Margaret Thatcher: The Authorized Biography, Volume 2
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Walker, Peter, Staying Power: An Autobiography, Bloomsbury, 1991
Wall, Stephen, A Stranger in Europe: Britain and the EU from Thatcher to Blair, Oxford University Press, 2008
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Walters, Vernon, The Mighty and the Meek: Dispatches from the Front Line of Diplomacy, St Ermin’s Press, 2001
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Articles
Agar, Jon, ‘Thatcher, Scientist’, Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London, vol. 65, no. 3, 20 September 2011
Bale, Tim, ‘In Life as in Death? Margaret Thatcher (Mis)Remembered’, British Politics, vol. 10, issue 1, April 2015
Blundell, John, ‘Margaret Thatcher’s Revolution: How it Happened and What it Meant’, Economic Affairs, vol. 26, no. 1, 2006
Braithwaite, Rodric, ‘Gorbachev and Thatcher’, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010
Brown, Archie, ‘The Change to Engagement in Britain’s Cold War Policy: The Origins of the Thatcher–Gorbachev Relationship’, Journal of Cold War Studies, vol. 10, no. 3, Summer 2008
Burt, Peter, ‘Thirty Years Ago: The Nuclear Crisis which Frightened Thatcher and Reagan into Ending the Cold War’, Nuclear Information Service, 3 November 2013
Campbell, Beatrix, ‘Margaret Thatcher: To Be or Not to Be a Woman’, British Politics, vol. 10, issue 1, April 2015
Evans, Stephen, ‘The Not So Odd Couple: Margaret Thatcher and One Nation Conservatism’, Contemporary British History, vol. 23, no. 1, 2009
Grachev, Andrei, ‘Political and Personal: Gorbachev, Thatcher and the End of the Cold War’, Journal of European Integration History, vol. 16, no. 1, 2010
Harrison, Brian, ‘Mrs Thatcher and the Intellectuals’, Twentieth Century British History, vol. 5, no. 2, 1994
Jones, Nate, ‘Countdown to Declassification: Finding Answers to a 1983 Nuclear War Scare’, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, vol. 69, no. 6, 2013
Jones, Nicholas, ‘Thatcher’s 1984 Cover-Up: The Secret Hit-list’, Campaign for Press and Broadcasting Freedom (http://www.cpbf.org.uk/body.php?id=3007)
King, Anthony, ‘The Outsider as Political Leader: The Case of Margaret Thatcher’, British Journal of Political Science, vol. 32, no. 3, 2002
Lillis, Michael a
nd Goodall, David, ‘Edging towards Peace’, Dublin Review of Books, issue 16, Winter 2010
Onslow, Sue, ‘Thatcher, the Commonwealth and Apartheid South Africa’ (http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/2013/04/09/thatcher-the-commonwealth-and-apartheid-south-africa/), 9 April 2013 (accessed 03/03/2015)
Notes
ABBREVIATIONS
CAC Churchill Archives Centre, Churchill College, Cambridge
THCR The Papers of Baroness Thatcher
WTRS The Papers of Sir Alan Walters
FCO Foreign and Commonwealth Office
NAI The National Archives of Ireland, Dublin
DFA Department of Foreign Affairs
TAOIS Department of the Taoiseach
TNA The National Archives, Kew
CAB Cabinet Office
PREM Prime Minister’s Office
References are also made to the Bush Library in College Station, TX; to the Reagan Library in Simi Valley, CA; and to The National Security Archive in Washington, DC.
CHAPTER 1: LIBERAL IMPERIALIST
1. Speech to the UN General Assembly, 23 June 1982 (www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104974). 2. Ibid. 3. Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 8 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105032). 4. Ibid. 5. Sir David Goodall, unpublished memoir, 2005. 6. Ibid. 7. Ibid. 8. Dame Margery Corbett-Ashby Memorial Lecture, 26 July 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105007). 9. Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 8 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105032). 10. Ibid. 11. TV interview for De Wolfe Productions, 30 December 1982, broadcast on ITV, 29 March 1983 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/104849). 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid. 14. Speech at the Lord Mayor’s Banquet, 15 November 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105054). 15. Ibid. 16. TV Interview for London Weekend Television, Weekend World, 16 January 1983 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105087). 17. Ibid. 18. Thatcher to Evans, 5 May 1983, CAC: THCR 3/2/116 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/132330). 19. Speech to Conservative Central Council, 26 March 1983 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105285). 20. Interview with Sir Percy Cradock. 21. See Volume I, p. 365. 22. Interview with Sir Stephen Wall. 23. Carrington to Thatcher, 9 March 1982, TNA: PREM 19/789 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138420). 24. See, for example, Christopher Patten, ‘Pulling the dragon’s teeth for Hong Kong’, Guardian, 5 November 1979. 25. Cradock to FCO, telegram 22, 12 January 1982, TNA: PREM 19/789 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138421). 26. Acland to Armstrong, 7 July 1982, TNA: PREM 19/670 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138487). 27. Armstrong to Coles, 28 July 1982. Ibid. 28. Note of meeting between Thatcher and Pym, 28 July 1982, TNA: PREM 19/789 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138412). 29. Ibid. 30. Interview with Sir John Coles. 31. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 32. Interview with Sir Percy Cradock. 33. Record of discussion at a working lunch at No. 10 Downing Street, 8 September 1982, TNA: PREM 19/790 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138485). 34. Cradock to Donald, 16 September 1982, TNA: PREM 19/790 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138476). 35. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 36. Independent, 30 August 1992. 37. Record of a conversation between Thatcher and Premier Zhao Ziyang, 23 September 1982, TNA: PREM 19/962 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/128397). 38. Interview with Sir Percy Cradock. 39. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 40. Record of meeting between Thatcher and Vice-chairman Deng Xiaoping, 24 September 1982, TNA: PREM 19/962 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/128402). 41. Ibid. 42. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 43. Ibid. 44. Interview with Sir John Coles. 45. Speech at Hong Kong business lunch, 27 September 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105028). 46. ‘Prime Minister Thatcher in China: British Embassy Readout’, 280954z Sep 82, China-Foreign Relations-Hong Kong (9/27/82–10/20/82), Box 13, David Laux Files, Reagan Library. 47. Cradock to Pym, 7 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/962 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/122698). 48. Thatcher annotation on Coles to Thatcher, 6 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/791 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138526). 49. Interview with Henry Kissinger. 50. Coles to Holmes, 15 November 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, USA, Henry Kissinger’s visits to the UK (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 51. Kissinger to Thatcher, 20 December 1982. Ibid. 52. Thatcher to Kissinger, 14 January 1983, CAC: THCR 3/2/109 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/132262). 53. Butler to Coles, 24 December 1982, TNA: PREM 19/1053 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138829). 54. Note of a discussion on Hong Kong, 28 January 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1053 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138812). 55. Pym to Thatcher, 16 February 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1053 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/138799). 56. Ibid. 57. Thatcher’s speaking note for Cabinet, 11 May 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1055 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/139152). 58. Cradock to FCO, telegram 417, 9 May 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1055 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/139156). 59. Cradock to FCO, telegram 416, 9 May 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1055 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/139156). 60. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 61. Interview with John Gerson. 62. Ibid.
CHAPTER 2: A RADICAL DISPOSITION
1. Taylor telegram 863, 12 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/765. 2. Ibid. 3. Coles to Thatcher, 18 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/765. 4. Ibid. 5. Taylor telegram 882, 18 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/765. 6. Taylor to Pym, 14 October 1982. Ibid. 7. Pym to Thatcher, 14 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/765 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/137898). 8. Note of meeting between Thatcher and Chancellor Kohl on 19 October, 20 October 1982, TNA: PREM 19/765 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/137895). 9. Ibid. 10. Ibid. 11. Press conference with Chancellor Kohl, 19 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105037). 12. Joint press conference in Bonn, 29 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105042). 13. Interview with Sir John Coles. 14. Remarks at the Berlin Wall, 29 October 1982 (Christopher Collins, ed., Complete Public Statements of Margaret Thatcher 1945–90 on CD-ROM, Oxford University Press, 1998/2000). 15. Speech at the Golden Book ceremony, Berlin, 29 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105043). 16. Interview with Sir John Coles. 17. Interview with Lord Hannay of Chiswick. 18. Conversation with Lady Thatcher. 19. Thatcher annotation on Rhodes to Scholar, 26 October 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Germany, PM’s meetings with Chancellor Kohl of Germany, Part 4 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 20. Helmut Kohl, Erinnerungen 1982–1990, Droemer Knaur, 2005, p. 60. 21. Thatcher to Kohl, 23 December 1982, CAC: THCR 3/1/27 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/123598). 22. Record of conversation between Thatcher and Chancellor Kohl, 4 February 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1307. 23. Record of conversation between Thatcher and Chancellor Kohl and foreign secretaries, 4 February 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1307. 24. Ibid. 25. Joint press conference with West German Chancellor, 4 February 1983 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105249). 26. 101209z Mar 83, ‘Denis Healey, Labor Deputy Leader’s Washington Visit, March 11’, 10 March 1983, NSC: Country File, UK Vol. IV (1 of 5), Box 91330, Reagan Library. 27. Interview with Richard Perle. 28. Hansard, HC Deb 18 January 1983, 35/168 (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1983/jan/18/engagements). 29. Clark to Reagan, ‘Meeting with UK Ambassador Sir Oliver Wright’, 15 April 1983, UK (03/16/1983–04/14/1983), Box 20, Exec Sec, NSC: Country File, Reagan Library. 30. Ibid. 31. Interview with Ronald Lehman. 32. Clark to Shultz/Weinberger, ‘Reply to Mrs. Thatcher on Public Handling of Dual Key Issue’, 29 April 1983, UK: PM Thatcher (8290407–8390524), Exec Sec, NSC: Head of State, Reagan Library. 33. Reagan to Thatcher, 1 May 1983, CAC: THCR 1/4/5 (part 2) (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/130984); also Hansard, HC Deb 12 May 1983, 42/433W (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/written_answers/1983/may/12/cruise-missiles). 34. Correspondence with Lord Armstrong of Ilminster, 29 October 2011. 35. Margaret Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, HarperCollins, 1993, p. 268. 36. The Times, 27 January 1982. Historical unemployment statistics for the 1980s are readily available from the Office of National Statistics. However, because this data has been revi
sed (retroactively) on several occasions, it does not match the figures released at the time. The author has therefore relied upon the statistics reported contemporaneously in the press; these were the figures with which Mrs Thatcher had to contend. 37. Financial Times, 5 July 1982. 38. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 15 July 1982 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Interview with Sir John Sparrow. 42. Interview with Lord Butler of Brockwell. 43. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 9 September 1982 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 44. Ibid. 45. Private information. 46. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 277. 47. Interview with John Redwood. 48. Interview with Sir John Sparrow. 49. Armstrong to Thatcher, 9 August 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Downing Street: Access to Papers by the Policy Unit (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 50. Interview with Ferdinand Mount. 51. Ibid. 52. Interview with Tim Flesher. 53. Armstrong to Thatcher, 6 August 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Government Machinery, Appointment of a Special Adviser to the PM (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 54. Armstrong to Thatcher, 8 October 1982. Ibid. 55. Ibid. 56. Butler to Thatcher, 8 October 1982. Ibid. 57. Butler to Fall, 15 October 1982. Ibid. 58. Note for the Record, 18 October 1982. Ibid. 59. Ibid. 60. Interview with Ferdinand Mount. 61. Note for the record, 20 October 1982, Prime Minister’s Papers, Government Machinery, Appointment of a Special Adviser to the PM (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 62. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 30 September 1982 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 63. Ibid. 64. Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 8 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105032). 65. Mount to Thatcher, 12 November 1982, TNA: PREM 19/1001. 66. Ibid. 67. Mount to Thatcher, 21 February 1983. Ibid. 68. Flesher to Wilde, 8 March 1983. Ibid. 69. Flesher to Wilde, 29 March 1983. Ibid. 70. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 71. Remarks at BT privatisation seminar, Centre for Contemporary British History and Churchill Archive Centre, 6 December 2006. 72. Essay in Robert Blake and John Patten, eds., The Conservative Opportunity, Macmillan, 1976, p. 75. 73. Hansard, HC Deb 12 June 1979, 968/249 (http://hansard.millbanksystems.com/commons/1979/jun/12/public-expenditure). 74. See David Parker, The Official History of Privatisation: The Formative Years 1970–1987, vol. i, Routledge, 2009, p. 54. 75. Remarks at BT privatisation seminar, 6 December 2006. 76. See Nigel Lawson, The View from No. 11, Bantam Press, 1992, p. 211. 77. Howe to Thatcher, 26 July 1982, TNA: PREM 19/988. 78. Thatcher to Howe, 28 July 1982, CAC: THCR 3/3/4 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/123653). 79. Interview with Lord Lawson of Blaby. 80. Interview with Oliver Letwin. 81. Interview with Sir Peter Gregson. 82. Interview with Lord Moore of Lower Marsh. 83. Mount and Walters to Thatcher, 15 February 1983, TNA: PREM 19/989 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/128138). 84. Speech at Lord Mayor’s Banquet, 10 November 1986 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/106512). 85. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 676. 86. Interview with Sir Peter Gregson. 87. Interview with Lord Young of Graffham. 88. Ibid. 89. Interview with Sir Michael Scholar. 90. Remarks at BT privatisation seminar, 6 December 2006. 91. Kenneth Baker, The Turbulent Years, Faber & Faber, 1993, p. 78. 92. Remarks at BT privatisation seminar, 6 December 2006. 93. See Parker, The Official History of Privatisation, vol. i, p. 250. 94. Interview with Sir Michael Scholar. 95. Ibid. 96. Interview with Lord Jenkin of Roding. 97. Interview with Lord Young of Graffham. 98. Thatcher annotation on note from Mount to Thatcher, 17 December 1982, TNA: PREM 19/1100. 99. Speech to Conservative Party Conference, 8 October 1982 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105032). 100. Remarks at BT privatisation seminar, 6 December 2006. 101. Thatcher, The Downing Street Years, p. 644. 102. Heseltine memorandum, ‘Alternatives to Domestic Rates’, 8 June 1982, TNA: CAB 130/1210. 103. Ibid. 104. Heseltine memorandum to Thatcher, 9 June 1982, TNA: PREM 19/833. 105. Mount to Thatcher, 19 July 1982, TNA: PREM 19/835. 106. Heseltine memorandum to MISC 79, 15 December 1982, TNA: CAB 130/1211. 107. Cabinet Minutes, CC (83) 1st, 20 January 1983, TNA: CAB 128/76 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/128241). 108. Sir Robert Armstrong, Cabinet Secretary’s notebooks, 20 January 1983 (document consulted in the Cabinet Office). 109. Scholar to Mount, 7 February 1983, TNA: PREM 19/1079. 110. Transcript of interview for The Times, 3 May 1983 (http://www.margaretthatcher.org/document/105091).