by Steve Coll
Strick van Linschoten, Alex. Draft monograph for Afghan Analysts Network, 2016, in author’s files.
“The Terrorist Threat to the Homeland.” National Intelligence Estimate, unclassified excerpts released July 17, 2007.
“Timeline of Communications from Mustafa Abu al-Yazid.” SITE Intelligence Group, 2010. http://news.siteintelgroup.com/blog/index.php/about-us/21-jihad/123-timeline-of-communications-from-mustafa-abu-al-yazid.
“Tora Bora Revisited: A Report to Members of the Committee on Foreign Relations.” United States Senate, November 30, 2009.
“The 2009 Presidential and Provincial Council Elections in Afghanistan.” National Democratic Institute. www.ndi.org/files/Elections_in_Afghanistan_2009.pdf.
Waldman, Matt. “The Sun in the Sky: The Relationship Between Pakistan’s I.S.I. and Afghan Insurgents.” Crisis States Discussion Papers, Destin Development Studies Institute, London School of Economics, June 2010.
Watson, Bryan G. “Executive Summary of Findings and Recommendations, Army Regulation (AR) 15-6 Investigation (Allegations That US Service Members Improperly Disposed of Islamic Religious Materials).” United States Army, 2012.
Documents
“C.I.A. Comments on the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence Report on the Rendition, Detention, and Interrogation Program.” The Director, Central Intelligence Agency, released December 8, 2014. www.cia.gov/library/reports/CIAs_June2013_Response_to_the_SSCI_Study_on_the_Former_Detention_and_Interrogation_Program.pdf.
“COMISAF Initial Assessment (Unclassified),” released August 30, 2009. www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/09/21/AR2009092100110.html.
Defense Procurement and Acquisition Policy Archives, 2010. www.acq.osd.mil/dpap/ops/archive/2010/ops_news_10.html.
George W. Bush White House Archives. “Rebuilding Afghanistan” and other collections. 2001–2009. https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov.
“Inside the Wire Threats—Afghanistan (Green-on-Blue) Smartcard,” February 2, 2012. www.documentcloud.org/documents/413327-inside-the-wire-reference-guide.html.
Inter Services Public Relations (ISPR). “Naval Chief Inaugurates Naval Strategic Force Headquarters,” May 19, 2012. www.ispr.gov.pk/front/main.asp?o=t-press_release&id=2067.
Lawfare. “Statement from the Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan’s Leader Uthman Ghazi: ‘It’s Been Thirteen Years Since We Have Heard from You Mullah Muhammad Omar,’” July, 1, 2015. www.lawfareblog.com/statement-islamic-movement-uzbekistans-leader-uthman-ghazi-its-been-thirteen-years-we-have-heard-you.
Massoud, Ahmad Shah. “Massoud’s Letter to the People of America,” 1998. www.afghan-web.com/documents/let-masood.html.
Michael Yon Online Magazine. “Memorandum from Tunnell to Secretary of the Army John McHugh,” August 20, 2010. www.michaelyon-online.com/images/pdf/secarmy_redacted-redux.pdf.
National Security Archive. “Memorandum for Alberto R. Gonzales, Counsel of the President: Re:Standards of Conduct for Interrogation Under 18 U.S.C. §§ 2340-2340A,” August 1, 2002. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB127/02.08.01.pdf.
National Security Archive, Electronic Briefing Book No. 122. “Prisoner Abuse: Patterns from the Past,” May 12, 2004. http://nsarchive.gwu.edu/NSAEBB/NSAEBB122/.
NATO, Archive ISAF Placemats, 2007–2016. www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/107995.htm.
Office of the Director of National Intelligence. “Bin Laden’s Bookshelf.” Declassified materials released between 2015 and 2017. www.dni.gov/index.php/resources/bin-laden-bookshelf?start=1.
Presidential Recordings Program at the University of Virginia’s The Miller Center. “Richard Nixon and Henry A. Kissinger on 3 August 1972,” 2014. http://prde.upress.virginia.edu/conversations/4006748.
Strick van Linschoten, Alex, Felix Kuehn, and Anand Gopal, eds. “Taliban Sources Project.” A Thesigers Project, Michael Innes, ed. talibansourcesproject.com.
United Nations News Centre. “In Afghanistan’s Deadliest year, Civilian Casualties Top 10,000 in 2014—UN,” February 18, 2015. www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=50111#.V_Pc_GPB9lI.
U.S. Department of Defense, News Transcripts. “Department of Defense Briefing by Lt. Gen. Anderson in the Pentagon Briefing Room via Satellite from Afghanistan.” www.defense.gov/News/Transcripts/Transcript-View/Article/606959/department-of-defense-briefing-by-lt-gen-anderson-in-the-pentagon-briefing-room.
U.S. Department of State. “Department of State transcript: ‘Television Roundtable with Pakistani Journalists,’” July 19, 2010. www.state.gov/secretary/20092013clinton/rm/2010/07/145009.htm.
U.S. Department of State Archive 2001–2009. “Afghanistan” and other collections. https://2001-2009.state.gov.
U.S. Embassy Kabul, U.S. Official Speeches and Statements. “Remarks by Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, Launch of the Asia Society’s Series of Richard C. Holbrooke Memorial Addresses,” February 18, 2011. http://kabul.usembassy.gov/sp-021811.html.
White House. “White Paper of the Interagency Policy Group’s Report on U.S. Policy Toward Afghanistan and Pakistan,” March 2009. www.whitehouse.gov/assets/documents/Afghanistan-Pakistan_White_Paper.pdf.
White House Briefing Room. Presidential remarks and statements 2009–2017. www.whitehouse.gov/briefing-room.
WikiLeaks. “Cablegate,” “The Guantanamo Files,” and other collections. https://wikileaks.org.
Court Documents
Lawrence Longhi v. Khaled Monawar, Superior Court of New Jersey, Morris County, L-2619-09.
Suleiman Abdullah Salim et al. v. James E. Mitchell and John Jessen, United States District Court, Eastern District, Washington, CV-15- 0286-JLQ.
United States of America v. Bashir Noorzai, United States District Court, Southern District of New York, 81 05 CR-19.
United States of America v. David A. Passaro, United States District Court, Eastern District of North Carolina, 5: 04-CR-211-1.
United States of America v. Faisal Shahzad, 10-CR-541, United States District Court, Southern District of New York.
United States of America v. Tahawwur Hussain Rana, 09 CR-830, United States District Court, Northern District of Illinois.
INDEX
The page numbers in this index refer to the printed version of this book. The link provided will take you to the beginning of that print page. You may need to scroll forward from that location to find the corresponding reference on your e-reader.
Abbottabad, Pakistan, 500, 520, 522, 525–26, 537, 541, 543, 545–49, 551–56, 557, 561, 626
Abd al-Kadir, 203
Abd al-Rahman, 549, 555
Abdo, Naser Jason, 611
Abdullah, Abdullah, 684
as foreign affairs minister, 154, 195
in Northern Alliance, 21, 22, 100, 381
in power-sharing agreement with Ghani, 653, 660, 668, 675, 678, 683
in 2009 Afghan election, 380–81, 382, 383–86
in 2014 Afghan election, 648–53
Abdullah, King of Saudi Arabia, 362, 422
Abdul Wali, 163–66, 179–81, 702
Abizaid, John, 331
Abramowitz, Michael, 509
Abrams, Creighton, 430
Abu Ubaydah, 235, 237, 244
Abu Zubaydah, 170–71, 173–75, 243
“Accelerating Success” PowerPoint deck, 185–86, 193
Afgamco Inc., 196–97
Afghan Inter-Agency Operations Group, 186, 256
Afghanistan, 44, 53
aerial spraying in, 273–79
Al Qaeda camps in, 60
anti-Koran–burning protests in, 539, 602, 603, 624
constitution of, 183, 198
corruption in, see corruption, in Afghanistan
deterioration of, 218
drugs in, 225–26, 266–79, 487, 495
economic growth in, 662
fear of coup in, 6
50–52
foreign aid to, 7, 405, 495, 642, 661–62, 667
Ghani and Abdullah’s power sharing in, 653, 660, 668, 675, 678, 683
items banned from, 67–68
lack of postwar plan for, 111
Lute’s study team in, 331–32
Pakistan’s border with, 103, 104, 107–8, 145, 199, 233, 243–44, 329–30, 335, 394, 398, 535, 610
peacekeeping operations in, U.N. troops given responsibility for, 201, 223–24, 270
reconstruction of, 129–30, 132, 185, 405
and revival of Taliban and Al Qaeda, 5
Soviet invasion and occupation of, 7, 19, 63, 66, 82, 94–95, 106, 129, 155–56, 228, 254, 329, 351, 372, 401–2, 403, 467, 498, 566, 597, 607, 641–42
Soviet withdrawal from, 1–2, 14–15, 17, 138, 147, 573, 668, 675
training of soldiers and police in, 596–97
2004 election in, 193, 211–12, 213, 348, 382
2009 election in, 375, 376–87, 409, 448, 648, 649
2014 election in, 642–43, 647–53
2019 election in, 679
urbanization in, 642
wedding bombed in, 142
Afghanistan, civil war in, 1–3, 7, 11–12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 20, 115, 138, 201, 254, 573
and Massoud’s death, 21–22
Pashtuns in, 57
Afghanistan Analysts Network, 381
“Afghanistan Strategic Review,” 258–59
Afghanistan War, 6, 236, 297
Alam’s forecasts for end of, 89
beginning of, 70
Bin Laden’s appeal broadened by, 239, 240
Bush administration’s doubts about taking Kabul in, 92
Bush administration’s renewed interest in, 256–59
Bush’s speech on, 61–62
call for civilian surge in, 380
casualties of, 73–74, 75, 100, 110, 111, 127, 198, 224, 329, 375, 395, 419, 489, 496, 536, 578, 590–93, 636, 643, 660, 662, 667–68, 675; see also fratricidal violence
escalation of, 5, 6, 311, 337, 354, 365, 367, 368, 407–11, 426, 486, 491, 641
Europe’s end to commitment in, 623
failure of, 662–67
goal of, 661–62
green on blue killings in, 590–92, 598–99, 604–5, 607–8
I.S.R. in, 389–91
lines of effort in, 511
McChrystal’s plan for courageous restraint in, 395–96
Mahmud’s desire to avoid, 61, 62–63
N.A.T.O.’s meeting on, 368–70
Pakistanis in, 87–89
purpose of, 65, 91
Rumsfeld’s announcement of end of, 134, 135
strategy reviews in, 333–38, 340–41, 363–64, 365–67, 393–98, 400–404, 406–11
success of, 110–11
suicide bombings in, 224, 228, 229, 253, 254, 256, 301, 329, 371, 388, 457–59, 614, 615, 629, 647, 707
U.S. considering pullout from, 643–44
U.S. ultimatums to Pakistan on, 51, 52–56
U.S. withdrawal from, 406–11, 424, 430–31, 667–69, 677–78
Afghan National Army, 129, 134–35, 184, 185, 193, 259, 368–69, 406, 428, 492, 514, 570, 593, 598, 600, 608, 609, 641, 667
Afghan National Directorate of Security, 153
Afghan National Police, 591, 608, 641, 673–74
Afghan National Security Forces, 621
AFPAK Hands program, 587–88
Africa, 40
embassy bombings in, 15, 109
Africans, 102
Agha, Tayeb, 538–40, 560, 566
background of, 446
collapse of U.S. talks with, 583, 584–85, 626, 627, 629, 630, 632, 633, 637
Germans’meetings with, 422, 423, 441, 447
as Mullah Omar’s supposed spokesperson in negotiations, 140–41, 416, 418, 422, 506
as possible negotiator with U.S., 423, 424, 444, 446, 498, 499, 503, 511
Qataris and, 503, 504, 539, 563
in resignation as Taliban negotiator, 682
in talks with U.S., 504–8, 510, 523–24, 540, 542, 562, 563–65, 572–74, 576, 578, 582, 584, 585, 625, 627–28, 635, 676
Ahmed, Abrar, 551, 554, 556
Ahmed, Ibrahim Saeed, 549–50, 551, 554, 555–56
Ahmed, Mahmud, 44–46, 48, 54, 280–82, 327, 709
Omar’s negotiation with, 60–61, 62–63
retirement of, 87
Smith’s conversations on Islam with, 48–50, 281, 695
U.S. efforts to cultivate, 50, 695–96
U.S. requested to avoid war by, 61, 62–63, 65
Air Force, U.S., 92, 110, 169, 587
Akbar, Hyder, 163, 164–66, 181, 702
Akbar, Said Fazal, 163
Akbar, Shahzad, 515, 720
Akhtar, Asif, 310, 320, 345
Akhtar, Rizwan, 660
Akhund, Abdul Jalil, 59
Akhund, Mohammad Abbas, 446
Akhund, Obaidullah, 444–45
Akhundzada, Haji Mohammad Ibrahim, 140, 226, 277, 677
Alam, Javed, 88–89
Alavi, Amir Faisal, 210
ALEC Station, 15–16, 24, 25, 84, 106, 108, 173, 177–78, 243
Bin Laden’s planning not understood by, 37
covert operations against Al Qaeda by, 17
information overload at, 25–26
and Massoud’s death, 22
reorganization of, 245
on September 11, 28–30, 33–35
Algeria, 203, 205–6
Ali, Abdulla Ahmed, 234–40, 706
Ali, Hazarat, 103–4
Ali, Major, 345
Al Jazeera, 240, 255, 639
Allen, Charles, 30, 32, 70, 107, 108, 120–21
Allen, John, 595–96, 598–99, 602–3, 605, 608–9, 612, 617, 621, 623, 626, 629, 682
Alliance in Support of the Afghan People, 681
Al Qaeda, 26, 39, 116, 134, 176, 230, 233, 236, 242, 280, 285, 324, 334, 336, 352, 360, 439, 454, 657, 658–60, 661, 676
Afghanistan sanctuary of, 62, 68–69, 75–76, 333
Ali’s attack planned by, 234, 235, 238–39
attempt to assassinate Musharraf, 201–2, 208, 209, 218
in battle with Northern Alliance, 68
Bush administration warned about, 30, 36–37
camps of, 60
CIA intelligence on, 57, 58
Cole bombed by, 16
creation of, 156
C.T.C.’s surveilling of members of, 84–85
desire for truce with Pakistan, 549
drone strikes against, see drone strikes
embassy bombings by, 15
funds of, 555
growing C.I.A. concern with, 28
hunt for, 160, 192, 206, 303, 311
intelligence on, 77–78
interrogation of, 167, 168, 169, 173–74, 176, 177–79, 249
Madrid bombing of, 240
Massoud killed by, 20–22
media of, 240–42
messages and videos of, 316, 317
misunderstood by Defense, 79
in movement to Pakistan, 109–10, 117, 143, 150, 152, 208, 243, 288, 340
new Pakistani branches of, 661
Obama’s announcement of strategy for, 363–64, 365–67
Obama’s desire to destroy, 407
in Operation Anaconda, 126–27
origins and rise of, 2, 4
Pakistani arrest of, 152, 153
possibility of separating Taliban from, 416
recruiting by, U.S. wars and, 239, 240
regrouping in Afghanistan, 117
revival of, 5
Saudi Arabia’s allege
d support for, 417
September 11 orchestrated by, 30, 32, 33, 35, 36, 52, 61–62, 402, 547, 583, 665
Sherzai’s intelligence gathering on, 99
and Taliban negotiation with U.S., 524
Taliban’s break with, 560
U.S. dismissal as threat, 4
W.M.D.s sought by, 78
Al Qaeda in Iraq, 240, 419, 487
Al Samood, 242, 254–55
Amarkhel, Ziaul Haq, 649–50
American Enterprise Institute, 259
American University of Afghanistan, 680
Amerine, Jason, 98
Amnesty International, 168
Anderson, Joseph, 668
Angevine, John, 594, 595
Angleton, James, 248
anthrax attacks, 78
Anti-Personnel Obstacle Breaching System (APOBS), 479–80
Arabs, 2, 87–88, 102, 109, 117, 150, 151, 220
Arab Spring, 555
Archibald, Frank, 141, 143, 309, 361, 399
Ariana Airlines, 445
Arif, Engineer, see Sarwari, Muhammad Arif
Armitage, Richard, 52, 64, 90, 149, 200, 244, 537
Army, Pakistan, 147, 210, 406, 440, 557, 626, 653, 660
in antiinsurgency campaign, 201–2, 209, 218–21, 230, 232, 285, 286, 290, 310–12, 320, 323, 324, 403–4, 438, 534, 560, 629
domestic backlash against, 532, 533, 546, 547, 654
political power of, 148, 150, 316, 357
role of Islam in, 49–50, 362
Saudi aid to, 258, 362
Taliban supported by, 289–90, 329, 351–52, 402, 517
U.S. aid to, 151, 209, 312, 314, 352, 358–59, 403, 626
and U.S. killing of Bin Laden, 525, 546–47, 552–53
Army, U.S., 270
Criminal Investigative Division, 614
see also specific units
Army Rangers, U.S., 104, 105, 244
Asadabad Firebase, 161, 163–64
Ashley, Robert, 608–9, 610, 616, 621–22
Ashraf, Muhammad Waseem, 679
Asia Society, 524
As-Sahab, 241, 316, 317
Atmar, Hanif, 372, 379, 455, 458
Aurakzai, Ali Muhammad, 230
Australia, 126, 190, 559, 598, 607
Awlaki, Anwar Al-, 610–11, 654
Baathists, 141
Bagram, 20, 115, 120, 126, 134, 141, 158, 188, 204, 214, 215, 260, 272, 314, 434, 536, 610, 611–12
books burned at, 600–601, 602, 617, 671