Tannenberg: Clash of Empires, 1914 (Cornerstones of Military History)
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Falkenhayn, Erich von, 98, 138, 335; and eastern front, 337–45
Franco-Russian alliance, 26, 28, 49–50, 52–54, 71–72, 127–28
François, Hermann von: proposals for defense of East Prussia, 155–56 initial deployment of I Corps, 158–59, 161–62 at Stallupönen, 162–67 convinces Prittwitz to attack, 170–71 at Gumbinnen, 172–77 and proposed retreat, 191–92, 194, 156–202 concentration of I Corps against Samsonov, 229–31 conflict with Hindenburg and Ludendorff, 233–38 and attack on Usdau, 250–55 advance on Neidenburg, 278; concern for southern flank, 310–13, 315, 317; after Tannenberg, 325, 330, 350
Frantz, Capt., 151
Franz, Josef, Emperor of Austria-Hungary, 77, 84
Freiherr von Marschall, Col., 201
Giers, N. I., 20, 26–27
Goltz, Colmar Freiherr von der, 154
Goltz, Maj.-Gen. Freiherr von der, 207, 275–77, 284–85, 299–300
Great Britain: and German rivalry, 3, 28–29 naval negotiations with Russia, 92–94 in July Crisis, 89–90, 93–94
Grey, Sir Edward, 54, 55, 76, 86
Groener, Wilhelm, 88, 94–95, 201, 293–94
Grosse Ostaufmarsch, 65–66
Grünert, Col., 140, 192–94, 257
Guchkov, A. J., 324
Haeften, Hans von, 339
Hahn, Brig.-Gen. von, 181, 316–17
Hahndorff, Brig.-Gen., 185
Haldane, Richard, 55
Hartwig, Nicholas, 51
Hausmann, Conrad von, 344
Heeringen, Josias von, 70
Hehn, Viktor, 17
Heineccius, Maj.-Gen. von, 181, 244–45, 350
Hell, Emil, 191, 205–06, 222, 227–28, 232, 238
Hennig, Maj.-Gen., 186, 315–16
Hesse, Lt., 371–72
Hindenburg, Paul von: character and career, 201–02; commander 8th Army, 202; relationship to Ludendorff, 204–05, 241–42, 291–92; and concentration against Samsonov, 228, 233; reactions on August 27, 261–62; and advance on Allenstein, 286–88, 296–97; tactical conclusions, 309–10; and Tannenberg mythos, 329–31; as symbol, 334–35, 347–48; and eastern front, 338–41
Hintze, Paul von, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43
Hitler, Adolf, 333–34, 352–53
Hoffmann, Max, 140–41, 154, 192–94, 195, 196, 205, 206–07, 262–63, 276, 290, 292, 294–95, 300, 313, 330, 349
Holstein, Friedrich von, 22–24, 27–28, 35
Hoth, Hermann, 291
House, Edward, 82–83
Izvolsky, A. P., 37–42, 53
Jagow, Gottlieb von, 75, 82
Joffre, Joseph, 52–53
Kiderlin-Wächter, Alfred von, 48, 54, 55
Kluck, Alexander von, 139–40, 155, 178
Kluyev, Maj.-Gen., 258–59, 266–67, 277, 297–98, 299, 308–09
Knox, Alfred, 216, 231–32, 269
Körner, Lt., 311
Kokovtsov, V. N., 42, 48, 52, 73, 79, 83
Kruger, Johannes and Walter, 348
Kühl, Hermann von, 66
Kuhn, Andreas, 218, 220–21, 281
Lagarde, Paul de, 17
Liman von Sanders, 72–74
Ludendorff, Erich: early career, 199; at Liège, 199–200; 8th Army chief of staff, 200; relationship to Hindenburg, 204–05; and army staff, 206–07; and concentration against Samsonov, 228–33; reaction to François’s delays, 235–36; anxiety of, on August 26, 240–41; plans for August 27, 249–50; and Rennenkampf’s threat, 261–62, 264–66; orders I Corps to Lahna, 279–80; and advance on Allenstein, 286–88, 296–97, 300; gives battle its name, 292–93; and reinforcements, 293–96; plans operations against Rennenkampf, 302–03, 306–07, 318–19; reinforces François, 312–13; career after Tannenberg, 329–30, 334–44
Lyncker, Maj.-Gen. von, 201
Mackensen, August von: early career, 177–78; at Gumbinnen, 180–88, 194; at Bischofsburg, 240–48; concern for Rennenkampf’s advance, 247–48; advance on Allenstein, 264, 286–88, 290–91; and pursuit south, 306, 316; later career, 325, 342–43, 349
Martos, Lt.-Gen., 297–98, 307, 314
Mediterranean Agreements, 23
Messimy, Adolphe, 97
Mikhnevich, N. P., 128–29
Miliutin, D. I., 127
Moltke, Helmuth von (the elder), 20, 24–25
Moltke, Helmuth von (the younger), 43–45, 64, 65–67, 81–82, 94; views on war, 1911, 59–60; character, 88; in July crisis, 97–101; and eastern front, 144; and Conrad, 45–46, 157; and Prittwitz’s relief, 194–200; and decision to reinforce eastern theater, 293–96
Morgen, Curt von, 208, 227, 239–40, 274–75, 282–83, 303, 305
Macdonald, Hector, 178
Nakhitchevanski, Hussein Khan, 147
Nationalism: German, 16–18, 55–56, 60–61; Russian, 15, 22, 55–56, 71; Serbian, 56–57; Slavic, 36–37, 42, 51
Nesselrode, K. R., 14
Nicholas I, Tsar of Russia, 13
Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 28, 38, 52, 77–78, 90
Nicolai, Walter, 62
Nicolson, Sir Arthur, 35, 40
Pašic, Nikola, 84, 87
Poincaré, Raymond, 53–54
Posadowsky, Col., 264–65
Postovsky, Gen., 216, 266
Pourtalès, Friedrich von, 38, 42
Prittwitz und Gaffron, Max von, 139–40, 143–44, 153, 154, 156, 158, 201, 329; and François, 161, 165–67; plans for Gumbinnen, 168–77; concern for advance of Russian 2nd Army, 191; proposes to retreat, 192–96; relief of, 196–99
Radio intelligence, 95, 169–70, 191, 196, 227–30, 277–78, 287, 300
Reinsurance Treaty, 23, 26
Riezler, Kurt, 69–70, 92, 100
Rennenkampf, Pavel, 133–34; at Stallupönen, 167–68; relations with Samsonov, 134, 206–07; pursuit after Gumbinnen, 207–08, 291, 300–02; and Masurian Lakes, 325–26, 328
Reusteck, Otto, 173
Ritter von Wenninger, Karl, 196–99, 325
Russia: Germanophobia in, 14–15; foreign policy of, 15–16; commercial relations with Germany, 18–19, 22, 27–28; internal crisis of, 79–81, 83–84; decision for war, 96–100
Saher zum Weissenstein, Burscher von, 219
Schlimm, Maj., 311–12, 313
Samarin, Yuri, 14
Samsonov, A. V., 134; alleged feud with Rennenkampf, 134, 206–07; advance into East Prussia, 213–18; extends areas of advance westward, 221, 231–34; tries to concentrate center corps, 243, 258–59, 266–67; leaves headquarters, 268–69; with XV Corps, 297–98; suicide of, 309
Sarajevo assassination, 84–85
Sazonov, Sergei, 46–47, 49, 51, 52, 54, 63, 72–73, 79, 81, 83, 90–91, 92, 96–99, 100
Schaffer von Bernstein, Lt.-Col., 278
Schiemann, Theodor, 17
Schlieffen, Alfred von: east versus west, 31–32; and eastern theater, 32–33, 59, 65; on war, 33–34; Schlieffen Plan, 34–35
Schmettau, Maj.-Gen., 281, 305
Schmidt von Schmidtseck, Col., 158, 205
Scholtz, Lt.-Gen., 221–23, 228, 232–33, 238–39, 255–57
Schwerin, Maj., 290
Second Moroccan Conference, 50
Seeckt, Hans von, 342, 349
Serbia: regional ambitions, 55, 56–57; in aftermath of Balkan Wars, 72; relations with Austria, 85–88
Seton-Watson, R. W., 75
Sirelius, Maj.-Gen., 310, 317
Smirnov, Lt.-Gen., 137
Sontag, Maj.-Gen., 256–58, 269–74, 303
Staabs, Maj.-Gen. von, 66, 256, 283–84, 299, 314
Stein, Hermann von, 196–98
Stephani, Walther von, 259–60
Stolypin, P. A., 37, 42, 48
Sukhomlinov, V. A., 53, 63, 80, 81, 83, 133
Tamms, Capt., 308
Tannenberg: named, 292–93, 307; military results, 323–24, 327–29; moral effect on Russia, 324–25; psychological impact, 328–32; postwar legacy, 347, 351; monument, 348, 354; and World War II, 353–54
Tappen, Adolf, 66, 325, 330
Three Emperors’ League (1873), 16; (1881), 20, 23, 224; possible revival of, 36
Tirpitz, Alfred von, 30, 333
Treutler, Georg von, 84
Trotha, Brig.-Gen., 314–15
Unger, Brig.-Gen. von, 192, 258, 282
Urwicz, Pincus, 101–02
Verdy du Vernois, Julius, 201
Waldersee, Alfred von, 24–26, 31
Waldersee, Georg von, 91, 94; 8th Army chief of staff, 140, 153, 156, 171, 193–94, 196–97, 199–200
“War in sight” crisis, 1914, 79–80
Wickham Steed, Henry, 75, 86
Wild von Hohenborn, Adolf, 336, 341
William II, Emperor of Germany, 2, 26, 55, 74, 177, 202–04, 294; eclipse of, 331–33, 339, 340
Wilson, Sir Henry, 82
Wilson, Woodrow, 57, 58
Witte, Sergei, 19
Yanushkevich, N. N., 96
Yepantschin, Lt.-Gen., 137, 167
Zhilinski, Yahou, 132–33, 207, 213–14, 221, 231–32, 301–02, 326
Index to Military Formations
German formations engaged in the Tannenberg campaign
OHL: and 8th Army Command, 194–204; campaign in west, 195–96; reinforces 8th Army, 293–96
8th Army: formation of, 139–43; mission of, 143–45; concentrates on Angerapp, 157–58; effect of Stallupönen on, 164–70; decision to retreat after Gumbinnen, 190–99; change of command, 199–204; concentrates against 2nd Army, 205–07, 228–33; concerns of on August 26, 240–42, 249–50; and threat from Rennenkampf, 261–62, 263–66, 277–78; and I Corps’s advance on Neidenburg, 279–80; unsure of positions of XVII Corps and I Reserve Corps, 286–87, 296; plans for August 29, 292, 296–97; renewed concern for Rennenkampf’s movements, 291–93, 302–03; orders for August 30, 306–07; and Russian counterattack, 312–14; and aftermath of Tannenberg, 325–27.
I Corps, 139, 142–43, 146; and frontier operations, 155–56, 158–59, 161–62; at Stallupönen, 162–68; at Gumbinnen, 172–77, 191–92; redeploys south, 206, 229–31, 233–36; at Seeben-Usdau, 234–38, 250–55, 261; advance of Neidenburg, 278–82; closes ring around 2nd Army, 304–06; and counterattack from south, 310–13, 317–18
XVII Corps, 142, 146, 170, 177, 191; advance to Gumbinnen, 178–80; attack of, 180–86; rout of, 186–88; advances south, 208–09, 229, 242; at Bischofsburg, 242–48; pursues Russians, 261–65; confusion in orders to, 265–66, 286–87, 290–91; pursuit on August 29, 306; and Russian counterattack, 315–16, 317–18
XX Corps, 142, 146, 153, 170, 191–93, 196, 205–06, 222, 237; at Lahna-Orlau, 223–28, 232–33; advance of on August 26, 237–40; detachment of, with I Corps, 250, 255; on August 27, 255–60; on August 28, 269–74, 282
I Reserve Corps, 142, 146; at Gumbinnen, 188–90; redeploys, 209; at Bischofsburg, 243–48, 255, 261, 264; advance on Allenstein, 286–90; pursuit to Hohenstein, 298–300, 303–04
1st Division: at Stallupönen, 162–66; at Gumbinnen, 172–77; at Seeben-Usdau, 234–37, 250–55; advance on Neidenburg, 278–82; pursues Russians, 304–06; and Russian counterattack, 311–14
2nd Division: at Stallupönen, 162, 165–66; at Gumbinnen, 172–77; at Seeben-Usdau, 234–37, 250–55; advance on Neidenburg, 278–82; and Russian counterattack, 311–14
35th Division: at Gumbinnen, 180–86; move south, 242; at Bischofsburg, 244–46; and pursuit of Russians, 306, 316
36th Division: at Gumbinnen, 180–86; move south, 242; at Bischofsburg, 244–46; and pursuit of Russians, 306, 316
37th Division: at Lahna-Orlau, 223–28, 233; movements of, on August 26, 239; on August 27, 256–57, 260; advance on Hohenstein, 283–84, 299–300; redeploy, 312, 314
41st Division: at Lahna-Orlau, 223–27, 233; attacks on August 26, 239; on August 27, 256–58; attacks Waplitz, 269–74, 281; on August 29, 303
1st Reserve Division, 189–90, 245, 288–90
3rd Reserve Division, 142, 146, 208–10, 227, 233, 239–40, 249–50, 255–56, 260, 274–75, 283, 303
36th Reserve Division, 189–90, 245–46, 288, 290
Goltz Landwehr Division, 230, 259, 275–77, 283–85, 299–301
1st Cavalry Division, 151, 210
5th Landwehr Brigade, 250, 252, 278, 307
6th Landwehr Brigade, 245, 247, 300
70th Landwehr Brigade, 223, 233, 274, 282
69th Garrison Brigade, 258, 274
Schmettau’s Force, 250, 255, 256, 270, 278, 280–82, 304–06
1st Grenadiers, 161, 174–76
3rd Grenadiers, 143, 166, 173, 304
4th Grenadiers, 109, 253, 262–63, 281
5th Grenadiers, 143, 182, 185–86, 290–91
18th Infantry, 223
21st Infantry, 306, 308–09
33rd Fusiliers, 166, 252
41st Infantry, 164, 167, 315
43rd Infantry, 163, 278
44th Infantry, 111, 253
45th Infantry, 166, 173–74, 252–53
59th Infantry, 223, 239, 271–73, 306
128th Infantry, 183
129th Infantry, 180, 183
141st Infantry, 109, 182, 188
148th Infantry, 271, 272, 273
150th Infantry, 227, 228, 239, 273, 283
151st Infantry, 219, 224, 225, 305
152nd Infantry, 271, 273
175th Infantry, 242
176th Infantry, 315–17
1st Jäger Battalion, 109, 223, 225–26, 238
26th Pioneer Battalion, 272–73
3rd Reserve Infantry, 143, 188, 290
16th Field Artillery, 161, 304
35th Field Artillery, 274
36th Field Artillery, 185
37th Field Artillery, 253
52nd Field Artillery, 161, 314
71st Field Artillery, 188
81st Field Artillery, 185
1st Reserve Field Artillery, 188
36th Reserve Field Artillery, 143, 303–04
1st Dragoons, 152
10th Dragoons, 223
11th Dragoons, 223
5th Hussars, 263, 306, 308
4th Mounted Rifles, 263, 291
10th Mounted Rifles, 280, 304, 316
8th Uhlans, 278, 280, 304
1st Reserve Uhlans, 245, 290
Air Battalion 2, 152
Air Detachment 14, 153–54, 311
Air Detachment 16, 158, 287, 312
Other German formations
2nd Army, 294
3rd Army, 294–95
5th Army, 294–95
V Corps, 132, 294
XI Corps, 294, 295, 326
XXI Corps, 294
I Bavarian Corps, 294
Guard Reserve Corps, 294, 295–96
8th Cavalry Division, 294
Russian formations
Stavka, 132
Northwest Front, 132–33, 231–32, 301–02
1st Army: formation, 132–34, 137–38; at Stallupönen, 163–70; Gumbinnen, 173–90; failure to pursue, 207–08, 229–30, 300–02
2nd Army: formation, 132–35; initial advance of, 158, 169–70; lines of march changed, 213–14, 221, 231–32; difficulties of, 215–18; orders to continue attack on August 27, 266–69; collapse of, 297–98, 307–09
I Corps, 213–14, 218, 221, 231–32, 233–34, 250–52, 255
II Corps, 213, 247, 301
III Corps, 137, 301