 116, 117, 202, 203, 204

  12th (South & Western Australian and Tasmanian) Battalion 50, 92, 301

  3rd Field Artillery Brigade, 9th Battery 185, 186

  2nd Division

  5th Brigade

  17th (New South Wales) Battalion 415

  18th (New South Wales) Battalion 381, 382, 383

  6th Brigade, 24th (Victoria) Battalion 422, 423, 425–29

  2nd Divisional Signal Company 428

  New Zealand & Australian Division (NZ&A Division) 48, 104, 182, 307, 327, 458

  1st Light Horse Brigade 47, 186

  1st (New South Wales) Light Horse 317, 318

  2nd Light Horse 318

  3rd (South Australian & Tasmanian) Light Horse 187

  2nd Light Horse Brigade, 6th (New South Wales) Light Horse 195

  3rd Light Horse Brigade 313, 316

  8th (Victoria) Light Horse 313, 314, 315, 318

  10th (Western Australia) Light Horse 315, 316, 318, 382, 383

  4th Australian Brigade 48, 78, 115, 180, 188, 294, 303, 304, 322–23, 378

  13th (New South Wales) Battalion 182, 303, 330, 379, 380

  14th (Victoria) Battalion 191, 381

  16th (Southern and Western Australia) Battalion 107, 111, 112, 113, 118, 182, 183, 417

  Australian Engineers, 5th Field Company 423, 424

  New Zealand Brigade 48, 100, 108, 216, 219, 303, 305, 306, 313, 323, 324

  Auckland Battalion 100, 219, 305, 307, 308, 319

  Canterbury Battalion 219, 220, 295, 305, 306, 307

  Otago Battalion 182, 183, 295, 305, 321

  Wellington Battalion 107, 198–200, 219, 295, 305, 319, 320, 321

  New Zealand Mounted Rifles Brigade 303

  Auckland Mounted Rifles 303

  Canterbury Mounted Rifles 276, 277

  Otago Mounted Rifles 303

  Wellington Mounted Rifles 303, 319, 321

  Austria: enemy status 11

  Austro-Hungarian and German Army 387

  Austro-Hungarian Empire 5

  Austro-Hungarian Navy 11

  Aylward, Lance Corporal Joseph 297–98

  Azmak Dere 404

  B

  B Beach, Suvla 331, 332, 345, 506

  Baby 700 93, 97, 99, 100, 181, 182, 277, 313

  Bacchante 104

  Bachtold, Lieutenant Henry 200, 201

  ‘Baghdad to Berlin’ railway 5

  Baikie, Brigadier General Sir Hugh Simpson 258–59

  Bailloud, General Maurice 216, 265

  Baka Baba foothills 356

  Baker, Private Harry 183–84

  Baldwin, Brigadier General Anthony 323–24

  Balfour, Arthur 17, 237

  Balkan League 3, 4

  Balkan states vii, 20, 69, 236, 254

  Balkan Wars (1912-13) 3, 4, 6, 7, 20, 59, 73, 96, 110

  Bampton, Lieutenant Chichele 113

  Barron, Corporal William 407

  Basilisk 27

  Bates, Major Harry 337, 342, 346

  Batterie des Cochons 266


  Battleship Hill 78, 97, 98, 99, 118, 277, 305, 306, 313, 323

  Bauchop’s Hill 303, 304

  Bayley, Lance Corporal Samuel 290

  Beach Cemetery, Hell Spit 504–5

  ‘Beachy Bill’ gun 185, 186, 429

  Beagle, HMS (destroyer) 81, 334

  Beaucourt, France 450

  Beckwith, Major 162, 163, 164

  Beech, Lance Corporal William 191–92, 193

  Belgium: ‘poor little Belgium’ 48

  Bell, Gertrude 73

  Benchmark 344

  Benfell, Lance Corporal Harold 28–29

  Bennett, Major Henry Gordon 308–10, 311–12

  Besika Bay 60, 68, 170, 178

  Birdwood, Lieutenant General Sir William 181, 413

  commander of the ANZAC Corps 47, 276

  and Gallipoli landings 65, 107

  writes of critical situation 107–8

  orders attack on Baby 700 182

  proposes breakout from Anzac 276, 277, 292

  and Johnston’s crucial loss of time 306

  discussions with Skeen 313

  in temporary command 396, 399

  suppresses Kitchener’s orders 400

  in charge of Dardanelles Army 401

  plans Helles evacuation with Monro 436

  Bitter Lakes 23

  Biyuk Anafarta 506

  Black, Lance Corporal Percy 106, 111–12

  Black Prince 11

  Black Sea vii, 12–13

  Blamey, Major Thomas 185, 186, 193

  Blenheim, HMS 32

  Bloody Angle 182

  Boer Wars 370, 397

  First Boer War (1880-81) 46

  Second Boer War (1899-1902) 47, 48, 69

  Boghali 60, 66

  Bolton’s Ridge 79, 92, 180

  Bolz, Lieutenant 215

 

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