Houston, Charles, 25
Howard, Edward Lee, 209–10
Huber, Mark, 153
Humphrey, Hubert, 6, 135
Hungary, 171, 173–74
hurricanes Katrina and Rita, 163, 183
ICA (International Cooperation Administration), 17, 20
Ickes, Harold, 180
illnesses. See diseases
India: Celeste in, 135; evaluation of Peace Corps in, 54–55, 57; expansion plans for Peace Corps in, 54–55; famine in, 54; foreign service in, 9; Indira Gandhi in, 54; Houston as head of Peace Corps program, 25; Johnson’s policies on, 54, 86; number of Volunteers in, 54; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 54–55, 86, 129, 135, 191, 226; problems with Volunteers in, 55; Shriver’s travel to, for solicitation of invitations for Volunteers, 23, 24–25; Wiggins-Josephson proposal for Volunteers in, 19, 20, 221
Indian Ocean tsunami, 183
Institute of International Education, 197
Inter-American Development Bank, 220
Interior Department, U.S., 114
International Cooperation Administration (ICA), 17, 20
International Youth Foundation, 214
Iran, 61, 111–12, 226
Iraq war, 191–94
Israel, 127
Ivory Coast, 131, 133, 226
Jamaica, 133
Jeffrey, Mildred, 9
Jenkins, Loren, 226
Joe, Barbara E., 165–68
Johnson, Lyndon B.: and agricultural training corps to India, 54; and anti–Vietnam War protests, 86, 95, 100; attitude of, toward Peace Corps, 79–86, 98; chastisement of staff by, 90; and Kashmir, 86; Robert Kennedy’s relationship with, 64–65, 88, 90, 92; and Moyers, 23, 67–68, 73, 86, 90, 92, 95; and Panama, 87–88; and Peace Corps Advisory Council, 22; and Peace Corps as independent agency, 22–23; Peace Corps during presidency of, 65–86, 92–93; presidency of, after John Kennedy’s assassination, 64–69; and U.S. invasion of Dominican Republic, 71, 73–86, 89–90, 98; as U.S. Senator, 1; and Vaughn, 87–90, 92–93; as vice president, 22–23, 88; and Vietnam mission regarding Peace Corps, 95–97; and Vietnam War, 86, 95; and War on Poverty, 65–69
Jones, Kirby, 75–78, 82–83, 98
Josephson, William: and Celeste as Peace Corps director, 135; and goals of Peace Corps, 34; and Peace Corps as independent agency, 22; and proposed number of Peace Corps Volunteers in different countries, 19, 46; “A Towering Task” by, and Peace Corps, 17–19, 46; and War on Poverty, 65–66
Jouppi, James I., 104
Kamen, Al, 175, 226
Kamen, Charles, 72
Kaminsky, David, 165
Kashmir, 86
Kauffman, Aaron, 192–94
Kazakhstan, 171
Keeton, Jon, 187
Kennedy, Ethel, 90
Kennedy, Jackie, 64
Kennedy, John F.: and Alliance for Progress, 84; “ask not” mantra from inaugural address of, ix, 11, 62, 64; assassination of, 59–69; and Bay of Pigs, 22, 24, 75; cabinet of, 16; campaign promises made by, 10; Catholicism of, 2, 15; and CIA, 207; creation of Peace Corps during presidency of, 16–23, 135; and Cuban missile crisis, 74; on disarmament, 8; and Dominican Republic, 73; on economy of non-communist world, 17; and Ethiopia Peace Corps Volunteers, 43; and Executive Order 10924 creating Peace Corps, 20, 21; first State of the Union address by, 17; on foreign service, 8–9; and Ghana Volunteers, 31–32, 36; and independence of Peace Corps, 71–72, 216; and Martin Luther King Jr., 14–16; and McCarthyism, 1–2; New Frontier of, 18, 21; and Nigeria postcard incident, 42; Peace Corps mentioned and later proposed by, 5–11, 107, 202; presidential campaign (1960) of, 1–10, 14–16, 45, 107; presidential election (1960) results for, 10; San Francisco speech by, 8–9, 10, 34; on Shriver as lobbyist, 26; television debates between Nixon and, 3–4; University of Michigan speech by, 4–7, 10; as U.S. Senator, 1, 2; Wofford as special assistant to, on civil rights, 119; as womanizer, 13
Kennedy, Joseph P., 1–2, 12–14
Kennedy, Patricia, 2
Kennedy, Robert F.: and Alliance for Progress, 91; assassination of, 65, 93; and assassination of John Kennedy, 63; and funeral of John Kennedy, 64; Lyndon Johnson’s relationship with, 64–65, 88, 90, 92; Mankiewicz as press secretary of, 71; and Martin Luther King Jr., 15; and McCarthyism, 2; opposition to Vietnam War by, 93; and presidential campaign (1960), 14, 15; and Shriver, 12, 13, 14, 15, 45, 68, 90; as U.S. attorney general, 90; and U.S. invasion of Dominican Republic, 91; and Vaughn, 90–93; and War on Poverty, 68
Kennedy, Ted, 32, 64
Kennedy family, 12–13
Kent State killings of antiwar protesters, 102
Kenya, 57, 111–12, 133, 221
Kihss, Peter, 10
King, Coretta, 14–15, 119
King, Martin Luther, Jr., 14, 119, 193
King, Martin Luther, Sr., 15–16
Kinsey, Bill Haywood, 136–39
Kinsey, Peverley Dennet, 136–39
Kissinger, Henry, 108–9, 112, 114–15, 155
Kissinger Commission, 155
Klein, Robert, 32, 33, 35, 46
Knebel, Fletcher, 49
Krow, Brian, 143–44
Kyrgyzstan, 171
Labouisse, Henry, 21–22
Lamb, David, 170
language skills of Peace Corps Volunteers, 29, 33, 52–53, 112, 168, 172
Laos, 96–97, 103–4
Latin America: and Alliance for Progress, 84, 91; Blatchford on need for new U.S. policy on, 114–15; community development in, 50–51; Robert Kennedy’s tour of South America (1965), 90–91; Peace Corps in, and foreign policy, 72, 154–59, 206; Reagan’s Central American policies, 154–56; Vaughn as Peace Corps director of, 62–63, 73, 87, 90–92. See also specific countries
Latvia, 171
League of Nations, 114, 117
Leahy, Patrick, 212
Lefkowitz, Louis J., 42
Lenzo, Steve, 159
Lesotho, 197
Levin, Andy, 158
Levin, Carole, 158–59
Liberia, 57, 194, 224
Libya, 111–12, 127
Liner, David, 19
Lipez, Richard, 53–54, 61–62, 121, 226
Lithuania, 171
Livingston, Tom, 37
Lodge, Henry Cabot, Jr., 96
Los Angeles Times, 170, 182, 184, 188, 190
Louisiana, 163
Love, Roni, 188
Lowenstein, Allard, 98
Lowther, Kevin, 85
Luben, Tom, 144
Lucas, C. Payne, 85
Luce, Henry, 57
Mabie, Bill, 157–58
Macy, John, 65
The Making of the President 1960 (White), 10, 16
Malawi, 98, 127, 226
Malay/Malaysia: Butler as Peace Corps country director in, 111; departure of Peace Corps from, 131, 133; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 188; Shriver’s travel to, for solicitation of invitations for Volunteers, 23
Mandela, Nelson, 214
Mankiewicz, Frank, 71, 80–85, 90–91
Mankiewicz, Herman J., 71
Mankiewicz, Joseph L., 71
Mann, Judy, 188
Mann, Thomas, 80, 81, 89, 90, 91–93
Mara, Ratu, 154
Mardian, Robert, 115
Marek, Matt, 224–25
Marshall Plan, 19, 26
Martin, John Bartlow, 80, 92
Mathews, Tom, 41
Matthews, Charles, xi
Matthews, Chris, 226
Mauritania, 127
McCall, H. Carl, 180
McCann, Kathy, 156–57
McCarthy, Colman, 175
Mc
Carthy, Gene, 130
McCarthy, Joseph P., 1–2
McClure, Donovan, 19
McCone, Michael, 98
McGeevy, Patrick, 190
McGovern, George, 68
McNamara, Robert, 16, 68, 80, 89
medical problems. See diseases
Meehan, Alice, 79
Meehan, Thomas, 27
Meisler, Stanley, ix–x, 49, 52–54, 56, 202–3
Meister, Joel, 219, 220
memoirs by Peace Corps Volunteers, 160–68
Mengistu Haile Mariam, 125–26
Mexico, 19, 75, 190
Michelmore, Margery, 38–42
Michigan Daily, 7
Micronesia, 5, 55–56, 113–14
Milkias, Paulos, 126
Miller, Adele Kaualey, 150
Miller, Frederick C., 149–50
Millikan, Max, 17
Moldova, 171, 173
Moley, Raymond, 13
Mollenhoff, Clark, 107, 108
Mondale, Walter, 135
Morales, Evo, 208–9
Morocco, 224
Morrison, Joe, 76
Morse, Wayne, 92–93
Morton, Louis, 127
Moscoso, Teodoro, 84–85
Mosk, Stanley, 25
Moyers, Bill: and anti–Vietnam War protests, 86; and Dominican Republic, 73, 80, 83, 84; and Johnson, 23, 67–68, 73, 86, 90, 92, 95; as Peace Corps official, 23, 25–26, 73; and Vaughn, 87–90, 93; and Vietnam mission regarding Peace Corps, 95–97; as White House press secretary in Johnson administration, 92, 95
Mozambique, 201
MSNBC, 226
murder trials and murders of Volunteers, 127, 136–42
Murphy, Bob, 52
Murphy, Joseph, 122–23
Murray, Bruce, 98–99, 101, 192
Mussolini, Benito, 117
National Council of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers, 169–70, 180. See also National Peace Corps Association
National Endowment for the Humanities, 153
National Institute of Education, 152
National Journal, 216
National Peace Corps Association, 176, 180, 183, 211–12, 224, 225. See also National Council of Returned Peace Corps Volunteers; Returned Volunteers
National Public Radio, 226
NATO, 170, 173
Nehru, Jawaharlal, 24–25
Nepal: absence of Peace Corps jobs in, 47; Bates as head of Peace Corps program in, 25; evaluation of Peace Corps in, 52; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 47, 52, 184, 212, 225; transport of animals in, 52
Newsday, 222, 226
Newsweek, 13
New Yorker, 27, 42, 49, 57, 226
New York Herald Tribune, 49, 79, 81
New York Post, 45
New York Times: and anti–Vietnam War sentiments by Volunteers, 98–99; on beginnings of Peace Corps, 21; on Bellamy’s involvement in Peace Corps, 179, 180; and crimes against Volunteers, 145; on Dodd’s support of Peace Corps, 196; on Ghana Volunteers, 32; on Hot Spot musical, 43; on Kennedy’s campaign promises, 10; on Kennedy’s presidential campaign, 5; Mann’s accusations against, as left-wing, 81; on Peace Corps as instrument of U.S. foreign policy, 156; on Peace Corps in Nicaragua, 222; on Peace Corps proposal by Kennedy, 9; on Peace Corps staff and Volunteers, 27; on problems of Peace Corps enumerated by Strauss, 194; on Shriver, 27; and U.S. invasion of Dominican Republic, 70, 79, 81; on Vasquez as Peace Corps director, 189
New York World-Telegram & Sun, 104
Nicaragua: Amnesty International election monitoring in, 166; Carter’s policy on, 154; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 222; Reagan’s policy on, 154–55; refugee and health projects in, 166; Sandinista government in, xi, 154–55; Somoza as president of, 154; U.S. military expedition in, during early twentieth century, 75
Nigeria: AID in, 41; civil war in, 127; education in, 7; evacuation of Volunteers from, 127; Ibadan in, 38–40, 43; independence of, 39; number of Volunteers in, 127; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 38–44, 127, 173; postcard incident in, 38–44; Shriver’s travel to, for solicitation of invitations for Volunteers, 23; student protests against Peace Corps in, 39, 40, 43; training of Volunteers for, 38; Wiggins-Josephson proposal for Volunteers in, 19, 221
Nixon, Richard M.: and ACTION, 115–16; and antiwar protests by Peace Corps Volunteers, 100–105, 108; Blatchford as Peace Corps director under, 57–58, 101–6, 109–16; and Chile, 115; defeat of, in presidential election (1960), 10, 107; opposition to Peace Corps by, 9, 26, 105, 107–16; Peace Corps during presidency of, 100–105, 107–16; presidential campaign (1960) of, 1, 3–4, 6, 8–9, 15, 16, 107; resignation of, from presidency, 116, 140; television debates between Kennedy and, 3–4; vice presidency of, 1; and Vietnam War, 102; and VISTA, 108–9, 115–16; and Watergate affair, 115, 116, 140
Nkrumah, Kwame, 23–24, 31, 32, 36
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 170, 173
North Korea, 226
North Vietnam. See Vietnam War
Norton, Nancy, 59–60
Nyerere, Julius, 127, 131–32
OAS (Organization of American States), 89–90, 166
Obama, Barack, 211–13, 226
O’Brien, Lawrence, 57–58
O’Donnell, Kenneth, 15
O’Donnell, Kevin, 231
O’Grady, Alice, 29, 225
Olsen, Jody: and Coverdell’s renaming of Peace Corps as U.S. Peace Corps, 169; as deputy director of Peace Corps, 160; on Ruppe as Peace Corps director, 149, 159; on tension between embassies and Peace Corps, 204, 205–6; on uniqueness of Peace Corps Volunteers, 160
Olympio, Sylvanus, 60
The Only Americans Welcome (play), 70–71
Operation Abolition (movie), 72
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, 220
Organization of American States (OAS), 89–90, 166
Orlando, Mary Ann, 63
Orth, Maureen, 226
Ostrow, Alyce, 27
Oswald, Lee Harvey, 61
Packer, George, xi, 226
Paint Me a Future (movie), 165
Pakistan: evaluation of Peace Corps in, 46; Johnson’s suspension of foreign aid to, over Kashmir, 86; Peace Corps Volunteers in, 46, 49; Shriver’s travel to, for solicitation of invitations for Volunteers, 23
Panama, 87–88, 188
Panama Canal Zone, 87–88
Panetta, Leon, 115
Passman, Otto, 109, 110
Paton, Alan, 121
Patrick, Deval, 213
Pauken, Thomas J., 151, 153
Payton, Carolyn R., 130, 132–35, 231
Peace Corps: as ACTION’s International Operations Division, 115–16, 231; African countries’ cautions about, 24, 31, 36; agricultural Volunteers for India through, 54–55; and anti–Vietnam War protests, 86, 95, 97–105, 108, 112–13, 192; and assassination of John Kennedy, 59–69; and Brown as ACTION director, 129–35; budget for, 105, 109, 110, 115, 150, 154, 174, 183–85, 212–13; Congressional authorization of, 20, 26, 34, 72, 169; contributions of, 106, 218–27; Country Team of, 78–79; creation of, during Kennedy administration, 16–21; Crisis Corps of, 183; decline in size of, 94, 105–6, 110, 116, 150, 182–83, 192; evaluation division of, 45–58; Executive Order 10924 creating, 20, 21; expansion plans for, 51–58, 84–85, 120, 155, 156, 183–85, 189, 211–13; expulsion of, from Africa, 126–27; future of, 211–17; goals of, 34, 101, 131, 172–73, 215; headquarters of, 26, 176–77; Humphrey’s first use of term, 6; as independent agency and difficulties in remaining independent, xi, 20, 21–23, 71–72, 79, 86, 96, 99, 135, 152, 154–59, 198, 201–2, 204–6, 215–16; and Iraq war, 191–94; Kennedy’s proposal of, 5–11, 107, 202; list of directors of, 231; Millika
n report for creation of, 17; number of countries served by, x, 69; and policy of non-involvement in politics, 114; politicization of, 83–86, 97; popularity of, among Americans, 27; problems and criticisms of, 9, 25–27, 30, 42, 47, 72, 101, 105–6, 109, 171–72, 185–86, 194–96, 220; renaming of, as U.S. Peace Corps, 169–70, 176; staff duties during first year of, 26; staff turnover in, and five-year term limit at, 26, 69, 143, 150, 197; tension between embassies and, 197–206; travel to solicit invitations for volunteers from Third World leaders, 23–25; and U.S. invasion of Dominican Republic, 70–86; and Vietnam War, 95–106, 108; and VISTA, 115–16, 133; Web site of, 215; Wiggins-Josephson paper on, 17–20; zero-tolerance policy of, on criticism of U.S. policy, 192–94. See also Peace Corps Volunteers; specific countries; Peace Corps directors; and U.S. presidents
Peace Corps Act, 20, 26, 34, 72, 169, 197, 206
Peace Corps Online, 215–16
Peace Corps Response, 183
Peace Corps Volunteers: age of, 113, 165; anti–Vietnam War protests by, 97–105, 108, 112–13, 192; and assassination of John Kennedy, 59–63; deaths of, 127, 136–46; disadvantages of older Volunteers, 112, 165, 195; and diseases, 136, 142, 146–47, 165; dismissal of, for political reasons, 72, 99, 100, 101; expulsion of, from Africa, 126–27; FBI background investigations of, 108; language skills of, 29, 33, 52–53, 112, 168, 172; limitations on freedom of speech of, 99–101, 192; loneliness of, 161–63; magazine for, 42, 55, 62; memoirs by, 160–68; murder trials of, 136–42; news coverage of, 27, 77–80, 82, 84, 101, 143–44; physical assaults against, 142; positive portraits of, by evaluators, 51–53; problems of, 44, 47, 55, 127, 136–46, 162–63, 168, 194–95; rape and attempted rape against, 142–43, 144, 146, 164–65; readjustment of, at end of assignment, 167–68; recruitment of older, more skilled Volunteers, 111–13, 165–68; reduction in number of, 94, 105–6, 110, 116, 150; Returned Volunteers, 223–25; role of, 34; and safety, 142–47; selection process and selection criteria for, 108, 151, 208; statistics on, x, 63, 69, 105, 116, 146, 150, 182–83, 185, 189, 212, 213, 221, 230; as strength of Peace Corps, xi; suicides of, 136, 144; talent among former Volunteers, xi, 178–79, 180, 184, 204, 225–26; tensions between embassies and, 202–3; termination conference for, 82–83; travel to solicit invitations for, from Third World leaders, 23–25; vacations for, 35–36; zero-tolerance policy on criticism of U.S. policy by, 192–94. See also housing; Peace Corps; training of Peace Corps Volunteers; specific countries; and specific volunteers
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