Free Thinker

by Kimberly A. Hamlin

  56.HHG, notecard 35, “Photo lot 98 cards with descriptions,” NAA, SI.

  57.HHG to Spitzka, November 24, 1904; HHG to Spitzka, February 9, 1905, SLRI.

  58.HHG, Egypt notes, “Photo lot 98 cards with descriptions,” lot 98, NAA, SI.

  59.HHG to Spitzka, April 15, 1905, SLRI.

  60.HHG to Spitzka, May 20, 1905, 218, SLRI.

  61.Rosalind Rosenberg, Beyond Separate Spheres: Intellectual Roots of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1982); Rosalind Rosenberg, Changing the Subject: How the Women of Columbia Shaped the Way We Think about Sex and Politics (New York: Columbia University Press, 2004); Carl N. Degler, In Search of Human Nature: The Decline and Revival of Darwinism in American Social Thought (New York: Oxford University Press, 1991).

  62.HHG to Spitzka, April 15, 1905, SLRI.

  63.HHG to Spitzka, May 20, 1905, SLRI.

  64.Edith Wharton, A Motor Flight Through France (New York: Scribner’s, 1908), reprinted and with an introduction by Mary Suzanne Schriber, Northern Illinois University Press, 1991, 1.

  65.HHG to Spitzka, July 8, 1905, SLRI.

  66.Notes taken by Edna Stantial when Maud Wood Park was interviewed by Sue Ainsley Clark of the Boston Post. Stantial Collection, 5.15, SLRI.

  67.HHG diary entry, Sunday, January 20, 1907, Helen Hamilton Gardener Papers, SLRI.

  68.HHG diary entry, Monday, January 21, 1907, SLRI.

  69.HHG diary entry, Sunday, February 24, 1907, SLRI.

  70.HHG diary entry, Wednesday, February 27, 1907, SLRI.

  71.HHG diary entry, Monday, April 1, 1907, SLRI.

  72.HHG diary entry, March 28, 1907, SLRI.

  73.HHG diary entry, June 19, 1907, SLRI.

  74.HHG to Spitzka, May 23, 1907, SLRI.

  75.Undated reminiscence, Maud Wood Park, HHG folder, box 5, folder 15, Edna Lamprey Stantial Collection, SLRI.

  76.Weight recorded in diary as 121.5 pounds, October 5, 1907, SLRI; from Japan, she wrote Spitzka that she weighed 106 pounds, HHG to Spitzka, December 1, 1903, SLRI.

  77.“A Truly Noble Woman,” Morning Telegram (Eau Claire, WI), November 2, 1895, 3, widely reprinted.

  12. Mrs. Day Comes to Washington

  1.HHG to Mrs. Edith Wilson, November 26, 1921, SLRI.

  2.Maud Wood Park, undated reminiscence, HHG folder, box 5, folder 15, Edna Lamprey Stantial Collection, SLRI.

  3.Promotional brochures for “Ourselves and Other Peoples,” copy residing in Day’s pension file, NARA, and in HHG papers, SLRI (there were a couple of different versions of the brochure).

  4.HHG to Spitzka, January 29 and February 6, 1909, SLRI.

  5.HHG to Spitzka, March 9, 1908, SLRI.

  6.HHG last will and testament, May 26, 1925, as filed in the District of Columbia on August 3, 1925; other descriptions based on author visits to 1838 Lamont Street.

  7.Margaret B. Downing, “Mrs. Selden Day, Wife of Col. Day, Tells of Japanese Home Life,” Evening Star, July 23, 1911, 45.

  8.Carrie Chapman Catt, Organization Committee Report, NAWSA Convention of 1898, HOWS, vol. 4, 289.

  9.Trisha Franzen, Anna Howard Shaw: The Work of Woman Suffrage (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 2014).

  10.Carrie Chapman Catt and Nettie Rogers Shuler, Woman Suffrage and Politics: The Inner Story of the Suffrage Movement (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1923), 235.

  11.Aileen Kraditor’s count, quoted in Louise Michele Newman, “Reflections on Aileen Kraditor’s Legacy: Fifty Years of Woman Suffrage Historiography, 1965–2014,” Journal of the Gilded Age and Progressive Era 14 (July 2015): 293. See also Corinne McConnaughy, The Woman Suffrage Movement: A Reassessment (London: Cambridge University Press, 2013).

  12.Ida Husted Harper, ed., HOWS, vol. 5 (NAWSA, 1922), 253.

  13.HOWS, vol. 5, 275–276.

  14.“Array of Orators to Talk Suffrage,” Washington Herald, March 24, 1912, 2; “Noted Speakers to Urge Suffrage at Columbia Tonight,” Washington Times, March 31, 1912, 7.

  15.HHG to Martha Wentworth Suffren, January 29, 1913, reel 1; Donald L. Haggerty, National Woman’s Party Papers: The Suffrage Years, 1913–1920 (Sanford, NC: Microfilming Corporation of America, 1981).

  16.Mary Ware Dennett, NAWSA Corresponding Secretary, Report, NAWSA Convention 1912, HOWS, vol. 5, 336; HHG to AP, November 1, 1913, NWP.

  17.Washington Times, July 27, 1913.

  18.“Society,” Washington Herald, August 18, 1912.

  19.HHG to Paul Kester, August 7, 1912, Paul Kester collection, NYPL.

  20.“In the World of Society,” Evening Star, September 4, 1912, 7; “Society,” Washington Herald, October 11, 1912, 5; “Reception Tonight,” Washington Times, November 15, 1912, 9; “Society,” Evening Star, March 10, 1912; “Society,” Washington Times, January 16, 1912, 10; “Society,” Washington Herald, January 16, 1912, 5; and “Society,” Sunday Star, January 21, 1912, 1.

  21.Davis, Jefferson Davis; Day’s Appointment, Commission, and Personal Branch (ACP) records at NARA; Hooker also visited them in New Jersey in 1907, HHG diary.

  22.“One-Armed Gen. Hooker, in Capital, Not Forgotten,” Washington Herald, June 11, 1911, 3; “In the World of Society,” Evening Star (Washington, DC), June 10, 1911, 7.

  23.David Blight, Race and Reunion: The Civil War in American Memory (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Nina Silber, The Romance of Reunion: Northerners and the South, 1865–1900 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1993).

  24.Rosalyn Terborg-Penn, African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1998), 6; Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, New Women of the New South: The Leaders of the Woman Suffrage Movement in the Southern States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993); Marjorie Julian Spruill, “Race, Reform, and Reaction at the Turn of the Century: Southern Suffragists, the NAWSA, and the ‘Southern Strategy’ in Context,” in Votes for Women: The Struggle for Suffrage Revisited, ed. Jean H. Baker (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). See also Louise Michele Newman, White Women’s Rights: The Racial Origins of Feminism in the United States (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999).

  25.Terborg-Penn, African American Women in the Struggle for the Vote; Ann Gordon, editor with Arlene Voski Avakian, Joyce Avrech Berkman, John H. Bracey, and Bettye Collier-Thomas, African American Women and the Vote, 1837–1965 (Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press, 1997).

  26.Conversations with Alice Paul: Woman Suffrage and the Equal Rights Amendment. Interview conducted by Amelia R. Fry. Suffragists Oral History Project (The Regents of the University of California 1976, 2011), 68. For a history of suffrage protest tactics, see Linda J. Lumsden, Rampant Women: Suffragists and the Right of Assembly (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1997).

  27.“Chignila” [HHG] to My Dear One [Day], February 16, 1913. NWP reel 1. HHG presents herself as aligned with Paul against NAWSA leadership, who are leery of their big plans.

  28.Alice Paul, oral history, 78; J. D. Zahniser and Amelia R. Fry, Alice Paul: Claiming Power (New York: Oxford University Press, 2014), 130–132; “May Join in Parade,” Evening Star, December 5, 1912, 4.

  29.HHG to Ira Bennett, editor, Washington Post, January 22, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  30.AP to Mrs. Lawrence Lewis, January 31, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  31.Alice Paul, oral history, 78–79.

  32.HHG to Amanda Lauderbach, February 20, 1913, NWP reel 1; HHG to Mary Ware Dennett, February 4, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  33.“Mrs. Helen Gardener Is Publicity Agent for the Suffrage Parade on March 3,” Tribune (Coshocton, OH), February 11, 1913, 4; Evening Standard (Ogden, UT), February 18, 1913, 10; “Four Leaders of the Equal Suffrage Movement Who Will Help Make Parade a Success,” Arizona Daily, February 23, 1913, 2; clippings from NAWSA reel 59.

  34.HHG letter to Rudolph, January 5, 1913, inserted along with her Senate Subcommittee testimony, “Suffrage Parade Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia United States Senate, Sixty-Third Congress, Specia
l Session of Senate, S. Res. 499,” Part 1, March 6–17, 1913 (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office), 441–442.

  35.HHG to Hon. Horace Towner, January 29, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  36.“Men’s League,” November 6, 1913, NWP reel 5.

  37.AP to Mrs. Lawrence Lewis, January 31, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  38.For more on Hazel MacKaye and other lesser-known suffrage activists, see Susan Ware, Why They Marched: Untold Stories of the Women Who Fought for the Right to Vote (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2019).

  39.HHG to Mrs. Tinnin, February 16, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  40.As described in Official Program, Woman Suffrage Procession, Washington, DC, March 3, 1913, NAWSA reel 49, and in HHG Senate Subcommittee Testimony, 438–453.

  41.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 137–138.

  42.HHG, “The Negro in the North,” Atlanta Constitution, June 16, 1896, 4.

  43.HHG to Miss Blackwell [Alice Stone], January 14, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  44.Alice Stone Blackwell to AP, January 23, 1913, NWP reel 1; AP to Alice Stone Blackwell, January 26, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  45.Mrs. M. D. Butler to Lucy Burns, February 10, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  46.Nellie Quander to AP, February 15 and February 17, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  47.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 139.

  48.MWD to AP, January 14, 1913, NWP reel 1; AP to MWD, January 15, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  49.MWD to AP, February 28, 1913, NWP reel 1.

  50.Mia Bay, To Tell the Truth Freely: The Life of Ida B. Wells (New York: Hill and Wang, 2009), 290.

  51.“Suffrage Paraders,” The Crisis 5, no. 6 (April 1913): 298.

  52.“Politics,” The Crisis, 5, no. 6 (April 1913): 267; AP to Mary Beard, April 18, 1913, NWP reel 3.

  53.Maud Wood Park, Front Door Lobby, ed. Edna Lamprey Stantial (Boston: Beacon Press, 1960), 28.

  54.“Women Suffrage Procession, March 3,” NWP reel 1.

  55.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 146–147, and Senate Subcommittee testimonies.

  56.Clyde H. Tavender, “Treatment of Women Marchers a Disgrace to the Nation,” unidentified clipping, March 1913, NWP reel 2.

  57.“Suffrage Parade Hearings Before a Subcommittee of the Committee on the District of Columbia United States Senate,” 436.

  58.HHG testimony, “Suffrage Parade Hearings,” 438. AP recalled Sylvester describing the crowd as “riff raff” on p. 132.

  59.According to clippings in the “parades and parading/women’s suffrage” file, Washingtonia Collection, Washington, DC, Public Library.

  60.Clyde H. Tavender, “Treatment of Women Marchers a Disgrace to the Nation.”

  61.AHS to AP, March 5, 1913, NWP reel 2.

  13. Old Fogies

  1.“Suffragists at Capital Keep Busy During Hot Months,” Ogden Standard, August 13, 1913, 1, widely reprinted.

  2.AP to MWD, April 14, 1913, NWP reel 3; MWD to AP, April 19, 1913, NWP reel 3; AP form letter “Dear Suffragist,” April 15, 1913, NWP reel 3; Harriet Taylor Upton to AP [“I know you do not want it to solicit funds”], April 18, 1913, NWP reel 3; AP to Alice Stone Blackwell, May 7, 1913, NAWSA reel 32, NWP reel 3; Agnes Ryan to AP, May 12, 1913, NWP reel 3.

  3.For example, AP memo to NAWSA board, April 16, 1913, NWP reel 3; Anna Howard Shaw to AP, April 16, 1913, NWP reel 3.

  4.HHG to MWD, January 3, 1914, NAWSA reel 33.

  5.Unsigned (Lucy Burns) to AP, March 28, 1913, NWP reel 2.

  6.HHG testimony, Woman Suffrage Hearings before the Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage, April 19, 1913, Sixty-Third Congress (Washington: Government Printing Office, 1913), 83–88.

  7.“Women Plead for Ballot in Senate,” Washington Times, April 26, 1913, 7.

  8.AP to MWD, May 15, 1913, NWP reel 3; HOWS, vol. 5, 380.

  9.AP to Mary Beard, May 22, 1913, NWP reel 3.

  10.HHG to Harriet Laidlaw, June 23, 1913, Harriet Laidlaw Collection, SLRI.

  11.“Promised Hearing,” Abilene Daily Chronicle, July 11, 1913, 1, widely reprinted; “Suffragists Eager for Regular Session,” Washington Times, July 11, 1913, 3.

  12.HHG to AP, March 26, 1913, NWP reel 2.

  13.For example, MWD to AP, October 30, 1913, NWP reel 5.

  14.HHG to Mrs. Lockwood, August 20, 1913, NWP reel 3; Society, Washington Times, July 27, 1913; Society, Washington Times, August 20, 1913; HHG to AP, Sept 25, 1913, NWP reel 4.

  15.HHG to Mrs. McCulloch and Mrs. Stewart, July 1, 1913, Mary Earhart Dillon Papers, Ella Stewart Collection, SLRI.

  16.Anna Howard Shaw to AP, no date [Nov. 1913], NWP reel 5.

  17.HHG to Harriet Laidlaw, June 23, 1913, Harriet Laidlaw Papers, SLRI.

  18.S. A. Day to AP, November 16, 1913, NWP reel 5.

  19.“Equal Suffrage Department,” Tuscaloosa News, December 21, 1913, 10; “Suffragists Meet and Form Southern Body,” Pensacola News, November 13, 1.

  20.HHG to Rep. Edward Pou, November 3, 1917, copy in Woodrow Wilson Papers, LOC.

  21.HHG, “Woman Suffrage—Which Way,” New York, NAWSA Publishing Company. History of Women Collection, no. 9084, microfilm (Woodbridge, CT: Research Publications, 1977), SLRI.

  22.AHS to Lucy Burns, November 19, 1913, NWP reel 5.

  23.HHG testimony before the House Rules Committee, December 3, 1913, excerpted in HOWS, vol. 5, 384–385.

  24.In a strange twist, the report of the committee hearings was stolen; HHG thought that the thief mistook the bundle for a Christmas package. “Suffrage Records Gone,” Washington Star, 1914 clipping, HHG papers, SLRI; HHG to Blackwell, January 12, 1914, HHG Papers, Woman’s Rights Collection, SLRI.

  25.Nancy C. Unger, Belle La Folllette: Progressive Era Reformer (New York: Routledge, 2015).

  26.HHG to Miss [Alice Stone] Blackwell, December 15, 1913, NAWSA reel 8.

  27.HOWS, vol. 5, 374–376. Press release, signed by M[ary] W[are] D[ennett], “President Wilson and Woman Suffrage,” December 1913, NWP reel 6.

  28.HOWS, vol. 5, 397.

  29.Antoinette Funk to Mrs. [Mary Ware] Dennett, January 13, 1914, NAWSA reel 33; Antoinette Funk to AHS, January 21, 1914, NAWSA reel 33.

  30.Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 133.

  31.Terms described in Lucy Burns to AHS, December 17, 1913, NWP reel 6; Lucy Burns to Mary Beard, January 2, 1914, NWP reel 6.

  32.Mary Beard to AP, December 2, 1913, NWP reel 6.

  33.Doris Stevens to Lucy Burns, December 30, 1913, NWP reel 6.

  34.AHS to NAWSA board members, January 2, 1914, Harriet Laidlaw Papers, SLRI.

  35.Mrs. [Ruth Hanna] McCormick to AHS, February 3, 1914, NAWSA reel 33; Kristie Miller, Ruth Hanna McCormick: A Life in Politics, 1880–1944 (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1992).

  36.HHG to MWD, January 3, 1914, NAWSA reel 33.

  37.Lucy Burns to Mary Beard, January 2, 1914, NWP.

  38.MWD to HHG, January 9, 1914, NAWSA collection, box 48, LOC.

  39.AP to MWD, December 31, 1913, NWP; MWD to AP, February 19, 1914, NWP; Zahniser and Fry, Alice Paul, 177–191.

  40.Society Page, Washington Post, January 22, 1914, 7; “Stops Suffrage Plan,” Washington Post, January 22, 1914, 5.

  41.HHG remarks before the Judiciary Committee, March 3, 1914, reprinted in HOWS, vol. 5, 435–436.

  42.“Women Answer, ‘Why I’m a Suffragist,’ ” Washington Herald, March 1, 1914, 10.

  43.HOWS, vol. 5, 411; Society, Washington Times, February 2, 1914, 4; Sec. to Sen. William Borah to HHG, April 2, 1914, William Borah Collection, LOC.

  44.For example, Mary Ware Dennett’s protest letters and resignation, MWD to the NAWSA board, April 4, 1914; MWD to NAWSA board, April 18, 1914; Harriet Laidlaw to MWD, April 1914; MWD to AHS, September 1, 1914; MWD to NAWSA Board, October 15, 1914, all MWD folder 214, scrapbook 1, Mary Ware Dennett Collection, SLRI.

  45.HOWS, vol. 5, 411.

  46.“Society,” Washington Herald, December 27, 1914, 8; Selden Day to Paul Kester, April 15, 1915, Paul Kester collection, NYPL.

  47.“Women Prepare for Convention,” India
napolis Star, October 24, 1915, 44, widely reprinted; “Suffragists Occupy Joint Headquarters,” Washington Herald, November 16, 1915, 11; Forty-Seventh Annual Convention, NAWSA Official Program 1915, NAWSA reel 59.

  48.HOWS, vol. 5, 452–453

  49.Jacqueline Van Voris, Carrie Chapman Catt: A Public Life (New York: The Feminist Press, CUNY, 1987), 130.

  50.CCC to MWP, January 18, 1916, NAWSA reel 15.

  51.CCC to MWP, January 27, 1916, NAWSA reel 32.

  14. NAWSA’s “Diplomatic Corps”

  1.Kathi Kern, Mrs. Stanton’s Bible, 184; HOWS, vol. 4, 263–264.

  2.HHG report to NAWSA, inserted in larger file, “Congressional Union: Anti-Democratic Party Policy of Congressional Union,” NAWSA reel 33, LOC; see also “Attacks Congressional Union for Threatening Democrats,” Washington Herald, November 28, 1915, 3. Nancy Cott analyzes this strategy in The Grounding of Modern Feminism (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1987).

  3.Society, Washington Times, June 15, 1916, 11; “Society,” Washington Herald, June 19, 1916, 5.

  4.HHG to Joseph P. Tumlty, July 5, 1916, Woodrow Wilson Papers, Case File 89, Manuscript Division, LOC.

  5.A. Scott Berg, Wilson (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 2013), 356; Kristie Miller, Ellen and Edith: Woodrow Wilson’s First Ladies (Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 2010).

  6.“States Rights Suffrage Plank Called Victory,” Chicago Tribune, June 6, 1916, NAWSA reel 59; CCC to WW, June 16, 1916, WW Papers, LOC; WW to CCC, June 19, 1916, NAWSA; “Says Wilson Will Be for Amendment,” clipping including Catt’s statement after her 8/1/16 meeting, Woodrow Wilson Papers, reel 209, LOC.

  7.Memo to the President, July 27, 1916, re: Mrs. Frank Roessing and CCC request meeting with the President; WW handwrites question on memo, Woodrow Wilson Papers, LOC.

  8.Memo attached to the July 27, 1916, request; Sen. Charles Thomas, chair of Senate Committee on Woman Suffrage, Congressional Record, August 21, 1916, 15089.

  9.HHG to CCC and Miss Paterson, August, 18, 1916, HHG Papers, Women’s Rights Collection, folder 69, SLRI.

  10.HOWS, vol. 5, 480, 496–500.

  11.Wilson’s speech, September 8, 1916, NAWSA reel 55, LOC.