Iron between Horns (CH stepmother), 11
Iron Crow, 161, 263, 292, 305, 316, 331, 346, 350, 362, 394, 397
Iron Horse (CH brother-in-law), 66, 148, 152, 158
Iron Plume, 185, 243–44
Iron Shell, 34, 43, 91
Iron Whiteman, 12, 53, 263, 273
Irwin, James S., 65, 315–33, 343–46, 358, 379–80, 395, 459n42
Iwastela, 131–39, 147–54, 159, 426n36
Iwastela canscin, 174
Iyeska (mixed-bloods), 194, 204, 251, 300. See also Marriage
J
Jack Red Cloud, 202, 206, 208
Janis, Antoine, 274
Jarrot, Vital, 90
Jewett, George, 310
Johnson, Charles A., 284, 297, 308–309
Jordan, Charles P., 284, 299
K
Kansas River, 53
Kapozha tiyospaye, 7–8, 35, 263, 305
Keeper of the Sacred Calf Pipe, 315
Kellogg, Mark, 227
Kennington, James, 380–90
Keogh, Myles W., 223, 226, 230–32, 237, 240
Kicamnayan, 65, 72, 130, 186, 210, 237, 363
Kicking Bear (CH cousin), 68–70, 176–78, 185, 209, 218–20, 237–38, 243–44, 275, 314, 346, 363–65
Kills Enemy (CH stepmother), 11–12
Kiowas, 184, 470n32
Kit Fox Society, 46, 177, 190, 200, 213, 215, 408n17
Kiyuksa (Oglala band), 8–10. See also Badger Eaters
Koerper, Egon A., 367–69
Kola, 13, 56, 58, 282
L
Ladeau, Antoine, 274
Lakota Alliance, 7
Lakota great council of 1857, 53–56
Lakota Nation: American alliance with, 30, 54, 60, 120;
Black Hills importance to, 54–55;
collapse of the war front, 259–62;
declaration of war on Americans, 76–79;
grand council of 1851 and, 19;
naming a head chief for, 20–21, 44;
okicize itancan, 153;
Powder River country and, 64;
surrender negotiations, 264–68;
Teton divisions of, 6–7. See also Great Sioux War
Lakota society: anger against Americans, 83;
buffalo and communal hunt in, 14–16, 62;
buffalo robe trade and, 75;
Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair) role in, 72;
Deciders role in, 15, 19, 72;
dependence on white handouts, 74;
divorce in, 131, 173;
Euro-American influence on, 17;
hunka ritual in, 24–28;
male role in, 48;
marriage in, 10, 131;
sacred bundles in, 315;
Shirt Wearers role in, 119;
virtues of, 8, 24–25, 63, 102, 121–22;
visions in, 12;
warfare role in, 46;
war leader role in, 70
Lame Deer, 175–76, 182–83, 192–94, 249–51, 261, 271–73, 280, 306, 336–37
Land cessions: Cheyenne and Arapaho, 74–75;
Great Sioux Reservation, 396;
Lakota resistance to, 76–77;
treaty annuities and, 29, 107;
treaty of 1866 and, 90–92;
Yankton Lakota, 55, 73. See also Reservations
Larabee, Joe “Long Joe,” 318–19, 324
Larrabee, Nellie (Brown Eyes), 130, 149–50, 318–19, 324–26, 348, 357, 458n7, 464n17
Last Born Child Society (Hoksi Hakakta), 177, 185, 334, 338
Last Dog, 9
Lee, Jesse M., 320, 324, 337, 347–48, 358, 365–83, 389, 393–95, 403n33
Lemly, Henry R., 380
Liquor: in Lakota society, 10;
on reservations, 132, 134;
as trade goods, 27
Little Bear (Sioux Bob), 318–19, 357, 454n32
Little Bighorn Valley: army encroachment into, 178–79;
Bozeman Trail War and, 107–12;
Crow wars on, 138–39;
Lakota relocation to, 212–14. See also Battle of the Little Bighorn
Little Big Man, 77, 83, 138–45, 151, 161, 181–203, 243–66, 275, 289, 292, 299–311, 316–37, 345–50, 356–64
Little Brave, 29–31
Little Hawk (CH half-brother), 12, 90, 94, 103–107, 113–18, 159–61, 169–70, 183, 189, 270–75, 290, 299, 304, 307, 316, 331, 397
Little Killer, 132, 154, 178, 280, 317, 430n35
Little Missouri River, 87, 89, 170, 203, 241–42, 246, 267
Little Shield, 140, 144, 199, 275
Little Thunder, 34, 43
Little Wolf, 262, 274–75, 326, 354, 356
Little Wound, 89, 292, 300, 315, 329, 332, 355, 362, 379, 391, 465n9
Loafer Lakota, 33, 74, 80, 105, 134, 300, 318–19, 332, 356–58, 379–82, 387–88, 429n28, 453n13
Lone Bear, 13, 70, 101–102, 326, 354–56, 463n5
Lone Horn, 13, 58, 62, 78, 114, 160, 191–92
Long Chin, 32–33, 43, 356, 463n5
Long Man, 96
Long Turd, 174, 218, 222, 276, 433n6
Looking Horse, 178, 242, 363, 466n17
Looks at Her (CH aunt), 7, 11
Low Dog (CH cousin), 70, 178, 185, 215, 236, 242, 272, 293, 346, 363, 393–97
M
Mackenzie, Ranald S., 245–46, 249–51, 274, 280–85, 298–303
Makes the Song (CH grandfather), 6–9, 11, 401n9
Make Them Stand Up, 266
Male Crow (CH uncle), 8–11, 27, 69, 154–55, 401n14
Man Afraid of His Horse, 8, 12, 17–24, 29–35, 58, 75–78, 84–85, 90–95, 102–108, 115–18, 124, 128–29, 133–39, 147, 153, 177, 183, 276, 417n26–27, 418n32, 420n5, 427n40
Mandans, 241
Manifest Destiny, 18, 169
Marriage: family arrangement of, 127–28, 147–48;
interracial, 18, 297, 310, 316, 318–19;
in Lakota society, 10, 131;
women and, 143–44. See also Iyeska (mixed-bloods)
Marrischale, Joseph, 274
Mason, Julius W., 342, 347–48, 361
McGillycuddy, Valentine T., 270, 297, 361, 386–90
Medicine Arrow, 184
Merritt, Wesley, 242, 336
Merrivale, Jose, 367
Midnight Strong Hearts. See Strong Heart Society
Miles, Nelson A., 228, 242, 247–72, 280, 291, 305, 333, 351, 397
Military units. See Army units; Artillery units; Cavalry units; U.S. Army
Miller, David H, 172
Mills, Anson, 208–209, 243
Mills, Ben, 136
Miniconjou (Lakota tribal division): Crazy Horse family link to, 11–13, 62, 70, 272;
grand council of 1851 and, 19–21;
intertribal tension and, 75;
Rattle Blanket Woman’s family and, 5–6;
refuge in Canada, 262;
resistance to white settlement, 29–31;
resumption of raids by, 134;
surrender of, 247, 253–54, 262, 270;
Teton division of, 7
Minnesota, Santee Dakotas in, 7, 20, 29, 75–76, 126. See also Santee Dakotas
Missouri River: Great Sioux Reservation on, 116;
Indian agencies, 128–29, 139, 181, 190, 328;
Oglalas at, 403n31;
relocations to, 246, 302, 313, 318–20, 328, 394–98;
steamboat traffic, 46, 54, 76, 132–33, 165, 202, 242;
trading posts, 13, 17–18, 74;
treaty talks on, 21, 89
Mitakuye oyasin, 40
Mitchell, David, 19–21
Miwatani Society, 85
Montana Territory: gold discovery in, 73–74, 76;
off-reservation Indians in, 153–54;
promise of a reservation in, 275–76;
treaty of 1866 and, 91
Moonlight, Thomas, 80, 84
Moon of Black Cherries, 188, 241, 323
Moon of Falling Leaves, 125
Moon of Frost in the
Tipi, 174, 254
Moon of Making Fat, 67–68, 84, 147, 215
Moon of Red Cherries, 27–28, 50, 150
Moon of Red Grass Appearing, 275
Moon of the Black Calf, 39, 132, 396
Moon of the Changing Seasons, 154
Moon of the Dark Red Calf, 161, 194, 262
Moon of the Snowblind, 199, 267, 270
Moon When the Ponies Shed, 136
Moore, Thomas, 283, 297
Mormons, 19, 53–54
Moving Robe Woman, 228
Munn, Charles E., 388
Murphy, John, 361
N
Nagila (spiritual essence), 119
Naming ceremony, Curly Hair, 6
Neihardt, John G., 277, 411n20, 412n27
Nez Perce campaign, 335–45
Nez Perce Indians, 61, 163, 185, 335
Ni, life principle of, 6
Niobrara River, 7, 33
No Neck, 250, 316, 379
Northern Nation (Waziyata Oyate), 162–69, 182–87, 201–204, 212, 221, 234, 240–80, 305, 334, 343, 359, 363
Northern Pacific Railroad, 160–62, 165, 169, 180
North Platte River, 17–23, 29–35, 41–44, 74–80, 89–93, 107–17, 129–33, 139, 151, 159–61, 429n27. See also Platte River
Northwest Territories. See Canada
No Water, 89, 121, 130–31, 140–46, 158, 174–77, 248, 254, 263, 274, 303, 316, 347, 355, 365, 379, 404n3, 411n20, 425n16, 427n2
O
Oglala Agency, 161, 194, 248, 265, 272, 276, 280, 299, 314, 328, 331, 337, 349, 371
Oglala Proper, 8, 76, 120
Oglala (Lakota tribal division), 292;
as army scouts, 274, 282, 336–37;
Blue Water Creek action, 33–35, 43–44;
cangleska wakan, 119, 273;
delegations to Washington, D.C., 20, 135–36, 189, 301–37, 394;
grand council of 1851 and, 19–21;
Grattan “Massacre” and, 32, 407n1;
impact of white migration on, 18–19;
intertribal tension and, 75;
reservation bands of, 300, 332;
resumption of raids by, 133–37;
surrender of, 253–54, 262, 271;
Teton division of, 7;
treaty factionalism, 128;
Whetstone Creek Agency 129, 131–32
Okicize itancan (war chief of the nation), 153
Oklahoma. See Indian Territory
Omaha Society, 177, 451n30
Oregon Trail, 18–19
Otis, Elwell S., 241, 247
Overland Trail: Bozeman Trail link to, 73;
Indian acceptance of, 54;
Indian raids on, 33, 44, 74, 76, 79;
Scott’s Bluff on, 41;
western migration on, 53
Oyuhpe Lakota, 8, 60, 127
P
Paha Sapa. See Black Hills (Paha Sapa)
Painted Cliffs petroglyphs, 154, 187
Palladay Leon, 284
Panic of 1873, 169, 180
Pawnee Killer, 128, 299, 453n11
Pawnees, 7, 19, 34, 44–47, 80, 86–87, 248
Payabya (Oglala band), 300, 309–10, 332, 418n32, 453n13, 474n91
Peace: ceremonial gift exchanges and, 18, 108;
Crazy Horse acceptance of, 275–76, 318;
Crazy Horse resistance to, 271–72;
Crazy Horse surrender for, 278–85;
hunka and intertribal, 24;
negotiations for, 104, 150–52, 263–65, 302, 394;
trade as guarantee of, 116, 134–36
Peace policy: accommodation as, 46, 49, 53;
conciliation as, 139–40, 149, 179;
Crazy Horse & Sitting Bull relationship, 261;
Red Cloud diplomacy and, 134–35;
rejection of, 77–78, 104;
relocation as, 302, 332–33;
separatism as, 74;
surrender as, 283;
tribal factions in, 259–61
Pehin Hanska (Long Hair Custer), 235. See also Custer, George Armstrong
Pehin Yuhaha. See Curly Hair
Phillips, Portugee, 136
Pine Ridge Reservation, 266, 270–81, 301–13, 328, 394–98, 475n19
Pipe: bearers of the, 57, 84–85, 96, 124–26;
in burial ceremony, 393–98;
of peace, 115, 272, 282;
ritual of the, 15, 21, 203;
in visions, 39–42, 269. See also War pipe
Platte Bridge, 27, 33, 44, 84–86
Platte River, 7, 18–19, 47, 53, 104. See also North Platte River; South Platte River
Plenty Coups, 164
Politics: of American alliance, 30, 54, 60;
band organization, 8;
Crazy Horse (father of Curly Hair) and, 65;
Crazy Horse and tribal, 72, 74–75, 360–61, 395;
great council of 1857, 54;
interethnic cooperation, 80, 83, 116;
intertribal, 128, 263;
iwastela, 131–32;
Lakota Alliance, 7;
Red Cloud and, 89–91, 95–96, 150–52;
reservation, 133, 191–92, 259, 264–66, 270, 298–99, 308, 321–22, 325–26;
surrender negotiations and, 253–54, 274–76, 309;
warrior society role in, 20–21, 177;
Washington delegation, 329, 394
Pourier, Baptiste “Big Bat,” 173, 194, 210, 319, 354, 386–87
Powder River country: Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair) and, 64;
Crow hunting ranges of, 7;
depletion of game in, 132;
Indian raids in, 87;
sale of hunting rights in, 246;
trading posts, 27;
treaty talks of 1866, 91;
treaty talks of 1868, 151;
white encroachment into, 73–74, 133–34, 160, 178–79
Powell, Levi, 161
Provost, John, 326, 387
Pte Itokagata (Buffalo South), 50, 75, 159
Pte Oyate (Buffalo Nation), 15, 181
Pte Waziyata (Buffalo North), 181, 241–42, 247, 260, 397
R
Railroads: Central Pacific, 159;
Northern Pacific, 160–62, 165, 169, 180;
Panic of 1873 and, 169, 180;
Union Pacific, 113, 124, 134–36, 148–49, 159, 180, 245, 343, 378
Randall, George M., 299, 326
Rationing: beef, 267, 308–309, 322;
census counts and, 318;
dependency culture of, 254;
ration day, 174, 300, 308, 322;
reprisals in, 192, 328;
treaty annuities and, 116, 118, 177, 191, 408n17;
treaty negotiations and, 80, 104, 132, 136–37
Rattle Blanket Woman (CH wife), 5–10, 13, 39, 63, 171–72, 402n21
Raymond, Enoch W., 29
Red Bear, 149, 253, 315, 366, 368, 394–95
Red Cloud, 287, 292;
as akicita leader, 30;
as army scout, 315–16;
battle honors for, 89;
as blotahunka atya, 89, 93;
in call to fight Americans, 77;
Crazy Horse relations with, 95–96;
Grattan “Massacre” and, 32;
as tribal spokesman, 90–91, 150–51;
as war chief, 28, 129, 133, 419n39, 420n8;
White Horse Owners and, 104, 115, 124, 183
Red Cloud Agency: army informants from, 248;
call to fight Americans, 202;
census counts, 457n27;
Crazy Horse arrest and, 376–80;
Crazy Horse defection from, 327–28;
Crazy Horse surrender at, 276, 278–80, 297;
Crazy Horse village at, 299–301, 308, 314–15, 343–48, 391–93, 454n33, 455n21, 456n5;
Indian acceptance of, 160–61;
location for, 150–52, 158–59, 161, 174, 313;
military actions near, 241;
sale of Black Hills by, 246;
surrender negotiations at, 261–62, 266
;
surrenders at, 181, 250, 271–72;
Washington delegation, 150–51, 278–79, 323–24
Red Dog, 76–77, 94, 101–102, 136, 190, 302–304, 355, 453n13
Red Elk Woman, 127, 147, 397, 424n3
Red Feather, 127, 152–57, 216–18, 263–65, 271, 297–99, 338, 353, 356–63, 381
Red Hawk, 30, 60, 87, 218, 224, 346
Red Horse, 215, 252, 260–62, 424n3
Red Leaf, 32–33, 43–45, 91, 104, 107, 115, 122–24, 128–29, 423n13
Red River War of 1875, 326
Red Road, 278
Red Sack, 261–62
Red Thunder, 260
Reno, Marcus A., 217–34, 236–39
Reservations: acceptance of life on, 132, 154;
Arapaho, 280;
army control of, 122–25, 129, 245–47;
Cheyenne, 280, 318;
conciliation policy, 176, 180;
Crazy Horse loss of leadership, 345–59;
Crazy Horse rejection of, 175–76, 191;
enrollment, 117;
Grant’s peace policy for, 134;
iwastela and, 132;
Nez Perce, 336;
Oglala band organization, 300, 332;
removal to, 118, 123, 128–29;
Santee, 76;
separate Northern Nation, 266, 270–81, 301–13, 328, 394;
Shoshone, 129, 179, 336;
Sitting Bull rejection of, 188–89, 397;
surrender to, 254;
system of, 112;
trade on, 122, 124, 128–29;
tribal politics of, 131–32;
unceded hunting grounds and, 133, 151;
white encroachment on, 184;
as winter quarters, 133, 175–76, 302, 394, 397;
Yankton, 73. See also Beaver Creek; Cheyenne River Agency; Great Sioux Reservation; Land cessions; Oglala Agency; Pine Ridge Reservation; Red Cloud Agency; Rosebud Agency; Spotted Tail Agency; Upper Platte Agency; Whetstone Creek Agency; White River; Wolf Point Agency
Reynolds, Charlie, 180
Reynolds, Joseph J., 194, 199–201, 249
Richard, John, Jr., 27, 133–34
Richard, Louis, 188, 194
Ricker, Eli S., 319
Rituals: Cheyenne Sacred Arrows Keeper, 256;
in Crazy Horse funeral, 391–94;
heyoka ceremony, 43–45;
hunka ceremony, 24–26;
Sun Dance, 310–13;
sweat lodge, 39–40, 42, 145, 174;
wakan powers of the pipe, 39–40;
warrior society, 177–78;
yuwipi, 174, 260, 276. See also Feasts and ceremonies; Sweat lodge purification
Rock, powers of, 54, 61, 65–68, 119, 153, 174, 218, 373, 413n22
Roman Nose, 88, 178, 246, 260, 270, 366
Rosebud Agency, 396–98, 475n19
Rosenquest, J. Wesley, 279–80, 284
Royall, William B., 209–11
S
Sacred bundles: Cheyenne Arrow Bundle, 184;
of Crazy Horse (formerly Curly Hair), 60–61, 375;
Ghost Owning, 397–98;
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