82. Standing Bear, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 187.
83. Standing Bear, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 189; Stewart, Custer’s Luck, 420–27; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 181–82;Vestal, Sitting Bull, 176.
84. Short Bull, in Riley “Oglala Sources,” 37–38; He Dog, in Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 76; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 188–90.
85. John Colhoff to Helen Blish, Apr. 7, 1929, in Bad Heart Bull and Blish, Pictographic History of the Oglala Sioux, 36; He Dog, in Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 76; Stewart, Custer’s Luck, 427–29.
CHAPTER 18
1. Black Elk, in DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 196. Gray, Centennial Campaign, 338–45, is a meticulous reconstruction of village movements from June 26 through late August.
2. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 196. For Terry’s relief of the Seventh Cavalry and subsequent burials and movements, see Gray, Centennial Campaign, 191–97; Stewart, Custer’s Luck, 464–84.
3. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 197.
4. Short Bull, in Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 38.
5. Standing Bear, in DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 188.
6. Lt. W. P. Clark to AG, Dept. of the Platte, Sept. 14, 1877, in Buecker, “Lt. William Philo Clark’s Sioux War Report,” 18. Clark’s report was based on the statements of Lakotas surrendering at Red Cloud Agency in 1877.
7. Robert Higheagle, in Utley, Lance and the Shield, 162.
8. See summary in Fox, Archaeology, History, and Custer’s Last Battle, 238–41.
9. He Dog, in (a) Hammer, Custer in ’76, 207; (b) Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 75.
10. Flying Hawk interview, tablet 13, Ricker Papers; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 199–200.
11. Gray, Centennial Campaign, 341–42, synthesizes Indian accounts.
12. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 361–62.
13. Ibid.; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 210; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 32. The July 29 skirmish is the only engagement that fits Black Elk’s description.
14. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 199; Gray, Centennial Campaign, 210–11, 343; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 34–35. Black Elk refers to Runs Fearless by his nickname, Yellow Shirt.
15. For the Cheyenne flight from Red Cloud and for the Warbonnet Creek skirmish, see especially Hedren, First Scalp for Custer.
16. Fall schedules are indicated in Gen. George Crook to Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Sept. 10, 1876, in Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876, 130–31; and recollected in Tall Bull (Cheyenne), interview by Camp, July 22, 1910, Hammer, Custer in ’76, 213.
17. Vestal, Warpath, 206–207. White Bull recollected meeting Crazy Horse’s party on its return from the Black Hills, in mid-August. Since Crazy Horse did not return from his raid across the Yellowstone until the very end of July, a departure in the first days of August is indicated. Note that Black Elk states the village dispersed one day after the skirmish with the Far West—i.e., August 3.
18. The movements of Terry and Crook are ably presented in Gray, Centennial Campaign, chap. 18; Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876, chaps. 1–3; and outlined in Utley, Frontier Regulars, 267–70.
19. Besides providing a masterly synthesis, official reports bearing on the Slim Buttes Battle are gathered in Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876. A shorter account is H. H. Anderson, “Battle of Slim Buttes.”
20. For village composition and satellite camps, see Lt. Col. G. P. Buell to AAG, Gen. Terry’s Column in the Field, Sept. 9, 1876, SW File; Crook to Sheridan, Sept. 10, 1876; He Dog, in Hammer, Custer in ’76, 208; Samuel Charger, in Greene, Lakota and Cheyenne, 87–88.
21. Greene, Slim Buttes, 1876, chap. 4. Significant Lakota accounts of the battle are Many Shields, in Lt. Col. G. P. Buell to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Sept. 19, 1876; Red Horse, in Col. W. W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 27, 1877, Sioux War Papers; Blue Hair to Walter M. Camp, Camp Papers, BYU.
22. Finerty, War-Path and Bivouac, 196.
23. Short Bull, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 38.
24. Events surrounding the transfer to military authority of the White River agencies are fully traced in Buecker, Fort Robinson, 84ff.
25. U. S. Senate, Report of the Sioux Commission; Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers.
26. “Register of Whites, Indians, and Indian Bands at Cheyenne River Agency, 1876–1877,” vol. 54, Fort Bennett, Post at Cheyenne River Agency; H. H. Anderson, “A History of the Cheyenne River Indian Agency,” 471–72.
27. K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 95–96. Particularly useful for fall Oglala movements is Respects Nothing interview, tablet 29, Ricker Papers.
28. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 199; Bad Heart Bull and Blish, Pictographic History of the Oglala Sioux, 400; Maj. J. M. Mason to AAG, Division of the Missouri, Dec. 5, 1876, SW File; Omaha Daily Bee, Feb. 23, 1877. Through early November, the Crazy Horse village was encamped on Rosebud Creek; in mid-month, it moved to Tongue River below Otter Creek.
29. For Miles’s fall campaigning, see Greene, Yellowstone Command, chaps. 4–5. Once across the international boundary, Iron Dog’s camp parleyed with the north west mounted police on November 27. The Hunkpapas stated that they wished to remain in Canada, having left Powder River early in October, crossing the Missouri between Fort Peck and Wolf Point. Lt. R. H Day to Post Adjutant, Fort Buford, June 7, 1877, Sioux War Papers.
30. Spotted Elk, in Col. W.W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Mar. 1, 1877, SW File.
31. Kime, Powder River Expedition Journals, 82.
32. For Crook’s activities at Red Cloud Agency, see Buecker, Fort Robinson, 88–89. Billy Garnett recalled details of the “spies” sent out by Crook to Crazy Horse’s village. Garnett interview, tablet 1, Ricker Papers. Although No Water is not mentioned, he definitely joined the northern Oglalas in late summer or fall 1876. For his presence by midwinter, see Marquis, Wooden Leg, 289, 292.
33. Scout enlistments are set forth in Bourke diary, [Nov. 1876], vol. 14, 1360–63.
34. Mason to AAG, Division of the Missouri, Dec. 5, 1876.
35. Lt. R. H. Day to Col. W. B. Hazen, Nov. 25, 1876, SW File.
36. For the November 30 surrender at Cheyenne River, see Gen. Alfred H. Terry to AG, Division of the Missouri, Dec. 1, 1876 (telegram); Lt. Col. G. P. Buell to AG, Dept. of Dakota, Dec. 2, 1876, both SW File; H. H. Anderson, “A History of Cheyenne River Agency,” 472. Village leadership is reconstructed from statements of surrendering Lakotas at Cheyenne River, in Col. W. W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Dec. 28, 1876, Jan. 24, Feb. 16, 1877, SW File
37. The Mackenzie battle is most fully covered in Greene, Morning Star Dawn. Cheyenne perspectives are synthesized in Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1056–71.
38. Marquis, Wooden Leg, 287–88.
39. Short Bull, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 39.
40. Bourke diary, Aug. 1, 1878, vol. 24, 12–14. See also my discussion and additional sources in K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 96.
41. For December defections to Canada, see Lt. R. H. Day to Post Adjutant, Fort Buford, Feb. 10, 1877, SW File; Canadian Papers, 9ff. For background on Sitting Bull’s activities, consult Utley, Lance and the Shield, 177–78; Greene, Yellowstone Command, chap. 6.
42. Statements of Swelled Face and Spotted Elk, in Col. W. W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 21, Mar. 1, 1877, SW File; Omaha Daily Bee, Feb. 23, 1877; Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 199–200; Short Bull, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 39. The fullest secondary account is Greene, Yellowstone Command, 150–52.
43. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 200.
44. K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 97; Clark to AG, Dept. of the Platte, Sept. 14, 1877, Buecker, “Lt. William Philo Clark’s Sioux War Report,” 19 (includes quotation).
45. Greene, Yellowstone Command, 140–43; Utley, Lance and the Shield, 178–79.
46. Red Horse, in Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 27, 1877.
CHAPTER 19
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1. Fool Bear and Important Man, in Col. W. W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Jan. 24, 1877; Eagle Shield, in same to same, Feb. 16, 1877, both in SW File. Quotations in this section are derived from these documents. Throughout chapters 19 and 20, I draw on my earlier study of these events: K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War.”
2. Marquis, Wooden Leg, 289, 292.
3. From a military point of view, preliminaries to the Battle of Wolf Mountains are treated most fully in Greene, Yellowstone Command, 155–63; but see also H. H. Anderson, “Nelson A. Miles and the Sioux War” ; Personal Recollections and Observations of General Nelson A. Miles, 1:234–36; Utley, Frontier Regulars, 276–77; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1074.
4. Marquis, Wooden Leg, 289–90; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain,2:1074–75 (quotation at 1380n18); Little Killer, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts, 2:448–49; Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 201–202.
5. Swelled Face, in Col. W. W. Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 21, 1877, SW File. The following account of the Battle of Wolf Mountains is based on Col. Nelson A. Miles to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Jan. 23, 1877, SW File; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 163–76, and Battles and Skirmishes, chap. 14; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1075–78; Marquis, Wooden Leg, 290–93; Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 201–202; Short Bull, in Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 38–39; Eagle Shield, in Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 19, 1877, SW File.
6. Army and Navy Journal, Mar. 31, 1877, reprinted in Greene, Battles and Skirmishes, 202.
7. Eagle Shield, in Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 16, 1877, SW File. For background see K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 99; Utley, Lance and the Shield, 179–80.
8. Charging Horse and Make Them Stand Up, in Lt. Horace Neide to Lt. Bourke, Feb. 10, 1877, SW File (includes quotations); K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 100.
9. Red Horse, in Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 27, 1877, SW File; Eagle Shield, in same to same, Feb. 16, 1877.
10. Swelled Face, Wood to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Feb. 21, 1877.
11. Bordeaux, Custer’s Conqueror, 60–61;Vestal, Sitting Bull, 182.
12. Vestal, Sitting Bull, 182.
13. Sitting Bull speech, June 2, 1877, quoted in Manzione, “I Am Looking to the North for My Life,” 49.
14. Red Sack, in Lt. W. P. Clark to Lt. Bourke, Feb. 24, 1877, SW File.
15. Eagle Pipe, in Lt. Jesse M. Lee to Lt. Bourke, Mar. 6, 1877; also Lee to AAG, District of the Black Hills, Mar. 19, 1877, both SW File. This party surrendered at Spotted Tail Agency, Mar. 4–5,1877.
16. Red Horse and White Eagle, Wood to AAG, Feb. 27, 1877. This party surrendered at Cheyenne River Agency, Feb. 25, 1877.
17. White Eagle Bull, in Lt. Horace Neide to Lt. Bourke, Feb. 16, 1877; Lt. Jesse M. Lee to AAG, District of the Black Hills, Mar. 19, 1877; Little Wolf, in Clark to Bourke, Feb. 24, 1877, all SW File.
18. Lt. W. P. Clark to AG, Dept. of the Platte, Sept. 14, 1877, reprinted in Buecker, “Lt. William Philo Clark’s Sioux War Report,” 19–20; K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 102.
19. K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 102, 114n41. The first surrenders at Red Cloud Agency (Little Wolf’s Cheyenne party) were registered Feb. 24–28. Other small groups, accompanied by agency delegates, trickled in through early March. No Water’s party surrendered March 14, and the Cheyennes of American Horse, Red Owl, Big Head (Tangle Hair), and Plenty Camps, on the previous day.
20. Red Feather, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 25–26; Short Bull, ibid., 39; Oglala delegates’ statement, in Lt. W. P. Clark to Lt. Bourke, Mar. 3, 1877, SW Files (hereafter Oglala delegates’ statement). Returning delegates were probably the source for the Omaha Daily Bee, Mar. 13, 1877, statement on Tall Bull (includes quotation). At surrender, Tall Bull and his family were actually living in Crazy Horse’s tipi, while Iron Whiteman’s lodge stood next to Crazy Horse’s. Given the lifelong association of the latter family with the Hunkpatila band, it seems likely that the two traveled together through the previous weeks.
21. For Sitting Bull’s movements, see Canadian Papers, 12–13; Lt. R. H. Day to Post Adjutant, Fort Buford, Feb. 19, 1877, SW File; Oglala delegates’ statement includes quotation.
22. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 202.
23. Oglala delegates’ statement.
24. For Miles’s first round of negotiations, see Miles, Personal Recollections and Observations, 1:239–40; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1087–90,1123–24,1380–81; Greene, Yellowstone Command, 192–94. When Hunts the Enemy’s Oglala delegates arrived at the main village, about February 17, they learned that the deputation to Miles had departed five nights earlier.
25. Oglala delegates’ statement. The recruitment and departure of the Oglala delegates is detailed in Gen. George Crook to [HQ, Division of the Missouri], Jan. 8, 1877 (telegram), SW File; Army and Navy Journal, Feb. 3, 1877; Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers. Hunts the Enemy, who took the name George Sword later in 1877, gave his recollection to Pine Ridge physician James R. Walker. I have used the translation by Ella Deloria, “Sword’s Acts Related,” in typescript at Colorado State Historical Society, Denver. Thirty years old in 1877, Hunts the Enemy was the younger brother of the Shirt Wearer Sword Owner, who had died at Red Cloud Agency in 1876.
26. Oglala delegates’ statement.
27. Quotations in sequence: Red Feather, Riley “Oglala Sources,” 26;Tall Man, in Lt. W. P. Clark to Lt. Bourke, Mar. 8, 1877, SW File; Oglala delegates’ statement; Red Feather, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 26.
28. “Sword’s Acts Related” ; K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 104–105. Hunts the Enemy’s comrades were Running Hawk (younger brother of Young Man Afraid of His Horse); Long Whirlwind; and the Oglala-Cheyenne Fire Crow.
29. Tall Man, in Clark to Bourke, Mar. 8, 1877; Omaha Daily Bee, Mar. 14, 1877. For details and documentation on Spotted Tail’s departure for the north, see Neide to Bourke, Feb. 10, 1877; Lt. Jesse M. Lee to CoIA, Mar. 20, 1877, STA, LR, OIA; Lee to Bourke, Mar. 6, 1877; Bourke diary, Feb. 13, Apr. 20, 1877, vol. 19, 1835, 1901, 1904–05.
30. Oglala delegates’ statement; Tall Man, in Clark to Bourke, Mar. 8, 1877.
31. Oglala delegates’ statement (first quotation); Omaha Daily Bee, Apr. 17, 1877 (second quotation).
32. For Spotted Eagle’s crossing the Yellowstone, see Col. Nelson A. Miles to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Mar. 24, 1877, reproduced in undated Chicago Times clipping in Bourke diary, vol. 19, 1902–03; K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 105, 114n58.
33. Tall Man, in Clark to Bourke, Mar. 8, 1877; Canadian Papers, 12–13; Miles to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Mar. 24, 1877 (includes quotation).
34. F. C. Boucher, Spotted Tail’s son-in-law, stated that Crazy Horse “went out by himself” about three weeks before Spotted Tail reached the Little Powder River (Mar. 20). See Lt. Jesse M. Lee to AAG, District of the Black Hills, Apr. 8, 1877, STA, LS, 1877, vol. 1, 667–70, BIA, RG 75, NACPR. Tall Man, however, indicated that Crazy Horse was still in camp as of March 4, when the former departed for the agency. I therefore assume that Crazy Horse departed soon after Tall Man. Boucher also states that Crazy Horse had only his own lodge with him, but Lakotas arriving at Spotted Tail Agency stated that the war chief “was out hunting. . . with two lodges.” See Lt. W. P. Clark to Lt. Bourke, Apr. 2, 1877, SW File. Spotted Tail’s mission is detailed at length in K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 106–107.
CHAPTER 20
1. Black Elk, in DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 202.
2. Thunder Tail account, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts 2:626, 631–32.
3. On Black Shawl’s ill health, see V. T McGillycuddy, in Brininstool, “Chief Crazy Horse” 36; McGillycuddy, Blood on the Moon, 75.
4. There
are several accounts of the eagle power cult on the modern Pine Ridge Reservation, but see especially Lewis, Medicine Men, 93–105. The late practitioner Pete Catches observed that the rite “comes from Crazy Horse by way of Good Lance” (ibid., 103), and noted the intercessionary role of the red hawk in obtaining eagle power. For an outline of twentieth-century practice, see Fugle, Nature and Function of the Lakota Night Cults, 8–9; Steinmetz, Pipe, Bible, and Peyote, 22, 26, 44; Feraca, Wakinyan, 53–55.
5. Spotted Tail, in Lt. Jesse M. Lee to AAG, District of the Black Hills, Apr. 5, 1877, SW File. Spotted Tail’s diplomacy is treated at length in K. M. Bray,” Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 107–108. I have drawn extensively on my earlier article for the negotiations leading to surrender.
6. Spotted Tail, in Lee to AAG, Apr. 5, 1877; also F. C Boucher to “Major Neide,” Mar. 25, 1877, copy enclosed with Lee to AAG, District of the Black Hills, Apr. 2, 1877.
7. Red Feather, in Riley “Oglala Sources,” 26. Internal evidence in the extensive documentation on the Spotted Tail mission establishes that the Brule chief started homeward from Little Powder on March 26. Tight chronological coordination with the movements of Lame Deer, and the return of the delegates to Miles, suggests that the main Oglala-Cheyenne village encamped on Powder River later the same day. See K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 108 (where March 26 is misprinted “March 2” ), 115n80. For delegates, see also Marquis, Wooden Leg, 297f; “Departures” entries in Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 98, 100.
8. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 203; Red Feather, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 26.
9. Miles, Personal Recollections and Observations, 1:243.
10. R.A. Clark, Killing of Chief Crazy Horse, 53–54.
11. Wooden Leg noted that a “little band [of Oglalas] went down Powder River” : Marquis, Wooden Leg, 297. Upon surrender to Miles, Hump complained that twenty-four lodges had defied his authority and stayed out. Since Hump’s tiyospaye was traveling with the Oglalas in February and March, I suggest that he means that ten lodges of his own following had joined Lame Deer. Crazy Horse’s departure is the best context. Low Dog, an Oyuhpe war leader, surrendered with the Lame Deer camp at Spotted Tail Agency, September 4, 1877, then played a leading role in the November 17 breakout for Canada.
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