Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan
Page 92
Thought, 201
State Restoration Society (Kokuikai), 253
Stimson, Henry L., 134, 242, 601
nonrecognition principle of, 249–50, 256, 428
stock market crash of 1929, 219
Sud Shinji, 432
Suetsugu Nobumasa, 101, 151, 208, 209
Suez Canal, 107, 110
suffrage issue, 41, 94, 184, 206
Sugiura Shigetake, 62–70, 73, 77, 78, 80, 85, 91
background of, 62–63
ethics lessons taught by, 63–64, 66–67, 69–70
imperial engagement controversy and, 96–97, 98, 99
lectures of, 64–67
race theory of, 68–69
Sugiyama Gen, 319, 320, 321, 325, 336, 362, 388, 399, 402, 413, 414, 417, 421, 423–24, 426, 433, 447, 449, 454–56, 459, 461, 464, 466–67, 468, 469, 475, 476, 588, 675
Hirohito’s scolding of, 411–12
prisoners of war and, 448
resignation of, 473
Sumatra, 467
Sumitomo Company, 174, 175
Sumitomo Kichizaemon, 174
Summer Flowers (Natsu no hana) (Hara), 637
Sung, T. V., 372
Sung Mei-ling, 372
supreme command, right of (tsuiken no dokuritsu), 154–55
Supreme Court, U.S., 582, 609
Supreme Military Council, 299
Supreme War Leadership Council, 387, 480, 490, 493, 494, 509, 511–12, 514, 516, 521–22
Suzuki Kantar, 24, 172, 209, 217, 225, 231, 232, 243, 246, 253, 261, 270, 297, 299, 465, 493, 494, 499, 500–501, 503, 506, 509, 512, 514, 516, 522, 525–26, 528, 551, 583, 588
Suzuki Kisabur, 254
Suzuki Kyuman, 542
Suzuki Sroku, 229
Suzuki Tadakatsu, 584
Suzuki Teiichi, 422, 602
Suzuki Zenk, 680–81
Sweden, 515
Switzerland, 515
“symbol monarchy,” 571, 579, 627
Tachi Sakutar, 130, 133–34, 222, 223, 360
Tada Hayao, 354
Tainichi shinbun, 138
Taish democracy movement, 40, 41, 53, 94, 100, 112, 118, 164, 177, 227, 280, 562
Hirohito as champion of, 146
Hirohito’s domestic tours and, 135–39
Hirohito’s enthronement and demise of, 198, 203
Inoue incident and, 167
Kat cabinet and, 158
kokutai debate and, 161–62, 165
Taish emperor, see Yoshihito, emperor of Japan
Taiwan, 8, 74, 308, 457, 474, 476, 479, 488, 595, 627, 636
Hirohito’s 1923 visit to, 136, 137–39
see also China, Nationalist
Taiwan Garrison Force, 325
Taiwan jipp, 138–39
Takagi Skichi, 369, 405–7, 411, 501, 509–10, 514, 583
Takahashi Korekiyo, 123, 128, 147, 155, 157, 246, 255, 297
Takahito, see Mikasa, Prince
Takaishi Shingor, 232
Takamatsu, Prince (Nobuhito), 145, 156, 285, 513, 572, 613, 657
Takamatsu, Prince (Nobuhito)
Asahi’s interview of, 564
birth of, 21, 23–24
on fascist mood of army, 272–73
Hirohito criticized by, 382, 477, 605, 677–79
Hirohito’s talks with, 322, 407, 430–31
on Tj’s appointment, 419
war reminiscences of, 677–78
Takao, 272
Takayanagi Kenz, 601
Takeshita Noboru, 685
Tamaki Akira, 685
Tamon Jir, 258
Tanabe Hajime, 605
Tanaka Chigaku, 101, 163, 168, 169
Tanaka Giichi, 42, 46, 153, 161, 183, 184, 187, 198, 201, 206, 209, 221, 222, 590
cabinet formed by, 184–86
Chang assassination and, 215–16
court group and, 212–14
Hirohito’s reprimand and firing of, 208, 211, 217–19
Kawai on, 212–13
Tsinan affair and, 215
Tanaka Hiromi, 85
Tanaka Kakuei, 672–73
Tanaka Mitsuaki, 271
Tanaka Nobumasa, 509
Tanaka Rykichi, 250, 366, 628
Tanemura Sataka, 423
Tangku Truce Agreement, 272–73
Tani Hisao, 614
Tani Masayuki, 261
tanka poems, 193, 414
Tarawa, 470, 472
Tatekawa Yoshitsugu, 231, 232, 394
Teijin Rayon Company, 256
Teimei Kg (Sadako), Dowager Empress, 21, 22, 96–99, 102, 104, 114, 123, 130, 296, 494
Tenriky, 187
Terasaki Hidenari, 589, 590, 591, 613, 627, 679
Terauchi Juichi, 423
Terauchi Masatake, 93, 267
terrorism, 252, 273, 667
Teru no miya, Princess, 145, 270–71, 537
Thailand, 422, 434, 446
Third Fleet, Japanese, 311
Times (London), 111
Timor, 446
Timperley, Harold J., 337
Tg Heihachir, 43–45, 47–48, 77, 90, 101, 208–10, 225
Tg Shigenori, 351, 420–21, 425, 428–29, 431–32, 434, 435, 436, 457, 474, 503–4, 505, 611, 628
Sat’s exchanges with, 507–8
surrender debate and, 511, 513, 515–17
tried as war criminal, 599, 601–3, 610, 611
Tj Hideki, 1, 244, 277–78, 356, 367, 370, 374, 376, 417, 422, 425, 430, 431, 432–33, 435, 460, 462, 467, 469, 474, 475, 476, 487, 519, 549, 581, 589, 593, 676
appointed army minister, 373
cabinet of, 420
command shakeup and, 472–73
death of, 610
“dictatorship” of, 457
in Hirohito’s “Monologue,” 590–91
“Hull note” and, 428
Konoe replaced by, 418–19
named prime minister, 418–20
ouster of, 477–79
Pearl Harbor responsibility issue and 546–47
prisoner-of-war issue and, 448
suicide attempt of, 585
tried as war criminal, 584–86, 601–5, 609, 628
Tokoro Isao, 73
Tokugawa Ieyasu, 566
Tokugawa Mitsukuni, 65
Tokutomi Soh, 434
Tokyo, Japan:
Imperial Palace in, 26–27, 85, 493
Kanto earthquake and, 140
1936 army mutiny in, 297–300
Tokyo Artillery Arsenal strikes, 52
Tokyo Imperial University, 57, 59, 77, 133, 605
Tokyo Nichi Nichi shinbun, 135, 297, 336
Tokyo war crimes trial, 14, 15, 17, 334, 581–618, 624, 627, 645, 684
abdication issue in, 605–7, 618, 634
chemical warfare issue in, 616–17
China’s delegation to, 594–95
defense in, 600–602
depositions in, 596–97
disputed authority of, 609
dissenting opinions in, 610–12
executions in, 609–10, 634
Hirohito as behind the scenes during, 613–14
Hirohito’s immunity questioned in, 610, 612
Hirohito’s “Monologues” and, 589–92
“Hull note” and, 601–2, 611
impact on Japanese people, 612–15
India’s delegation to, 595–96
indictments in, 593
MacArthur’s role in, 609–10
media and, 589, 603, 615
military’s deceit exposed by, 614
offenses charged in, 607–8
political attitudes affected by, 614–15
prosecution in, 598–99
as show trial, 598
Soviet delegation to, 593
trying Hirohito as issue in, 583–85, 587–89
U.S. Supreme Court ruling on, 582, 609
verdicts and sentences in, 609–10, 634
war responsibility issue in, 584–86, 588–89, 599–600, 602, 603–4, 607, 612, 617�
��18, 627–28, 634, 651–52
witnesses called in, 598
Tomita Kenji, 419
Tong’a ilbo (Oriental daily), 191
Tranomon incident, 140–42, 158
Tyama Mitsuru, 62, 98, 104, 167
Toyoda Soemu, 500, 512, 514–15
Toyoda Teijir, 400, 408, 429
Ty jih (Oriental review), 70
Toyoshita Narahiko, 639, 640
Trautmann, Oscar, 343–45
Treasury Department, U.S., 401
Treat, John W., 666
Treaty Concerning the Laws and Regulations of Belligerency, 360
Tripartite Alliance, 375, 380–84, 402, 425, 437, 590, 602
signing of, 380, 383
Tripartite Intervention of 1895, 256
Truk Island, 453, 467, 472
Truman, Harry S., 498, 499–500, 520, 543–44, 609, 615, 617, 618, 635, 636
atomic bomb decision of, 524–25
Hirohito’s letter to, 624
MacArthur dismissed by, 643–44
unconditional surrender policy and, 508–9
on using atomic bomb, 502
Truman administration, 364, 523, 542, 543, 616, 636, 639, 640, 643
Truman Doctrine, 607, 624
Tsinan Incident, 214–15
Tsuchiya Mitsukane, 141
Tsuda Skichi, 564–65
Tsuiho kenp seigi (Additional commentaries on the constitution) (Minobe), 287–88
Tsuji Masanobu, 351
Tungchow massacre, 322
Turkey, 608
Uchida Ksai, 221, 242
Uchida Ryhei, 98, 104, 255
Uchiyama Gud, 32–33
Ueda Kenkichi, 277, 351
Uesugi Kenshin, 65
Uesugi Shinkichi, 77, 78–79, 291–92, 294, 295
Ugaki Kazushige, 45–46, 77, 90, 152, 153, 154, 155–56, 157, 158, 225, 241, 248
Ugaki Matome, 458–59
Umezu Yoshijir, 354, 481–82, 484, 485, 511, 514–15, 519, 521, 593
unconditional surrender policy, 496–98, 500
United Nations, 625
United Press, 546
United States:
in destroyers-for-bases deal, 381
economic sanctions against Japan by, 395–96, 400–401, 403, 405, 425
Hirohito as perceived by, 341–42
Hirohito’s European tour and, 106
Hirohito’s 1975
visit to, 674, 676
isolationism in, 343
Japanese codes broken by, 428
Japan’s relations with, 246, 249–50, 255–56, 265, 388, 395–403, 405, 427
London Naval Treaty and, 210
McCarthyism in, 656
Manchurian Incident and Japan’s relations with, 249–50, 255–56
named as main enemy of Japan, 151
Nanking atrocities and, 340–41
Neutrality Acts of, 326
oil embargo against Japan by, 399, 401, 403–7, 408, 439
and onset of World War II, 355
Panay incident and, 340–42
and prelude to World War II, 395–403, 405–17, 424–25, 427–28
secret Hirohito records of, 6
stock market crash of 1929 in, 219
Versailles Treaty rejected by, 134
war mood in, 408
Washington treaties signed by, 147–48, 176–77, 226
at Yalta conference, 490
United States-Japan Treaty of Commerce and Navigation, 353
Unit 731, Japanese, 364, 617
Usami Okiie, 293
Ushijima Mitsuru, 484–85
U.S. Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan, 544
U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey (USSBS), 583–84
Vasilievsky, A. M., 524
Vatican, 106, 109, 421
Versailles Peace Treaty, 263, 264, 269, 361
see also Paris Peace Conference Vichy France, 379, 400
Victor Emmanuel III, king of Italy, 109, 465
Viet Minh, 616
Vietnam, Democratic Republic of (North Vietnam), 671
Vietnam, Republic of (South Vietnam), 651
Vietnam War, 671
“Views on National Policy Centering on China” (Oikawa), 311–12
Vining, Elizabeth, 650
Wada Shinken, 527–28
waka poetry, 6, 42, 75, 442, 632
Wakatsuki Reijir, 159–61, 171, 198, 228, 230, 236–37, 244, 245, 373, 430, 487, 488, 599
fall of, 183–84
Wake, U.S.S., 436
Wake Island, 9, 436, 445, 453
Wales, Prince of (later Duke of Windsor), 108, 112
Wang Ching-wei, 347–48, 350, 404, 429, 473–74
war crimes and atrocities, 524, 528, 559
in anti-militarism campaign, 555–56
biological weapons, 351, 362–64, 367
chemical weapons, 349, 361–62, 367, 594, 616–17
Hirohito’s knowledge of, 336–38, 339
in media, 335–36, 337
in Nanking, 333–36, 340–41, 594, 608
and prisoners of war, 332–34
in Sino-Japanese War of 1937–45, 332–36, 340–41, 359–61, 616–17
see also Tokyo war crimes trial
War Memorial Day, 668
War of Greater East Asia (Dai T’A sens), see World War II, Asia-Pacific Theater of
War Termination Liaison Committee, 541–42, 584
Wartime Emergency Measures Law, 495
Washington Conference (1921–22), 133, 149, 221, 226, 255, 263, 269
Japanese defense plan after, 150–51
Konoe’s opposition to, 176–77
treaties arising from, 128, 147
Washington Naval Arms Reduction Treaty, 151, 205, 226
Watanabe Ikujir, 165
Watanabe Jtar, 297
Watanabe Osamu, 574
way of the warrior (bushid), 34, 36, 43, 51–52, 59, 185
Webb, William, 596, 600, 604, 607, 609, 610–12
Whitney, Courtney, 568, 647
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany, 66–67, 83
Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands, 109
Wiswell, Ella, 281–83
Women of Suye Mura, The (Smith and Wiswell), 282
World War I, 108, 118, 224, 226, 496, 512, 608
Asian Monroeism in, 267
emperor’s role in, 129, 345
Germany and, 349, 496, 512, 534
Japan’s idealized traditions in, 51–52, 277
Japan’s military criticized in, 52–53, 277
Japan’s social and political tensions in, 93, 128
seeds of World War II in, 267, 278
World War II, 4, 116, 342, 493, 688
cost of, in lives, 4
German invasion of Soviet Union in, 394–95
German successes in, 355–57, 367–68, 369, 453–54
Germany-first strategy in, 385
Germany’s defeat in, 487, 490, 521
Hirohito’s role in, 2–5
Italy’s surrender in, 465
and Japanese expansion of war in China, 379–80
Japan’s declaration of war against U.S. in, 436–37
Japan’s total war economy in, 314–15
Normandy landings in, 476
North Africa campaign in, 453–54, 565
onset of, 350, 355
World War II, Asia-Pacific theater of:
atomic bomb in, see atomic bomb balloon bomb weapon program in, 477
Byrnes note and, 504, 518–19, 526, 541
decisive battle doctrine in, 466, 472, 481
Doolittle raid in, 448
early Japanese victories in, 444–47
fall of Tj cabinet in, 477–79
and fear of communism, 488–90
German-Soviet war and, 398, 402–3
Germany-first policy and, 401
go-north, go-south debate in, 394–96, 397, 399–400, 402, 414
Hirohito and decision for war in, 408–14, 416–17, 421–25, 430–33, 434,
439
Hirohito and Guadalcanal campaign in, 456–62
Hirohito and New Guinea campaign in, 459–60
Hirohito and war plans for, 422–25
Hirohito on causes of Japan’s defeat in, 533–34
Hirohito’s command and leadership role in, 439–42, 444, 446–48, 470–71, 473, 476–77, 483–84, 519–20
Hirohito’s criticism of navy in, 463–65
Hirohito’s imperial conference speech justifying surrender in, 514–16
and Hirohito’s resolve to fight on, 480–81, 484, 486, 489–90, 501
Hirohito’s responsibility for atrocities in, 360–61