The Great Siege of Malta
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Knolles, Richard, 273n4
Kurtoğlu Muslihiddin Reis, 11, 12, 15–16
Kust Ali Abdul Rahman, 46, 274n16
La Cassière (grand master), 263
La Cerda, Gaston, 65, 276n24, 285n19
La Cerda, Juan de (captain): death, 220; Fort St. Elmo, 107–8, 117, 119–21, 129–30, 132, 137–38, 150, 285n12, 287n7; post of Maestro di Campo, 220; strategy, 140; wounds, 150, 287n1
La Cerda, Juan de (viceroy), 60–66, 68
La Goletta: Charles V’s control, 37, 39; Christian defenses, 170–71, 300n13; Ottoman strategy, 36, 90, 92, 96, 124, 286n6; Selim’s siege, 254; twin forts, 34, 37
La Gravière, Jurien de, 264, 299n
La Motte, Gaspard de, 73–75, 100, 110, 120
Lanci, Baldassare, 92
Lanfreducci, Francesco, 128
Lanfreducci, Frederico, 160, 161
Laparelli, Francesco, 108, 232, 252
La Rivière, Adrien de, 101–5, 107, 112, 283nn12–13, 283n21, 284nn17–18
la Roche, Antoine de, 131, 140–42, 249
Lascaris, Philip, 179–82, 263–64, 291n2
Lastic, Louis de, 215
League of Cognac, 27–28
Leonardi, Gian Giacomo, 123, 128, 286n
Lepanto, battle of, 253, 258, 261–63
Lescout, Mathurin d’Aux de. See Romegas (Mathurin d’Aux de Lescout)
Leynì, Andrea Provana di, 197
Leyva, Sancho de, 61, 86, 227, 229–30, 238
L’Isle-Adam, Philippe de Villiers de, 166; Crete, 20; as grand master, 10–11, 25, 28–29, 271n12; Malta, 21–23; Rhodes, 11–19, 25, 26, 269n11
Loaysa, Geofrè de, 182, 196
Londoño, Sancho de, 297n23
Louis, King (Hungary), 4–5
Lugny (knight), 207, 293n11, 294n14
Magro, Orlando, 213
Mahdia, 39, 50–52, 86, 275n28, 275n32
Malta: agriculture, 22, 270n5; citizens, 22, 59, 100; defenses, 53, 57, 74; invasion rumors, 71; map, 166; as Order’s home, 21–22, 25, 29, 48, 59, 271n12; Sinan Pasha’s attack, 52–54; strategic location, 22, 135–36, 252
Malta, siege of: aftermath, 249–52, 258, 299n7; alternate scenarios, 257–58; civilians, 99, 116–17, 183–84, 195, 207–8; final battle, 244–48; horses, 207, 208, 294n15; initial battle, 109–12; livestock, 107; medical care, 193–94; motivation for, 78–79, 256–57; popular accounts, 212–13, 265, 294n14; siege of Rhodes comparisons, 249; threatening Europe, 79, 87; water resources, 107–8, 112, 196, 198, 284nn5–6, 299n19; weapons, 110–11, 125–26, 144–45. See also Knights of St. John, siege of Malta; Ottoman Empire, siege of Malta; specific battles
Mantovano, Battista, 258
maps, 166
Marsa, Malta, 107–8, 112, 205–7, 234, 293n11, 299n19
Marsamxett, Malta, 235, 237
Marsaxlokk bay, Malta, 101, 103–4, 107, 113, 150
Marseilles, 42–43
Marsile (knight), 47–48
Martinengo, Gabriele Tadini de, 9–10, 15, 19, 269n3, 269n11
Mary, Queen (England), 282n37
Mas, Colonel (Pierre de Massuez-Vercoirin): Fort St. Elmo, 114, 117, 121–22, 127, 134, 140–42, 149, 155, 156, 160; initial Malta battle, 110; Ottoman arrival in Malta, 100
Maximilian II, Holy Roman emperor, 212, 253
Mdina, Malta: Christian defenses, 93–94, 100, 104, 116–17, 241–42, 291n7, 291n27; Christian reinforcements, 172–73, 180–81, 236–38; Christian supplies and messages, 136, 153, 204; civilians, 116, 177, 285n4, 291n27; Ottoman forces, 113, 164, 177, 207, 226; Sinan Pasha’s attack, 54
Méaulle, Fortuné Louis, 166
Medici, Cosimo I de’, 58, 88, 92, 171
Medina, Francisco Ruys de, 140–42
Medrano (soldier), 288n1
Medrano, Captain, 100, 110, 121–22, 127, 131–32, 135–36, 150, 285n19, 288n11
Mehmed ben Mehmed, 102
Mehmed ben Mustafa, 103, 160
Mehmed II, Sultan, 4, 279n32
Mendosa, Pietro de, 219
Mesquita, Dom, 93, 116, 146, 173, 208, 229, 295n19
Mesquita, Vendo de, 102–3
Mihrimah (Suleiman’s daughter), 52, 72, 75–76, 78
Minorca, 39–40
Miraglia, Pietro, 155
Miranda, Juan de: death, 159, 213, 288n13; Fort St. Elmo, 131–33, 135, 143, 147, 150, 153, 156, 159, 161, 288n13; name, 286n1
Modo, Marietta de, 195
Modon, Greece, 30–32, 100, 182, 193, 251, 272n3
Mohammad Pasha, 80
Mohammed Bey, 115
Moncada, Hugo de, 62
Monserrat, Melchior de, 147, 149, 153, 155–56
Monsuar, Nostre de, 216
Montluc, Blaise de, 74, 281n3
Morgut, Jean Antoine de, 107
Moriscos, 257, 258, 301n1
Muhammad Ibn-Mūsā ad-Damīrī, 278n10
Mulazzo, Vespasiano Malaspina dei Marchesi di, 235
Muley Hassan, 36, 39, 272n13
Muñatones, Andres de, 198
Murad, Hajji, 211
Mustafa Pasha, Lala Kara, 279n38, 301n8
Mustapha (Suleiman’s son), 72–73
Mustapha Pasha: abuse of Christian corpses, 160, 164–65, 290n26; Birgu, 106; chain of command, 80, 89–90, 109, 124, 233, 280n56, 284n19, 291n2; command conflicts, 89–90, 103, 125, 162–63, 238–39, 260–61, 282n17, 301n7; correspondence with Suleiman, 112, 114, 149, 158–59, 161, 175, 213–14, 223, 233; failures at Malta, 234, 239–40; faith, 231; final Malta battle, 241, 244–46, 248, 250, 299n4, 299n27; Fort St. Elmo, 117–19, 126–27, 129–30, 144–51, 156, 158–61; Fort St. Michael, 175–76, 186, 188, 197, 201–3, 205–6, 210, 217–18; Grand Harbor, 182–83; identity, 301n8; Marsa, 206–7; military intelligence, 146, 200; Naxxar, 242–44; peace terms, 175–78; poetry, 160–61; post-siege, 233, 260–61; prisoners, 104–5, 112, 146, 181; state of war, 214, 216–17, 226; strategy, 113–14, 117–18, 124–25, 163, 180, 225, 239–40; supplies, 182, 193, 217, 291n12; in vanguard of attack, 214, 218, 220, 296n5; weapons, 224
Mustapha Reis, 83–84
Napoleon, 255
Napolitano, Girolamo Pepe, 126
Navarro, Pedro de, 62
Naxxar, Malta, 242–44
Nice, 43, 273n4
Nicolay, Nicholas de, 55, 72
Oliventia, Martinez de, 226–28
Oran, 64, 169, 262
Order of the Knights of St. John. See Knights of St. John, siege of Malta
Ottoman Empire: alliance against, 40; decline, 255; Djerba, 63–68; extent of empire, 3–4; foreign relations, 10, 12, 20, 79, 254; invasion of Italy, 42–43; Mediterranean theater, 5–6, 79, 258; Rhodes, 4, 11–19, 26, 269n6
Ottoman Empire, siege of Malta: aftermath, 251–53; battle formations, 110; casualties, 112, 129, 145, 149, 192, 247, 250, 299n4, 299n27; chain of command, 112–13, 124, 284n19; command conflicts, 103, 145, 195, 238–39; costs, 161; defectors, 179–81; illnesses, 193; military intelligence, 104–5, 146; morale, 225, 233; motivation, 78–79; navy, 88–89, 100–101, 169, 281n14, 283n8; omens, 89, 90, 91, 282n27; preparations, 80–83; prisoners, 102–5, 146; reinforcements, 185–86; strategy, 94–95, 113–14, 180; supplies, 103, 108–9, 227, 289n24, 297n4; tent village, 108–9; troops, 88–89, 91, 103–4, 123–24, 298n3; water resources, 107–8, 198, 284nn5–6; weapons, 110–11, 118, 125–26, 224–25, 293n13
Pantoja de la Cruz, Juan, 166
Parisot, Henri, 194–95
Peçevi (historian), 260–61, 266, 284n19, 289n12
Pegullo, Ambrogio, 154
Peloponnese, 31–33
Peñon de Velez de la Gomera, 78, 86, 170
Persia, 58, 73
Petit, Edouard, 272n4
Petremol, Antoine, 78, 82, 89–90, 99, 234, 251, 280n41, 282n24, 301n7
Phayre, 158, 193, 264
Philip II, King (Spain), 166; as armchair general, 60; ascension to throne, 59; correspondence with Sande, 237, 244, 299n19; correspondence with Toledo, 92, 116, 121, 170–71, 173, 211, 251, 282n33; corresponde
nce with Valette, 117, 217, 250; Djerba, 60–61, 66; La Goletta, 92, 170–71, 254, 300n13; Malta preparations, 87–88, 92, 100, 238, 281n7; Moorish decree, 301n1; navy, 70–71, 170, 230, 262; Ottoman relations, 79, 254; post-siege, 251
Piali Pasha: abuse of Christian corpses, 164, 165; background, 58, 64, 276n17; Birgu, 218; chain of command, 89–90, 124, 282n17, 284n19; Chios, 252; command conflicts, 103, 125, 195, 238–39, 260–61, 301n7; command of navy, 59, 60, 80, 81, 115, 233, 239–40, 280n56, 283n7; Djerba, 63–68, 276n29; failures at Malta, 124, 234; final Malta battle, 246–48; Fort St. Elmo, 119, 148, 157, 158; Fort St. Michael, 188; Malta strategy, 113–14, 163; in poetry, 161; Post of Castile, 202, 206; post-siege, 233, 260–61; revenge for Marsa raid, 207–8
Piccolo Soccorso, 171–73, 180–82, 250, 290n16
Pius IV, Pope, 87–88, 197, 212, 250, 294nn11–12
Pius V, Pope, 259–60
plague, 21, 70, 71
Pliny, 278n10
Ponte, Piero del, 36
Porter, Whitworth, 165, 290n29
Puglia, 71, 278n5
Quincy (knight), 172
Rabelais, François, 43
Rangone, Pallavicino, 78, 259, 264, 279n26, 296n10, 298n3, 298n8
Rhodes, 2–3, 4, 12, 13, 26
Rhodes, siege of, 9–20, 249, 271n19
Ribera, Matias de, 224
Robert of Eboli, 143–44, 148, 209, 287n8
Roberts, Nicholas, 17
Robles, Melchior de, 171–73, 181, 188, 195, 198–99, 202, 210, 289n17, 291n2
Rome, sack of, 28
Romegas (Mathurin d’Aux de Lescout): as corsair, 73–78; Djerba, 62; Lepanto, 253; Mont-de-Marsan, 281n3; post-siege, 263; siege of Malta, 93, 110, 157, 199, 202, 241
Rosso, Camillo, 108
Rüstem Pasha, 52, 58, 70, 72
Salazar, Captain, 216, 295n25
Salazar, Pedro de, 192
Salih ben Mahmud, 184
Salvago (knight), 131–32
Sanchez Coello, Alonso, 166
Sande, Álvaro de: Algiers, 41; command structure, 230, 231, 242, 243, 296n18, 296n20, 297nn22–23, 297nn25–26, 298n2; Djerba, 61, 62, 65–68, 227; final Malta battle, 245, 246, 247, 299n4; Malta strategy, 238, 241; Mdina, 242, 298n5; Naxxar, 243–44; post-siege, 262; as prisoner, 69, 277n40; reports to Philip II, 237, 244, 299n19; Siena, 86
Sangiorgio, Federico, 191
Sanoguera, Jaime de, 179, 187, 190
Sanoguera, Juan de, 196
Santa Anna (carrack), 39, 273n21
Sciberras, Malta, 94–95, 114, 125, 145, 151, 158, 179, 180, 237, 254
Scythia, 262, 302n12
Selaniki (historian), 80, 84, 85, 90, 160, 259, 266
Selim (Suleiman’s son), 73, 253–54, 261
Selim I, Sultan, 1–2, 4, 34–35, 49, 71
Semiz Ali Pasha, 90
Sengle, Claude de la, 59
Senglea, Malta: Christian defenses, 93–96, 100, 104, 106, 136, 178, 183–84, 186–88, 250; name, 59; Ottoman assault, 178, 180, 190–92, 207, 218, 220, 235, 244, 250, 252. See also Fort St. Michael
Sésé (knight), 111
Sesse, Galatian de, 54
siege of Malta. See Knights of St. John, siege of Malta; Malta, siege of; Ottoman Empire, siege of Malta
Siena, 58, 59, 86, 212
Simeoni, Paolo, 38–39
Sinan Pasha, 52–56, 58, 166
Skanderbeg, 3–4
slaves, 74, 174, 182, 274n16
Sokollu Mehmed Pasha, 253, 261
Spain: foreign relations, 5–6, 23–25, 28, 42, 59, 254; Moriscos, 257, 258, 301n1; reconquista, 33
Spiteri, Stephen C., 166, 266
Starkey, Oliver, 93, 153, 260, 263, 282nn36–37, 288n5, 302n16
St. Aubin, Pierre Antoine de Roquelaure de, 114–15
St. Paul’s Bay, Malta, 246–47, 299n19
Strozzi, Leone, 57
Suleiman I, Sultan, 166; allies, 83–84; alternate Malta scenarios, 257–58; Belgrade, 4–5, 269n7; character, 4, 16, 78, 161; correspondence with Mustapha, 112, 114, 149, 158–59, 161, 163, 175, 213–14, 223, 233; death, 253, 257; Djerba, 63, 68; and Francis I, 27, 79; Hungary campaigns, 31, 32, 42, 253, 257; Italy campaign, 42–43; local problems, 71; Mahdia, 51, 52; Malta aftermath, 251–53, 256; Malta commanders, 80–81, 89–90, 112–13, 124, 185, 280n56, 282n17, 284n19; Malta motivation, 78–79; Malta preparations, 80–83, 91; Malta strategy, 176, 177, 234, 239–40, 286n6; Mediterranean theater, 5–6, 32–33, 79; navy, 6, 33, 35–36, 51; Persian war, 58; plots against, 25–26, 71, 278n8; in poetry, 161; Rhodes, 10, 11–19, 269n6; and Sande, 69; successor, 71–73, 253; and Turgut, 50, 52, 58–59, 163; and Venice, 4, 5, 20, 58–59, 269n6
Sultana (galleon), 76–78, 232–33
Taddei, Giannetto, 211–12
Tagiura, 47–48
Taylor, T., 166
Temple, Grenville T., 166
tercio (military formation), 37–38
Tessières, Carlo Urre de, 60, 61, 62, 63
Tigné, Point, Malta, 145, 150–51
Toledo, Don Garcia de, 166; Algiers, 41; career, 68, 85–86, 106; correspondence with Philip II, 92, 116, 173, 211, 251, 282n33; correspondence with Valette, 108, 117, 120–21, 132, 178, 204, 213, 243–44, 285n19, 295n19; criticism of, 215, 264, 295n25, 296n10, 298n8; Djerba, 66; Fort St. Elmo, 127, 130; Gran Soccorso, 226–30; health, 86, 281n6; Mahdia, 50–51, 274n28, 275n28; Malta command structure, 230, 242, 281nn7–8, 296n18, 296n20, 297n23, 297n26; Malta defenses, 84, 93–96; Malta preparations, 86–88, 100, 281nn7–8, 281n12, 295n24; Malta reinforcements, 99, 132, 136, 150, 169–72, 195–97, 211–12, 215–17, 290n4; Malta strategy, 95–96, 171–73; Malta troops, 91–93; Malta water resources, 284n6; Peñon de Velez, 78, 170; Piccolo Soccorso, 171–72, 182, 290n16; post-siege, 250–51, 262, 264; Siena, 58; Tunis, 37
Toledo, Faderigo de, 93, 112, 117, 153–54, 190
Toledo, Fernando Alvarez de, 211
Toledo, Pedro de, 36, 141
Toulon, 43–44
Tripoli, 21–23, 29, 36, 45, 47–49, 53–56, 60–61, 74, 166, 195
Tunis, 33–34, 36–40, 51, 83, 86, 254, 261
Turgut Reis: chain of command, 80, 89–90, 112–13, 124, 280n56, 284nn19–20; as corsair, 44, 49, 71, 74, 278n5; death, 124, 162, 163, 166, 173–74, 289n21; Djerba, 51–52, 62, 65–66; Fort St. Elmo, 126–27, 129, 134, 149, 151, 162; Mahdia, 50–53, 274n28; Malta (1551), 53–54; Malta strategy, 124–27, 154, 163, 286n6, 290n1; Malta troops, 83–84, 96, 123, 145, 150–51; in poetry, 161; and Suleiman, 50, 52, 58–59; Tripoli, 60; wound, 151, 288n16, 288n1 (chap. 15)
Uludj Ali: background, 174–75; Lepanto, 253, 261, 292n1; merchantmen, 61, 63; Ottoman navy, 253–54; post-siege, 261; siege of Malta, 96, 190, 225, 229, 233, 235, 245–46, 290n3, 292n16; Tripoli, 162, 173–74, 195
Vagnone, Giovanni, 134–35
Valette, Jean Parisot de, 166; Birgu, 154, 182, 197, 218, 226, 296n6; career, 45–47; command structure, 121, 130, 231, 242, 281n7, 298n2; correspondence with Philip II, 79, 117, 217, 250; correspondence with Toledo, 108, 117, 120–21, 132, 178, 204, 213, 243–44, 285n19, 295n19; criticism of, 259, 298n8; criticism of Toledo, 264; Djerba, 62–63, 65, 68; and Dorias, 250, 299n6; family, 194–95, 282n36; final Malta battle, 245; Fort St. Angelo, 145, 153, 225–26, 288n5; Fort St. Elmo, 117–20, 129–30, 132–36, 138–47, 149–50, 154, 157, 163–64, 169, 285n18, 289n25; Fort St. Michael, 200, 226, 296n6; galleys, 75, 76; as grand master, 46, 59, 73, 251; initial Malta battle, 109–12; Malta civilians, 100, 195, 225–26; Malta defenses, 84, 94, 104, 114, 183; Malta reinforcements, 99, 117, 132, 150, 197, 211, 212, 235; Malta water resources, 108, 299n19; Mdina, 116, 117, 241–42, 285n4, 291n27; military intelligence, 83, 180–81, 199; Naxxar, 243–44; Ottoman peace terms, 176–77; Post of Castile, 200, 202, 218–19, 225; post-siege, 250, 251, 252, 259–60, 263, 300n11; prisoners, 164–65, 182, 274n16; siege preparations, 71, 80, 91–93, 100–101, 282n29; soldiers’ burials, 210, 288n11; strategy, 95–96, 106–7, 235, 237, 238, 242; Tripoli, 45, 47–49, 57, 60–61, 74; troop morale, 196, 198; Tunis,
37
Valletta, Malta, 254, 262
Vallier, Gaspard de, 54–55, 226
Varese, Antonio, 111
Venice: and Charles V, 24, 27; decline, 255; Djerba prisoners, 277n2; and Martinengo, 9–10, 269n3; Mediterranean holdings, 3, 10, 21, 90, 253; Ottoman relations, 4, 5, 10, 12, 20, 40, 58–59, 269n6; siege of Malta, 214, 223
Vercoirin, Pierre de Massuez. See Mas, Colonel (Pierre de Massuez-Vercoirin)
Vercoirin, Louis, 127, 129
Vertot, René-Aubert de, 121, 164–65
Vigneron, Pierre, 157
Villegaignon, Nicolas Durand de, 41
Villiers, Jean de, 11, 55–56
Viperano, Giovanni Antonio: Christian forces, 216, 283n6, 295n23, 297n25, 298n2, 298n5; Malta civilians, 99–100; Ottoman forces, 78, 83, 280n54, 284n5, 290n3, 292n15, 301n; work by, 265
Vitalleschi, Vitellino, 139–40
Vitelli, Giovan Luigi “Chiappino,” 58–59, 86, 211, 230, 236–37, 242–43, 245, 247, 281n6, 296n22
Vlad III, voivode (Transylvania), 3–4
Zekeriyyāzādé (historian), 63, 64, 277n33
Zembrana, Alonso de, 157