Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
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League of Nations and, 236, 241–42, 258, 259–63
media and, 235, 242
Soviet Union and, 242, 248–49
staging of, 235–36
Stimson’s nonrecognition principle and, 249–50, 256, 428
U.S.-Japanese relations and, 246, 249–50, 255–56
“manifest deity” (arahitogami), 193, 199
Manifest Destiny, 11, 73
Mansfield, Alan, 599
Mao Tse-tung, 307, 347, 474, 607, 636, 640
“March of Time, The” (radio program), 556–57
Marco Polo Bridge incident, 317–20
Marianas Islands, 308, 453, 470, 472, 473, 475–76, 477
Marshall, George C., 331, 525, 544
Marshall Islands, 453, 468, 470
Marxism, 206, 207
Mary, Queen of England, 116
Masuda Tomoko, 254, 255
Masuhara Keikichi, 673
Matsudaira Yasumasa, 406–7, 514, 583, 587–88, 613, 633, 641
Matsudaira Yoshitami, 121
Matsui Akira, 625, 639
Matsui Iwane, 323, 333, 334, 336, 338, 339, 609, 614
Matsukata Masayoshi, 40, 99, 102, 104, 123, 158
Matsumoto Jiichir, 633
Matsumoto Jji, 568, 570, 573
Matsumoto Shinichi, 518–19
Matsuoka Ysuke, 261, 266, 268, 276–77, 367, 373–74, 375, 376, 379, 382, 383, 393–94, 398, 429, 593
Konoe’s conflict with, 399–400
Matsutani Makoto, 588
Matsuura Sz, 633
Matsuzaka Hiromasa, 512–13
“Matters Concerning War Responsibility and Other Issues,” 558
Mazaki Jinzabur, 244, 288, 289, 293, 296, 298, 299–300
media, 182, 205, 392, 496, 500, 537, 546, 621, 624
Akihito interviewed by, 687
Akihito’s marriage in, 661
atrocities in, 335–38, 339
censorship of, 636, 666
China War in, 320–21, 335–36, 337, 340, 349
and disinterest in Hirohito, 659–60
draft constitution in, 568
enthronement rituals in, 187–91, 193, 195
European tour of 1921 in, 110–12, 114
Hirohito’s “abdication” in, 572
Hirohito’s death in, 684–85
Hirohito’s image in, 127, 135–36, 138, 341, 348, 528
Hirohito’s tours in, 645–66
Iwo Jima in, 483
Korean, 190–91
Kyoto protests in, 645
Manchurian Incident in, 235, 242
and military’s right of supreme command, 226–27
Nakamura incident in, 228–29
Nanking Incident in, 214
New Year’s rescript in, 560–63
war crimes trials and, 589, 603, 615
war responsibility interviews by, 674–76
Meiji, emperor of Japan (Meiji Restoration), 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 21–41, 44, 54, 71, 123, 171, 176, 178, 271, 279–80, 283, 330, 381–82, 414, 433, 537, 554, 562, 621, 647, 650, 688
achievement of, 39–40
benevolence ascribed to, 132–33
children of, 22
constitutional systems as legacy of, 28–29, 31, 39
constitution rescript of, 39
death of, 40, 41
domestic tours of, 136, 621–22
education rescript of, 30–31, 32
emperor worship and, 31
grandchildren of, 24–25
Hirohito’s childhood and, 22–23
holiday in honor of, 133, 181–82
ideology of rule as legacy of, 28–30
Imperial Palace of, 26–27
Korea crisis and, 131–32
Mikami’s lectures on, 131–33
military empowered by, 29, 34, 55–56
military training of, 89
Meiji, emperor of Japan (Meiji Restoration):
as model monarch, 80, 129
national identity and, 27
oath rituals and, 64, 560–61
party politics and, 28–29
personality and public persona of, 35–36, 80, 131–33
religious awareness and, 29, 30
Russo-Japanese War and, 9
Shiratori’s description of, 75
stereotyped as “the Great,” 131
Yi Un guardianship and, 35
“Meiji Centennial,” 671
Meiji constitution, 39, 40, 54–55, 57, 66, 121, 131, 184, 226, 255, 296, 308, 442, 517, 518, 560, 563, 648, 668, 675
anti-organ theory campaign and, 287–89, 291
Article 1 of, 171
Article 3 of, 291
Article 4 of, 295
Article 8 of, 300
continued influence of, 576–77
and divinity of emperor, 6–7, 291–92
extraconstitutional bodies and, 78–79
Hirohito’s view of, 294–95
independence of supreme command in, 154
kokutai and, 292–94
and mutiny of 1936, 302–3
organ theory and, 77, 80
rule theory and, 77
Shimizu on interpretation of, 77–79
Shwa monarchy’s subversion of, 202
state-monarchy relationship and, 78–79
Meiji Palace, 212
Meiji tenn-ki (Chronicles of Emperor Meiji), 76
Mei Ju-ao, 594
Metropolitan Police, 252, 297, 655
Miao Ping, 492–93
Michiko, Empress of Japan, 661–62, 664
Midway, Battle of, 447, 449, 453, 454, 457, 461, 464, 677
Mikami Sanji, 130, 131–32, 134, 160
Mikasa, Prince, 21, 282, 605
abdication urged by, 571–72
China mission of, 474
criticism of, 642–43
Miki Takeo, 673
military, militarism, 8, 150, 178, 207, 208–9, 228–30, 302, 306, 311, 519, 545, 549, 569
in attempted coups of 1931, 243–44, 284–85
bushid, code of, 34, 51–52
in Chang assassination, 207, 215–16, 220
collapse of, 539
decisive battle doctrine of, 205–6
democratic institutions and, 13–14
diplomacy conducted by, 286–87
domestic unrest and, 52–53
dual mission of, 55–56
emperor ideology and, 34, 374
“emperor’s army” concept and, 154
European model and, 55
factional conflict in, 154–55, 157, 224–25, 243–44, 279, 295–96, 298, 299–300
Geneva Conventions opposed by, 207
German alliance issue and, 368–71
government’s relationship with, 33–34
and Hirohito as supreme commander, 278, 327, 329–31, 359, 387, 390–91, 398–99, 422–23, 519–20, 553
Hirohito as viewed by, 165–66, 283–84, 314
Hirohito’s discipline problem with, 15–16, 245, 247, 252, 351–52
and Hirohito’s establishment of Imperial Headquarters, 327–32
Hirohito’s relationship with, 235–40, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248, 278, 303, 304, 305–6, 549
independence of, 33–34
Jehal Province campaign and, 257–60
Kellogg-Briand Pact and, 221–22
kokutai clarification movement and, 288–89, 296
Manchurian Incident and, 235–40, 242, 243, 244, 245, 247, 248
Marco Polo Bridge incident and, 317–18
Meiji empowerment of, 29, 34, 55–56
and middle school education, 156
modernization and reorganization of, 152–53
in morale and discipline crisis, 152–53, 157
and mutiny of 1936, see mutiny of February 1936
Nakamura incident and, 228–29
national defense debate and, 205–6, 208
nationalism and, 105, 203
“never surrender” doctrine of, 251–52, 281
North China probl
em and, 286–87
privileged status of, 172
propaganda campaign of, 273–78
regionalism and, 51–52
and rise of communism, 150–51
supreme command debate and, 154–56, 211, 226–27, 230, 290–91
surrender debate and, 512–18, 520–21
Taiwan as ruled by, 137
thought police and, 187
U.S. propaganda campaign against, 555–59
see also Army, Imperial; Navy, Imperial; specific individuals, battles and wars
Minami Jir, 229, 230–31, 243, 265
Minobe Tatsukichi, 40, 77–80, 208, 287–94, 295, 296, 576
Minseit Party, 208, 213, 215, 219, 222, 225, 228, 232
Missouri, USS, 541
Mitearai Tatsuo, 112
Mitsubishi Company, 27
Mitsukawa Kametaro, 98
Miura Gor, 86
Miyake Kanran, 42
Miyake Setsurei, 42
Miyoshi Tatsuji, 606
Mizota Shichi, 584, 585
Mizukuri Genpachi, 76
Mizuno Rentar, 213, 220
Mizuno Yoshiyuki, 273
Molotov, Vyacheslav, 351, 394, 521
monarchy:
British style of, 115–19
constitutional 219, 292, 577
education and, 58–59
European model of, 7, 66–67
see also emperor theory
Mongolian People’s Republic (Outer Mongolia), 307, 351, 394
see also Inner Mongolia
“Monologue” (Hirohito), 2–5, 678
dictation of, 589–92
Tanaka episode in, 217–18
Mori Tsutomu, 161, 220, 246, 247, 249, 254, 257
Morrow, Thomas H., 616, 617
Moscow Declaration, 581
Motoshima Hitoshi, 685
Mukden Special Agency, 306
Munitions Ministry, Japanese, 539
Muranaka Takaji, 295–96
Muraoka Chtar, 217
Mussolini, Benito, 109–10, 465, 574
mutiny of February 1936, 296–305, 350–51, 679
constitution and, 302–3
executions resulting from, 301
February 20 election and, 301–2
Hirohito’s account of, 303–4
Hirohito’s response to, 299–301, 304–5
kokutai and, 297–300, 302
Mut Akira, 370, 609
Mut Nobuyoshi, 257, 276
Mutsuhito, see Meiji, emperor of Japan
“My Impressions Upon Reading the Imperial Rescript on the Establishment of Peace” (Hirohito), 91–93
Nagai Takashi, 637
Nagako, Empress of Japan, 96–97, 108, 123, 135, 139, 143–45, 183, 201, 270–71, 273, 336, 384, 533, 653, 658, 661, 671, 674
Nagano Osami, 401–2, 406, 412, 418, 421, 424, 425, 426, 431, 454, 456, 458–59, 463, 464, 466, 468, 469, 471, 472, 476, 502, 593
Nagasaki, 687
atomic bombing of, 496, 635
Hirohito’s visit to, 637
Nagata Shujir, 165
Nagata Tetsuzan, 244, 296
Nagato, 144, 156, 426
Nagazumi Torahiko, 48
Nagura Bunichi, 111
Nakagawa Yoshinaga, 141
Nakajima Kesago, 332, 334
Nakajima Michio, 194, 199, 200
Nakamura Shintar, 228–29
Nakamura Yjir, 96, 99, 102, 105
Nakaoka Konichi, 122
Nakasone Yasuhiro, 649, 681, 682–84
Nakatani Takeo, 289
Namba Daisuke, 140–42
Nambara Shigeru, 605
Nanking, “rape” of, 333–36, 340–41, 367
Nanking Incident, 214
Nanking International Safety Zone, 337
Nantenb (Zen master), 42–43
Napoleon I, emperor of France, 60, 395
Napoleon jidaishi (History of the age of Napoleon) (Mizukuri), 76
Narahashi Wataru, 574
Nara Takeji, 45, 46, 106, 119, 120–21, 128–29, 142, 154, 156, 157, 172, 207, 214–15, 224, 225, 231, 235–36, 239, 240, 241, 243, 258, 259–61, 284
Hirohito in diary of, 86–87
National Archives, U.S., 6
National Defense Security Law, 551
National Essence League, 540
National Foundation Day (Kigensetsu), 643
National Foundation Society (Kokuhonsha), 164
nationalism, 4, 40, 66, 105, 118, 120, 146, 224, 227, 535, 564
anti-masses campaign and, 201–2
anti-Semitism and, 280–81
Chinese, 149
of country people, 281–83
emperor worship campaign and, 202–3
enthronement rituals and, 224
hakk ichiu concept and, 200–201
imperial way and, 10–11
Nichiren sect and, 163–64, 167–69
motoky religion and, 167–68
post-occupation, 657–59
racism and, 196, 268–69
renewal of, 636, 638
sacred portrait and, 201
xenophobia and, 8–9
Nationalist Revolutionary Army, Chinese, 214
National Learning school, 63
national polity, see kokutai
National Security Council:
document 13/2 of, 635
document 48/2 of, 636
document 68 of, 636
National Treasury, Japanese, 538, 573–74
National War Dead Memorial Service, 658
Navy, Imperial, 90, 146, 151, 152, 166, 205, 207, 230, 247–48, 305–6, 325, 330, 364, 369, 378, 396, 400, 402, 408, 411, 430, 444, 445, 450, 470, 530
abolition of headquarters of, 553
army’s foreign policy rivalry with, 309–12
battle losses of, 460–61
decisive battle doctrine of, 205, 458
factional conflict in, 224–25
fascist mood in, 273
London Naval Treaty opposed by, 225–26
Midway defeat and, 449–50
national defense debate in, 205–6
Panay incident and, 340
and right of supreme command, 155–56
Shanghai Incident and, 250, 323
tonnage reduction debate in, 208–9
Navy General Staff, Japanese, 33, 56, 150–51, 155, 179, 225, 226, 230, 311, 319, 378, 390, 395, 426, 437, 450, 463, 476, 481
London Naval Treaty opposed by, 210–11
tonnage reduction debate and, 208–9
Navy Ministry, Japanese, 209, 286, 297, 323, 346, 389, 395, 397, 429, 539
Nazi Party, German, 202, 264
Netherlands, 83, 106, 108, 109, 356, 376, 406–7, 409, 414, 425, 559, 616, 671
Netherlands East Indies, 146, 368, 371, 375, 400, 403, 410, 425, 427, 434, 445, 452, 453, 466, 470
Neutrality Acts, U.S., 326
New Britain, 445, 453, 471
“New Constitution of Japan,” 574
New Deal, 264, 585
New Georgia, 461–62, 463
New Guinea, 446–47, 449, 454–55, 459, 461–62, 467, 470, 471
Newsweek, 641
Hirohito interviewed by, 674–75
New York Herald Tribune, 374
New York Times, 337, 341, 546, 572
Hirohito’s New Year’s rescript in, 561–62
New Zealand, 376, 543
Nezu Masashi, 65, 142, 677
NHK, 556, 557
Nichiren sect, 11, 163–64
Japanese nationalism and, 168–69
Nicholas II, Czar of Russia, 116
Nicobar Islands, 446, 470
Nicolson, Harold, 115
Nihonjin (The Japanese), 62
Nihon Shoki, 67, 72
Nimitz, Chester, 444, 455
Nine-Power Treaty, 147, 150, 246, 269, 343, 607
Nineteenth Route Army, Chinese, 250
Ninigi-no-mikoto, 63
Ninomiya Harushige, 240
Nitobe Inaz, 42
; Nixon, Richard M., 671
Nobel Prize, 638
Nobuhito, see Takamatsu, Prince Nogi, General, 36–37, 41–44, 210
Hirohito influenced by, 43
ritual suicide of, 42–43
Nomonhan incident, 351
Nomura Kichisabur, 355, 403–4, 421, 428–29, 432
Nomura Minoru, 451
Nonaka Shir, 284