12. For Lame Deer’s objectives, see K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 110. For the Cheyenne division, see Marquis, Wooden Leg, 197–300; Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1124–28; Lt. W. P. Clark to HQ, Dept. of the Platte, May 4, 1877 (telegram), transmitted in R. Williams to AAG, Division of the Missouri, May 5, 1877 (telegram), SW File; Col. Nelson A. Miles to AAG, Dept. of Dakota, Apr. 22, 1877, Sioux War Papers.
13. Black Shawl’s brother stated that, by summer 1877, she was suffering with a “swollen arm” : Red Feather, in Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 28. Joint swellings of this nature are one manifestation of tuberculosis. (Black Shawl’s other brother Iron Horse denied that his sister suffered the disease. See Standing Bear, Land of the Spotted Eagle, 180.)
14. For composition of Crazy Horse’s household at surrender, see Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 162. On Tall Bull, cf. Omaha Daily Bee, Mar. 13, 1877.
15. Mackenzie to Bourke, Apr. 1, 1877. The first word that Crazy Horse was en route to surrender came from army detachments patrolling the northern Black Hills. On April 5 Spotted Tail’s interpreter, Jose Merrivale, told Captain Vroom, in camp near Crook City, that Crazy Horse had arrived in the northern Oglala village at Bear Lodge Butte. Vroom to Gen. George Crook, Apr. 5, 1877 (telegram), transmitted in Crook to Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Apr. 5, 1877 (telegram), SW File.
16. Col. Mackenzie to CoIA via HQ Dept. of the Platte, Mar. 19, 1877, Sioux War Papers.
17. Bourke diary, Apr. 4, 1877, vol. 19, 1852–55. Scout enlistments as of April 4, 1877 are enumerated in ibid., 1856–57, and updated in Clark to AG, Dept. of the Platte, Apr. 20, 1877 (copy supplied by Fort Robinson Museum). By May 2, two hundred scouts were enlisted, including newly surrendered Cheyennes, Miniconjous, and Sans Arcs.
18. Bourke diary, vol. 19, 1885–86; Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers; Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 99; “Red Cloud’s Mission to Crazy Horse.”
19. For the northern Oglala layover at Bear Lodge Butte, approximately Apr. 1–16, 1877, see K. M. Bray, “Crazy Horse and the End of the Great Sioux War,” 110–12. Village leadership is reconstructed from Army and Navy Journal, May 12, 1877; Bourke diary, May 6, 1877, vol. 20, 1984–85; Bourke, On the Border with Crook, 412; “Eagle Hawk Narrative/Told to Eagle Hawk [by He Dog],” in Hardorff, Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse, 135.
20. King, in Kadlecek and Kadlecek, To Kill an Eagle, 125.
21. Black Elk, DeMallie, Sixth Grandfather, 203.
22. New York Tribune, Apr. 28, 1877; Bourke diary, Apr. 16, 1877, vol. 19, 1884; Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 104.
23. Neihardt, Black Elk Speaks, 85.
24. New York Herald, May 11, 1877; New York Tribune, Apr. 28, 1877 (incorporating Red Cloud to Lt. William P. Clark, Apr. 16, 1877);Thunder Tail, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts, 2:625, 631. Quotation in Short Bull, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 39.
25. Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1877; Little Killer, in Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 44 (includes quotation).
26. Thunder Tail, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts, 2:626, 631.
27. Short Bull, Riley “Oglala Sources,” 39; Thunder Tail, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts, 2:626, 631.
28. Bourke diary, Apr. 27 and 29, 1877, vol. 19, 1918,1934; Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1877.
29. Bourke diary, May 1 and 3, vol. 20, 1949ff, 1974; Short Bull, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 39. Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 114, names the northern messengers: Lodge Wing, Singing Prick, Goes for Nation Bad, Owns Sharp, Slow White Cow, Eagle Round Wood.
30. On the Rosenquest mission, see Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers; Lt. C A. Johnson to CoIA, Apr. 30, 1877, RCA Letterbook, BIA, NACPR; Denver Daily Tribune, May 18, 1877. For Camp Robinson background, see Buecker, Fort Robinson, 92ff. American Horse’s scouts may have been a chapter of the Omaha Society.
31. Charging Bear, in Bourke diary, May 3, 1877, vol. 20, 1974; New York Sun, May 23, 1877.
32. He Dog, in Hardorff, Lakota Recollections, 79, and Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 20 (first quotation); Little Killer, ibid., 44 (second quotation).
33. Iron Shield, in Mackenzie to AAG, Dept. of the Platte, May 16, 1877, SW File; Clark to HQ Dept. of the Platte, May 4, 1877 (telegram), Sioux War Papers; Bourke diary, May 4, 1877, vol. 20, 1983–84.
34. Thunder Tail, in Buechel and Manhart, Lakota Tales and Texts, 2:626, 631–32.
35. Gen. P. H. Sheridan, Mar. 29, 1877, Endorsement: “disapproved,” to Mackenzie to CoIA, Mar. 19, 1877; CoIA to Secretary of War, Apr. 9, 1877, Sioux War Papers.
36. The Cheyenne removal is treated at length in Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1149–51, 1385. For the Spotted Tail Agency option, see Louis Bordeaux, interview by Walter M. Camp, July 6–7, 1910, Liddic and Harbaugh, Custer and Company, 137–39.
37. “Eagle Hawk Narrative,” Hardorff, Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse, 137. In view of Iron Shield’s intelligence from Miles and Lame Deer, Crazy Horse might have meant to join the latter in surrendering at Tongue River Cantonment.
38. Charging Bear, in Bourke diary, May 3, 1877, vol. 20, 1974; New York Sun, May 23, 1877.
39. Primary sources on the surrender of Crazy Horse are voluminous and detailed. In the following account I have consulted these newspaper reports: Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1877; Chicago Times, May 7, 1877; Army and Navy Journal, May 12, 1877; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 8, 1877; New York Herald, May 7 and 28, 1877; New York Tribune, May 7, 1877; New York Sun, May 23, 1877. Other detailed eyewitness reports include Bourke diary, May 6, 1877, vol. 20, 1984–94; Bourke, On the Border with Crook, 412–15; W. P. Clark, Indian Sign Language, 295–96; Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers. In this account, I footnote only quotations and controversial points.
40. Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1877.
41. New York Herald, May 28, 1877.
42. Bourke, On the Border with Crook, 412.
43. Chicago Times, May 7, 1877.
44. All quotations except He Dog from New York Tribune, May 7, 1877; He Dog quotation: Chicago Times, May 7, 1877. For more on He Dog’s role, see R. A. Clark, Killing of Chief Crazy Horse, 57, and caption to pictograph 9, 54.
45. Quotations from Chicago Times, May 7, 1877; New York Sun, May 23, 1877; Frank Leslie’s Illustrated Newspaper, June 8, 1877.
46. Shave Elk (Thomas Disputed), interview by Walter M. Camp, Liddic and Harbaugh, Custer and Company, 126.
47. R.A. Clark, Killing of Chief Crazy Horse, 75.
48. New York Herald, May 7, 1877 (includes quotation); R. A. Clark, Killing of Chief Crazy Horse, 59. The seven hundred head pledged Red Cloud matched the ponies confiscated from him by Mackenzie the previous October.
49. Bourke diary, May 6, 1877, vol. 20, 1987–91.
50. Charles P. Jordan to Doane Robinson, June 26, 1902, Robinson Papers. Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 157–64, prints the complete roll of the “Crazy Horse Sioux.”
51. Chicago Tribune, May 8, 1877.
52. Bourke diary, vol. 20, 1991; Bourke, On the Border with Crook, 414–15.
53. New York Sun, May 23, 1877.
CHAPTER 21
1. “Eagle Hawk Narrative,” in Hardorff, Surrender and Death of Crazy Horse, 138–40; Short Bull and Red Feather, in Riley “Oglala Sources,” 26,40. Short Bull indicates that Crazy Horse’s statement about the Beaver Creek location was made on the day of surrender, but none of the contemporary newspaper accounts mentions such a statement. The next major talk, between the northern leadership and Col. Mackenzie, was on Tuesday, May 8, but Crazy Horse was absent due to illness. On balance, the context seems to fit the busy schedule of May 7, when distribution of rations and annuity goods necessitated dialogue between Crazy Horse and Lieutenants Johnson and Clark.
2. Red Feather, Riley, “Oglala Sources,” 26; McGillycuddy, Blood on the Moon, 75–76. Denver Rocky Mountain News, May 20, 1877, establishes that northern w
arriors were already remounted “upon ponies obtained from Red Cloud’s peace band” the day after surrender.
3. Denver Rocky Mountain News, May 20, 1877.
4. Ibid. For details on the agency beef issue and its economic significance to the Oglalas, see Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger, 12–14.
5. Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers.
6. Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 16, 1877. As late as May 18, when Frank Grouard and agency trader J. W. Dear led a party of civilian visitors to visit Crazy Horse at home, the war chief was “still suffering from the effects of a change of diet and over-feeding.” Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 23, 1877.
7. Denver Daily Tribune, May 18, 1877.
8. Red Feather, Riley “Oglala Sources,” 26.
9. Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 16, 1877.
10. Registers of Enlistment in the U. S. Army: Indian Scouts, 1866–77,AGO. The ten men enrolled from Spotted Tail Agency seem to be Jumping Shield (Iron Crow), Looking Horse, Eats with Wolf, Flying Water Bear, High Hawk, Keeps the Horn, Little Dog, Long Bear, Medicine Bull, Pretty Elk, and Sore Tail.
11. Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 16, 1877. Pawnee Killer was a headman in the agency Oglala Spleen band.
12. Jordan to Robinson, June 26, 1902, Robinson Papers.
13. This breakdown of Oglala bands is based on 1877 census details in Buecker and Paul, Crazy Horse Surrender Ledger. Red Cloud’s Bad Face band, augmented by the agency faction of Oyuhpes led by Red Dog, High Wolf, and Slow Bull, aggregated about ninety lodges. The Payabya band, led by Young Man Afraid of His Horse, counted another eighty-five tipis. American Horse’s Loafers numbered some eighty lodges; the Spleen band, led by Yellow Bear, about sixty-five lodges. Largest of the bands, and the only one exceeding the northern village’s strength, was Little Wound’s Kiyuksa camp. The 170 Kiyuksa lodges were augmented by the remnant of the Wazhazha band (most of which had transferred to Spotted Tail late in April) to create a village of about 210 lodges.
14. Denver Rocky Mountain News, May 20, 1877, is the fullest account of the Kiyuksa-hosted council (includes quotation). See also Denver Daily Tribune, May 18, 1877.
15. Denver Rocky Mountain News, May 20, 1877.
16. Col. Thomas Anderson, “Army Episodes and Anecdotes,” 34, Coe Papers (typescript at Fort Robinson Museum, Crawford, Nebraska).
17. Yankton Union and Press and Dakotaian, June 7, 1877. On Cheyenne relocation, see also Chicago Times, May 26, 1877, and for detailed background, Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1149–51, 1385.
18. Gen. P. H. Sheridan to Gen. W. T Sherman, Apr. 10, 1877 (telegram); Sherman to Sheridan, Apr. 11, 1877 (telegram); Sheridan to Sherman, May 2, 1877 (telegram); Sherman to Sheridan, May 2, 1877 (telegram): all in Sioux War Papers.
19. Sheridan to Sherman, May 2, 1877 (telegram); Sherman to CoIA, May 4, 1877 (telegram); Sherman to Sheridan, May 7, 1877 (telegram), Sioux War Papers.
20. Sheridan to Sherman, Apr. 23, 1877 (telegram), Sioux War Papers.
21. Chicago Times, May 26, 1877.
22. The fullest account of the May 25 council appeared in the Chicago Times, May 26, 1877. Briefer reports are found in Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 26, 1877 (includes quotations); and Black Hills Daily Times, May 28, 1877. A brief summary was submitted in Lt. Charles A. Johnson to CoIA, June 4, 1877, RCA, LR, OIA.
23. Jordan to Robinson, June 26, 1902, Robinson Papers.
24. Crazy Horse speech, Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 26, 1877. A slightly different version appears in the Chicago Times account.
25. Young Man Afraid of His Horse’s speech appears in full in Chicago Times, May 26, 1877.
26. Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 26, 1877.
27. Chicago Times, May 26, 1877. Spotted Tail quotation from Cheyenne Daily Leader, May 26, 1877.
28. Crook quotations from Cheyenne Daily Leader and Chicago Times, both May 26, 1877.
29. Young Man Afraid of His Horse speech from Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers. This is the only source on the second council and forms the basis for my account. Young Man Afraid of His Horse had led an Oglala delegation to inspect the proposed Indian Territory homeland.
30. Bourke diary, vol. 24, 34. Cantonment Reno (renamed Fort McKinney on Aug. 30, 1877) was located near the head of Powder River, on the site of the 1865–68 Bozeman Trail garrison Fort Reno. Crook had raised the possibility of an Army-policed buffalo hunt with the surrendering Miniconjous and Sans Arcs at Spotted Tail on April 15: see, e.g., Bourke diary, vol. 19, 1871.
31. When Clark reorganized the scouts in early July, Iron Crow joined Little Hawk, Little Big Man, and Big Road in being appointed sergeant of Company C, based around the leadership in Crazy Horse’s village. Old Hawk, the fourth Decider at surrender, may have retired, been removed, taken sick, or even died. He does not appear in subsequent censuses.
32. Crook to Sheridan, May 26, 1877, LR, AGO. In truth, the five hostages, interned at Cheyenne River, did not want to be transferred to Red Cloud. After release in July, Black Eagle (Sans Arc) left Cheyenne River Agency without permission to join his relatives at Spotted Tail, participating in the subsequent flight to Canada. Red Skirt (Miniconjou) traveled to Spotted Tail also, but to bring his family, thirteen persons, home to Cheyenne River. Rising Sun and Crazy Thunder (Sans Arcs) left Cheyenne River with their families about February 4, 1878, ostensibly for the relocated Red Cloud Agency: their real purpose may have been to join the northern Lakotas then fleeing to Canada. White Hollow Horns, the fifth hostage, did not leave Cheyenne River, settling in the Miniconjou camp now led by his son Little Bear.
33. Valuable, if tantalizing, clues to population movements between Spotted Tail and Red Cloud are revealed in a partial census of the latter agency. See Census of Indians, May 21, 1877, PRA. Listed in the document are sixty-four families, numbered 61 through 122 (sic), then belonging to Crazy Horse’s village. Judging from the document’s overall emphasis on transfers and visitors from Spotted Tail, these families represent people perceived as belonging properly to that agency: i.e., mainly Brules, Miniconjous, and Sans Arcs. Some twenty-five names are recognizable from the tally of the Crazy Horse village at surrender, May 6. Others are likely to represent subsequent unofficial transfers from Spotted Tail—e.g., Jumping Shield (Iron Crow), no. 121—or brief visitors, such as High Lodge, no. 111, who is deleted and is known to have returned to Spotted Tail until official transfer in July. On Worm’s experience, see chapter 22.
34. Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers.
CHAPTER 22
1. Bradley to his wife, May 26, and Oct. 7, 1877, Bradley correspondence, folder f, box 2, Bradley Papers; also Bradley private journal, box 1, Bradley Papers.
2. Bradley to wife, May 26, 1877.
3. Clark to Crook, May 28, 1877, transmitted in Crook to Sheridan, May 29, 1877 (telegram), SW File. For full background on the Cheyenne departure, consult Powell, People of the Sacred Mountain, 2:1149–51, 1385. On the Mackenzie departure, see Buecker, “A History of Camp Robinson,” 52.
4. Clark to Crook, May 28, 1877. For background on the Lame Deer fight, see especially Greene, Yellowstone Command, chap. 9.
5. Clark to Crook, May 28, 1877.
6. Bourke diary, vol. 24, 35.
7. Sgt. William F. Kelley, in Crawford Tribune, Special Edition, June 26, 1903.
8. Horn Chips interview, ca. July 11, 1910, Camp Papers, BYU.
9. Sgt. Kelley, in Crawford Tribune, June 26, 1903.
10. Ibid.
11. On Worm’s transfer, see Lt. Jesse M. Lee to Lt. C. A. Johnson, May 29, 1877, STA, LS, 1876–77, vol. 2, 370–71, BIA, NACPR; and “May 30 Transferred from Sp Tail,” Census of Indians, May 21, 1877, RCA, PRAP. The lodges accompanying Worm’s were those of Yankton; Tall Woman (including Human Finger Necklace); and Foolish Heart.
12. The tally of people stampeding from Crazy Horse’s village to Spotted Tail Agency in the wake of the war chief’s death includes several men who may be confidently identified as transfers to Crazy Horse
from the agency bands—e.g., Throw Him Away (from Payabya); Horse Thief, Bear Brain (Spleen); Good Horse (Kiyuksa), Back, Fox, and Quiver (Wazhazha). No Bad Faces or Loafers are identifiable. “List of Indians transferred from other Agencys [sic],” STA 1877 census, 63ff., BIA, NACPR.
13. Omaha Daily Republican, July 13, 1877.
14. Clark to Lt. W. S. Schuyler, June 10, 1877, SW File.
15. Omaha Daily Republican, July 13, 1877.
16. Clark to Schuyler, June 11, 1877, SW File.
17. Clark to Schuyler, June 13, 1877, SW File.
18. Ibid.; Clark to Schuyler, June 10, 1877.
19. Bettelyoun and Waggoner, With My Own Eyes, 108–109.
20. Affidavit of [Amos] Charging First regarding capture and killing of Chief Crazy Horse, Crazy Horse Biography File. Charging First telescopes events, believing that this event led directly to Crazy Horse’s return to Camp Robinson under guard and his death. The presence of Black Fox in the northern village at Spotted Tail indicates that it took place prior to the first week of July (see chapter 23).
21. Garnett interview, tablet 2, Ricker Papers; James S. Irwin to CoIA, Aug. 25, 1877, in ARCoIA 1877. The latter source gives 1,100 as the population of the Crazy Horse village as of June 27, equivalent to 185 standard lodges. Garnett indicates the presence of satellite camps. The size of these camps is indicated by a consideration of the subsequent growth in the village. It peaked in late July–early August at about 250 lodges, including twenty-three lodges officially transferred from Spotted Tail early in July. Some forty lodges therefore remain unaccounted for. While details are lacking, most of these must be increments from the Oglala agency bands at or immediately after the Sun Dance. Some, possibly most, of these families should represent northern Oglalas who surrendered piecemeal before Crazy Horse.
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