Mark Twain: A Life

by Ron Powers

  75. Letter to Howells, September 24, 1896; MTHL, vol. 2, p. 663.

  76. Ibid.

  44: EXILE AND RETURN

  1. MFMT, p. 179.

  2. Ibid.

  3. Ibid., pp. 180–81.

  4. Ibid.

  5.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 306.

  6. Ibid., p. 310.

  7. “Joan of Arc,” Boston Literary World, May 30, 1896; in Louis J. Budd, ed., Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews (Edinburgh: Cambridge University Press, 1999). p. 394.

  8. “New Books,” Brooklyn Eagle, May 31, 1896; in Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews, p. 395.

  9. “Book Notices,” Bachelor of Arts (New York), July 1896; in Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews, p. 403.

  10. Brander Matthews, unsigned review of Huckleberry Finn, London Saturday Review, January 31, 1885; in Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews, p. 261.

  11. Brander Matthews, “Concerning the Seven Circles of Humor,” Life, May 28, 1896; in Mark Twain: The Contemporary Reviews, p. 393.

  12. Review of Personal Recollections of Joan of Arc by William Dean Howells in Harper’s Weekly, May 1896.

  13.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 306.

  14. Letter to Emilie Hart Rogers, November 26, 1896; in MTHHR, p. 25.

  15. Ibid., p. 253.

  16. Ibid., p. 254.

  17.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 312.

  18. Ibid., p. 315.

  19. Ibid., p. 319.

  20. Ibid., p. 344.

  21. Ibid., p. 327.

  22. Ibid.

  23. Ibid., p. 328.

  24. Ibid.

  25. Ibid.

  26. Ibid., p. 331.

  27. Ibid., p. 336.

  28. First published in Harper’s (November 1897); included in The $30,000 Bequest andOther Stories, OMT, p. 350.

  29.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 343.

  30. Ibid., p. 348.

  31. Ibid., p. 349.

  32. Ibid., pp. 349–50.

  33. Ibid., pp. 350–51.

  34. MCMT, p. 343.

  35. “Villagers: 1840–3,” in Mark Twain: Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer Among the Indians and Other Unfinished Stories, texts established by Dahlia Armon, Paul Baender, Walter Blair, William M. Gibson, and Franklin R. Rogers (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989), p. 98.

  36. Ibid., p. 101.

  37. Ibid., p. 96.

  38. Ibid., p. 94.

  39. “Hellfire Hotchkiss,” Indians, p. 121.

  40.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 338.

  41. Ibid., p. 339.

  42. MFMT, p. 190.

  43. Ibid., p. 193.

  44. Ibid., p. 194.

  45. “Stirring Times in Austria,” in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg and Other Stories and Essays, OMT, p. 316.

  46. Ibid., p. 340.

  47. Letter to Mollie Clemens, December 11, 1897, E-edition 1897, #05320.

  48. Katherine Harrison, letter, February 11, 1898; MTHHR, p. 322.

  49. Letter to Henry Huttleston Rogers, January 20, 1898; MTHHR, p. 316.

  50. Ibid., p. 325.

  51. Letter to Rogers, March 17–20, 1898; MTHHR, p. 327.

  52. Letter to Joseph Twichell, June 17, 1898; MTL, vol. 2, p. 663, corrected against Paine’s own typed copy.

  53. MTB, vol. 2, p. 1064.

  54. MMT, p. 17.

  55. “Concerning the Jews,” in The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, OMT, p. 253.

  56. Ibid., pp. 266–67.

  57.Mark Twain’s Notebook, pp. 351–52.

  58. Letter to Twichell, quoted by Paine in MTL, vol. 2, p. 667.

  59. “Concerning the Jews,” The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, OMT, p. 254.

  60. “The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg,” The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg, OMT, p. 1.

  61. Letter to William T. Stead of the London Review of Reviews, January 9, 1899, MTL, vol. 2, p. 672.

  62. Letter to Howells, December 30, 1898; MTHL, vol. 2, p. 685.

  63. Letter to Howells, April 2–13, 1899; MTHL, pp. 689–90.

  64. Ibid., p. 690.

  65. MMT, p. 49.

  66. In William Dean Howells: An American Life (New York: Harcourt, Brace Jovanovich, 1971), p. 4.

  67. Quoted by Lynn in William Dean Howells, p. 7.

  68. Howells, letter, October 23, 1898; MTHL, vol. 2, p. 679.

  69. Howells, letter, October 19, 1899; MTHL, vol. 2, p. 707.

  70. Clemens, quoted in James B. Pond, Eccentricities of Genius (New York: G. W. Dillingham Co., 1900), p. 227; MTHL, vol. 2, p. 704–5.

  45: SITTING IN DARKNESS

  1. All newspaper quotations courtesy of Gary Scharnhorst, in Interviews with MarkTwain, 1871–1910, scheduled for publication by the University of Alabama Press, fall, 2005.

  2. New York World, October 21, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  3. New York Herald, October 16, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  4. New York World, November 18, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  5. New York Herald, October 16, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  6. New York Times, October 16, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  7. John Baker, “Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898,” www.humboldt.edu/njcb10/spanwar.shtml.

  8. Quoted by Terry Matthews in his lecture series, “The Social Gospel, Part II: The Social Crusades,” www.wfu.edu/matthetl/perspectives/twenty.htm.

  9. Fred C. Chamberlain, The Blow from Behind: A Defense of the Flag in the Philippines (Boston: Lee & Shepard, 1903); Chapter 9, republished in “Anti-Imperialism in the United States, 1898–1935,” edited by Jim Zwick, www.boondocksnet.com/ ai/reaction/bfb_09.html.

  10. Nation, March 24, 1899, cited by William H. Berge in “Voices for Imperialism: Josiah Strong and the Protestant Clergy,” in Border States no. 1 (1973); http:// spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/border/bs1/berge.htm.

  11.Rudyard Kipling: Complete Verse (New York: Anchor Books, 1989), p. 321.

  12. New York Herald, October 16, 1900, courtesy of Scharnhorst.

  13. William Dean Howells, “Mark Twain: An Inquiry,” North American Review (February 1901); republished in Zwick, ed., “Anti-Imperialism; www.boondocksnet.com/ twaintexts/mmt/mmt_inquiry.html.

  14. “Mark Twain, the Lotos Club Dinner,” New York Times, November 17, 1900; quoted at www.twainquotes.com.

  15. Mark Twain’s “I Am a Boxer” speech to the Berkeley Lyceum, New York, November 23, 1900; cited by Jim Zwick in “Chinese and American Boxers”; www.boon docksnet.com/twainwww/essays/american_boxers0009.html.

  16. Quoted in William H. Gibson, “Mark Twain and Howells: Anti-Imperialists,” New England Quarterly, vol. 20 (December 1947), p. 449, n. 1; William R. Macnaughton, Mark Twain’s Last Years as a Writer (Columbia: University of Missouri Press, 1979), p. 147.

  17. Editorial, New York Evening Post, December 13, 1900; in Zwick, ed., “Anti-Imperialism,” wwwboondocksnet.com/ai/twain/ed/ed_nyep1213.html.

  18. MFMT, p. 217.

  19. Letter to Thomas Bailey Aldrich.

  20. “Salutation to the Twentieth Century,” New York Herald, December 30, 1900; in Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War, edited by Jim Zwick (Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992); www.boon docksnet.com/ai/twain/salutate.html.

  21. “To the Person Sitting in Darkness,” in “Following the Equator and Anti-Imperialist Essays,” from North American Review, February 1901, OMT, p. 14.

  22. Ibid., p. 14.

  23. “Certainly False, but Probably Funny,” New York Times editorial, February 7, 1901, in Zwick, ed., “Anti-Imperialism,” www.boondocksnet.com/ai/twain/ed/ed_nyt 207.html.

  24. “Scurrilous ‘Humor,’ ” Minneapolis Journal editorial, February 6, 1901; in Zwick, ed., “Anti-Imperialism,” www.boondocksnet.com/ai/twain/ed/ed_mj010205.html.

  25. “Chastising Mark Twain,” Hartford Times editorial, February 6, 1901; in Zwick, ed., “Anti-Imperialism,” www.boondocksnet.com/ai/twain/ed/ed_ht206.html.


  26. Letter to Joe Twichell, January 29, 1901, Mark Twain’s Letters, vol. 2 (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1917), pp. 704–5.

  27. “Mark Twain’s Exclusive Publisher Tells What the Humorist Is Paid,” the Washington Post, March 3, 1907, www.twainquotes.com.

  28. Ibid.

  29. “The Privilege of the Grave,” in “22 Easy Pieces,” 1905, CU-MARK.

  30. Letter to Joe Twichell, July 28, 1901; MTL, vol. 2, p. 711, corrected against the manuscript at Yale.

  31. Ibid.

  32. Letter to Olivia Clemens, August 9, 1901; quoted in MTHHR, p. 468.

  33. MTHL, vol. 2, p. 743.

  34. MMT, pp. 68–69.

  35.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 380.

  36. Ibid., p. 379.

  37. St. Louis Post-Dispatch, May 30, 1902.

  38. Ibid.

  39. Ibid.

  40. Ibid.

  41. Ibid.

  42. Ibid.

  43. Ibid.

  44. Ibid.

  45. Ibid.

  46. Letter to Olivia Langdon, January 12, 1869; MTL, vol. 3, pp. 25–26.

  47. Note to Olivia Clemens, January 14, 1903; LLMT, p. 341.

  48. “Christian Science,” OMT, p. 186.

  49. Ibid., p. 131.

  50. Note to Olivia Clemens, possibly March 1903; LLMT, p. 342.

  51. As reported in George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography, by Webster Griffin Tarpley, Marianna Wertz, and Anton Chaitkin, Executive Intelligence Review, 1991, Chapter 7.

  52. Letter to Olivia Clemens, September 20, 1903; LLMT, p. 344.

  53. Notebook entry, quoted in LLMT, p. 344.

  54. Letter to Olivia Langdon, May 8, 1869 (2d of 2); MTL, vol. 3, p. 206.

  55. Olivia Clemens, letter, September 23, 1903; LLMT, p. 345–46.

  56.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 386.

  57. Ibid.

  58. Resa Willis, Mark and Livy: the Love Story of Mark Twain and the Woman Who Almost Tamed Him (New York: Atheneum, 1992), p. 6.

  59. Letter to Howells, June 6, 1904; MTHL, p. 785.

  CHAPTER THE LAST

  1. Notebook 48, TS p. 2, CU-MARK.

  2.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 391.

  3. See Dangerous Intimacy: the Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years, Karen Lystra (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 43.

  4.Mark Twain’s Notebook, p. 391.

  5. MMT, p. 17.

  6. MTB, vol. 3, p. 1264.

  7. Michael J. Kiskis, p. 5 of the Afterword to “Chapters from My Autobiography,” OMT.

  8. “Author’s Note,” MTB, vol. 1, p. 193.

  9. MTB, vol. 3, p. 1368.

  10. “Dinner to Whitelaw Reid,” in Speeches, OMT, p. 173.

  11. Ibid., p. 174.

  12. Letter from C. O. Byrd to Charles H. Gold, February 25, 1964, CU-MARK.

  13. Ibid.

  14. As quoted in the Autobiography, p. 371.

  15. “The Death of Jean,” published in edited form in Harper’s in 1911, is printed in full for the first time in Dangerous Intimacy: the Untold Story of Mark Twain’s Final Years, Karen Lystra (University of California Press, 2004). Lystra’s work is a comprehensive examination of Samuel Clemens’s last decade that corrects many earlier false impressions and importantly illuminates the dynamics among Isabel Lyon, Ralph Ashcroft, Paine, Clara, and Jean, as they bore on Clemens’s life.

  16. Autobiography, p. 375.

  Bibliography

  WRITINGS BY MARK TWAIN

  Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 2003.

  The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. Norton Critical Edition. Edited by Sculley Bradley et al. New York: Norton, 1977.

  The Autobiography of Mark Twain. Edited by Charles Neider. New York: Harper & Row, 1959.

  “The Babies.” Electronic Text Center, University of Virginia Library. http://etext.lib.virginia.edu/railton.

  The Bible According to Mark Twain: Irreverent Writings on Eden, Heaven, and the Flood by America’s Master Satirist. Edited by Howard G. Baetzhold and Joseph B. McCullough. New York: Simon & Schuster, 1995.

  Clemens of the “Call”: Mark Twain in San Francisco. Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

  Collected Tales, Sketches, Speeches, & Essays, 1891–1910. Edited by Louis J. Budd. New York: Library of America, 1992.

  A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court. Edited by Bernard L. Stein. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

  The Curious Republic of Gondour and Other Whimsical Sketches. New York: Boni & Liveright, 1919.

  “ ‘Dear Master Wattie’: The Mark Twain–David Watt Bowser Letters.” Edited and annotated by Pascal Covici Jr. Southwest Review, vol. 45 (Spring 1960).

  Early Tales & Sketches. Vol. 1, 1851–1864. Vol. 2, 1864–1865. Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch and Robert H. Hirst. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979–81.

  Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer Among the Indians: And Other Unfinished Stories. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989.

  The Literary Apprenticeship of Mark Twain. Edited by Edgar Marquess Branch. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1950.

  The Love Letters of Mark Twain. Edited by Dixon Wecter. New York: Harper & Bros., 1949.

  Letters from the Earth. Edited by Bernard De Voto. New York: Perennial Library, 1974.

  Mark Twain-Howells Letters: The Correspondence of Samuel L. Clemens and William Dean Howells. Edited by Henry Nash Smith and William M. Gibson. 2 vols. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1960.

  Mark Twain in Eruption. Edited by Bernard De Voto. New York: Harper & Bros., 1940.

  Mark Twain in Virginia City. Edited by Paul Fatout. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1964.

  Mark Twain of the Enterprise: Newspaper Articles and Other Documents, 1862–1864. Edited by Henry Nash Smith. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1957.

  Mark Twain on the Damned Human Race. Edited by Janet Smith. New York: Hill & Wang, 1962.

  Mark Twain on the Lecture Circuit. Edited by Paul Fatout. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1960.

  Mark Twain’s Correspondence with Henry Huttleston Rogers, 1893–1909. Edited by Lewis Leary. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

  Mark Twain’s Letters. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. 2 vols. New York: Harper & Bros., 1917.

  Mark Twain’s Letters. Vol. 1, 1853–1866, edited by Edgar Marquess Branch, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth Anderson. Vol. 2, 1867–1868, edited by Harriet Elinor Smith and Richard Bucci. Vol. 3, 1869, edited by Victor Fischer and Michael B. Frank. Vol. 4, 1870–1871, edited by Victor Fischer and Michael B. Frank. Vol. 5, 1872–1873, edited by Lin Salamo and Harriet Elinor Smith. Vol. 6, 1874–1875, edited by Michael B. Frank and Harriet Elinor Smith. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988–2002.

  Mark Twain’s Letters to His Publishers, 1867–1894. Edited by Hamlin Hill. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

  Mark Twain’s Notebook. Edited by Albert Bigelow Paine. New York: Harper & Bros., 1935.

  Mark Twain’s Notebooks & Journals. Vol. 1, 1855–1873, edited by Frederick Anderson, Michael B. Frank, and Kenneth M. Sanderson. Vol. 2, 1877–1883, edited by Frederick Anderson, Lin Salamo, and Bernard L. Stein. Vol. 3, 1883–1891, edited by Robert Pack Browning, Michael B. Frank, and Lin Salamo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

  Mark Twain Speaking. Edited by Paul Fatout. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1976.

  Mark Twain Speaks for Himself. Edited by Paul Fatout. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University Press, 1978.

  Mark Twain’s Satires and Burlesques. Edited by Franklin R. Rogers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1967.

  Mark Twain’s Weapons of Satire: Anti-Imperialist Writings on the Philippine-American War. Edited by Jim Zwick. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 1992.

  The Oxford Mark Twain. Edited by Shelley Fisher Fishkin. 29 vols. New York: Oxford University Press,
1996.

  The Portable Mark Twain. Edited by Thomas Quirk. New York: Penguin, 2004.

  The Prince and the Pauper. Edited by Victor Fischer and Lin Salamo. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1979.

  Roughing It: The Authoritative Text. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1995.

  Traveling with the Innocents Abroad: Mark Twain’s Original Reports from Europe and the Holy Land. Edited by Daniel Morley McKeithan. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1958.

  What Is Man? And Other Philosophical Writings. Edited by Paul Baender. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973.

  OTHER PRIMARY AND SECONDARY SOURCES

  Aldrich, Lilian W. Crowding Memories. Boston: Houghton Mifflin, 1920.

  Alkalay-Gut, Karen. “Jean Webster.” www.karenalkalay-gut.com/web.html.

  Anderson, Frederick, ed. Mark Twain: The Critical Heritage. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul, 1971.

  Andrews, Kenneth. Nook Farm: Mark Twain’s Hartford Circle. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1950.

  Arnold, Matthew. General Grant: With a Rejoinder by Mark Twain. Edited by John Y. Simon. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press, 1995.

  Austin, James. C. Artemus Ward. New York: Twayne, 1964.

  Baetzhold, Howard G. “Found: Mark Twain’s ‘Lost Sweetheart.’ ” American Literature, vol. 44, no. 3 (November 1972).

  Baker, John. “Effects of the Press on Spanish-American Relations in 1898.” www.hum boldt.edu/˜jcb10/spanwar.shtml.

  Bellamy, Gladys C. Mark Twain as a Literary Artist. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 1950.

  Berge, William H. “Voices for Imperialism: Josiah Strong and the Protestant Clergy.” Border States, no. 1 (1973). http://spider.georgetowncollege.edu/htallant/border/bs1/berge.htm.

  Berry, Wendell. What Are People For? San Francisco: North Point Press, 1990.

  Blair, Walter. Native American Humor (1800–1900). Boston: American Book Co., 1937.

  Bloom, Harold, ed. Mark Twain’s Adventures of Huckleberry Finn. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.

  ———, ed. Modern Critical Views: Mark Twain. New York: Chelsea House, 1986.

  Branch, Edgar Marquess. “Bixby vs. Carroll: New Light on Sam Clemens’s Early River Career.” Mark Twain Journal (Fall 1992).