China at War
Page 42
5. ‘Japan’s Mongolian Policy’, The Times, 30 April 1936.
6. ‘Japan Sees Hope for China Amity’, The New York Times, 3 February 1935.
7. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji (Diary Entries on Striving in Adversity), Huang Zijin and Pan Guangzhe, eds., (Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2011), 523.
8. Hans van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China 1922–1945 (London: Routledge, 2003), 185.
9. Ibid.
10. Jiang Yongjing, ‘Xi’an Shibian Qian Zhang Xueliang “Yi Er Yue Nei Ding You Biandon” He Zhi’ (‘Zhang Xueliang’s Suggestion before the Xi’an Incident That Changes Will Take Place in One to Two Months’), in Jindaishi Yanjiu (Research on Modern History), 1997, vol. 2, 266–72.
11. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 517.
12. Jiang Yongjing, ‘Zhang Xueliang’s Suggestion before the Xi’an Incident’, 271.
13. Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi (History of the Republic of China) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2005), vol. 2, 527–9.
14. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 185.
15. Ibid., 184.
16. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 527–8.
17. Hallett Abend, My Life in China 1926–1941 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1943), 233–5.
18. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 531.
19. ‘Soviet Sure Chang is Japan’s Agent’, The New York Times, 20 December 1936.
20. Riben Fangweiting Fangwei Yanjiusuo Zhanshishi (Office of War History, Defence Research Institute, Department of Defence, Japan), Zhongguo Shibian Lujun Zuozhan Zhanshi (History of the Army’s Campaigns during the China Incident), Tian Qizhi, trans. (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1979), vol. 1:1, 26–8, 58–9.
21. ‘Soviet Sure Chang is Japan’s Agent’, The New York Times, 20 December 1936.
22. Ibid.
23. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 187.
24. ‘New Difficulties are Seen’, The New York Times, 20 December 1936.
25. Yang Kuisong, Geming (Revolution) (Nanning: Guangxi Renmin Chubanshe, 2012), vol. 3, 395–402; ‘Anti Chiang Plot is Laid to Nanjing’, The New York Times, 12 January 1937.
26. ‘General Han Becomes Ally of Nanking’, The New York Times, 14 December 1936.
27. SLGB, vol. 42 (July–December 1938), 689.
28. Song Ziwen diary in TV Soong Papers, Hoover Institution Archives, box 591, folder 21.
29. Quoted in Jonathan Fenby, Generalissimo: Chiang Kai-shek and the China He Lost (London: Free Press, 2003), 9.
30. Abend, My Life, 234.
31. Ibid., 234–45.
32. ‘Great Welcome for Chiang Kaishek’, The Times of India, 28 December 1936.
33. Yang Kuisong, Geming, vol. 3, 395–428.
34. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 535.
35. Zhou Enlai, ‘Our Strategy in Negotiations with the Nationalists’, 24 February 1937, in Zhou Enlai Shuxin Xuanji (Selected Correspondence of Zhou Enlai) (Beijing: Zhongyang Wenxian Chubanshe, 1988), 129.
36. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 551.
37. Shao Minghuang, ‘A Temporary Farewell to Nanjing: Chiang Kaishek’s Comings and Goings after the Xi’an Incident’ in Jindai Zhongguo (Modern China), vol. 160 (2005), 166 –7.
38. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, vol. 2, 544; Shao Minhuang, ‘A Temporary Farewell to Nanjing’, 173.
39. ‘The Consul General at Shanghai (Gauss) to the Ambassador in China (Johnson), 25 June 1937’ in Foreign Relations of the United States Diplomatic Papers, 1937: The Far East, Undeclared War between China and Japan, 122.
40. Shao Minghuang, ‘A Temporary Farewell to Nanjing’, 174.
41. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 559.
42. Ibid., 543.
43. Ibid., 551.
44. Ibid., 549.
45. Ibid., 550.
46. Edward J. Drea, ‘The Japanese Army on the Eve of the War’, in Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 2011), 130–31.
47. ‘Fighting near Peking’, The Times, 9 July 1937.
48. Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi, vol. 3, 1–5; Hallett Abend, ‘Japanese Battle Chinese at Peiping’, The New York Times, 8 July 1937.
49. ‘The Issues in China’, The Times, 29 July 1937.
50. Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival (London: Penguin Books, 2014), 79.
51. Zhang Xianwen, Zhonghua Minguo Shi, vol. 2, 299–307.
52. ‘Chinese Demonstrate in Protest’, The New York Times, 16 September 1932.
53. ‘Chinese Mourn Seizure of Mukden 2 Years Ago’, The New York Times, 18 September 1933.
54. ‘Peiping Students Beaten by Police’, The New York Times, 17 December 1937.
55. ‘Anti Japan Parade Routed in Tientsin’, The New York Times, 17 June 1936.
56. ‘Japanese Protest Attack in Chengtu’, The New York Times, 27 August 1936.
57. Mark Peattie, ‘The Dragon’s Seed: Origins of the War’, in Peattie et al., The Battle for China, 75–6.
58. ‘Sato Would Solve Minor China Issues’, The New York Times, 7 May 1937.
59. George E. Taylor, ‘Popular Front in China’, Manchester Guardian, 12 February 1937.
60. Chiang Kaishek, diary entry for 2 November 1937, Kunmianji (Exertions under Pressure) (Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2011), 583.
61. Kazuo Yagami, Konoe Fumimaro and the Failure of Peace in Japan, 1937–1941: A Critical Appraisal of the Three-time Prime Minister (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Co., 2006), 47–9.
62. Ibid.
63. Ibid., 560–63.
64. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 560.
65. Ibid.
66. ‘Forebodings in Peking’, The Times, 14 July 1937.
67. ‘The Limit of Our Endurance’, Collected Wartime Messages of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, 1937–1945 (New York: John Day Company, 1946), vol. 1, 23–4; ‘Forebodings in Peking’, The Times, 14 July 1937.
68. ‘The Limit of Our Endurance’, Collected Wartime Messages of Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, 1937–1945, vol. 1, 23–4; Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi (History of China’s War of Resistance) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2001), 250.
69. ‘More Fighting in China’, The Times, 27 July 1937.
70. Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 246.
71. ‘Nanking and the Settlement’, The Times, 24 July 1937.
72. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 194.
73. Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 247.
74. ‘Peace or War in China’, The Times, 2 August 1937.
75. ‘Anxious Time in China’, The Times, 6 August 1937.
76. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 194–5.
77. Ibid.
78. Ibid., 197.
79. ‘Chinese Government Defiant’, Manchester Guardian, 30 July 1937.
80. Qi Houjie, ‘Kangzhan Baofa Hou Nanjing Guomin Zhengfu Guofang Lianxi Huiyi Jilu’ (‘Minutes of the Joint National Defence Meeting of Nanjing’s Nationalist Government after the Outbreak of the War of Resistance’), Minguo Dang’an (Republican Archives), vol. 1 (1996), 27–33.
Chapter 5: The Battle of Shanghai
1. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji (Diary Entries on Striving in Adversity), Huang Zijin and Pan Guangzhe, eds., (Taipei: Guoshiguan), 582.
2. Frank Dorn, The Sino-Japanese War, 1937–41: From Marco Polo Bridge to Pearl Harbor (New York: Macmillan, 1974); Hsi-sheng Ch’i, Nationalist China at War: Military Defeats and Political Collapse, 1937–45 (Ann Arbor, MI: University of Michigan Press, 1982); US Department of State, The China White Paper, August 1949 (Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press, 1967); Peter Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937: Stalingrad on the Yangtze (Oxford: Casemate Books, 2013) is a recent and thorough corrective.
3. Edward J. Drea, ‘The Japanese Army on the Eve of the War’, in Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea, and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino
-Japanese War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2011), 107–14.
4. Riben Fangweiting Fangwei Yanjiusuo Zhanshishi (Office of War History, Defence Research Institute, Department of Defence, Japan), Zhongguo Shibian Lujun Zuozhan Zhanshi (History of the Army’s Campaigns during the China Incident), Tian Qizhi, trans. (Beijing: Zhonghua Shuju, 1979). vol. 1: 1, 86–90.
5. Drea, ‘The Japanese Army on the Eve of the War’, 109–11.
6. Chang Jui-te, ‘The Nationalist Army on the Eve of the War’, in Peattie et al., eds., The Battle for China, 88–9.
7. ‘Air Attaché’, 19 July 1937, in ‘Sino-Japanese Situation in North China’, UK National Archives, FO 676/327.
8. Quoted in Chang Jui-te, ‘The Nationalist Army on the Eve of the War’, 91.
9. Quoted in Peter Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 51.
10. Ibid., 158–9.
11. Chang Jui-te, ‘The Nationalist Army on the Eve of the War’, 86–7.
12. Ibid., 92–3.
13. ‘Telegram to FO’, 2 February 1938, in ‘Shanghai Siege’, UK National Archives, FO 676/397; Riben Fangweiting Fangwei Yanjiusuo Zhanshishi, Zhongguo Shibian Lujun Zuozhan Zhanshi, vol. 1: 1, 233–9; vol. 1: 2, 55–84.
14. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 38.
15. ‘Knatchbull-Hugessen to Halifax’, 17 August 1937, in Ann Trotter, Kenneth Bourne, D. Cameron Watt, eds., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Part 2, From the First to the Second World War, Series E, Asia, 1914–1939 (Frederick, MD: University Publications of America, 1991–7), 45 (July 1937–March 1938), 68.
16. Ibid.
17. Quoted in Rana Mitter, China’s War with Japan, 1937–1945: The Struggle for Survival (London: Penguin Books, 2014), 93.
18. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 38–41.
19. ‘1,000 Dead in Shanghai’, The Times, 16 August 1937.
20. Claire Lee Chennault, Way of a Fighter: The Memoirs of Claire Lee Chennault (New York: G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1946), 45–6.
21. North China Herald, 18 August 1937.
22. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 62.
23. ‘1,000 Dead in Shanghai’, The Times, 16 August 1937.
24. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 50.
25. Ibid., 51.
26. Chen Cheng, Chen Cheng Huiyilu: Kang Ri Zhanzheng (Chen Cheng Memoirs: The War of Resistance) (Taipei: Guoshiguan, 2005), 19.
27. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 69–75, 81–4.
28. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 93–7.
29. Riben Fangweiting Fangwei Yanjiusuo Zhanshishi, Zhongguo Shibian Lujun Zuozhan Zhanshi, vol. 1: 2, 79–81.
30. Kazuo Horiba, Riben Dui Hua Zhanzheng Zhidao Shi (History of Strategic Planning in Japan’s War against China), Wang Peilan, trans. (Beijing: Junshi Kexue Chubanshe, 1988), 75–6.
31. Chen Cheng, Chen Cheng Huiyilu, 19.
32. Guangxi Army sources quoted in Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 184.
33. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 119–22, 129–33, 151–5, 161–5, 187–95; Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi (History of China’s War of Resistance) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2001), 278–87.
34. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 212.
35. Ibid., 223.
36. Chen Cheng, Chen Cheng Huiyilu, 19.
37. Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kaishek and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanjing’, in Peattie, et al, eds., The Battle for China, 154.
38. Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 297–339.
39. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 582.
40. Hallett Abend, My Life in China 1926–1941 (New York: Harcourt, Brace & Co., 1943), 258.
41. Ibid.
42. ‘Shanghai Consul to British Ambassador Knatchbull-Hugessen’, 11.30 a.m., 14 August 1937, in ‘Sino-Japanese Dispute’, UK National Archives, FO 676/328.
43. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 63–4.
44. Oriental Affairs, November 1937.
45. H. J. Timperley, What War Means: The Japanese Terror in China; a Documentary Record (London: Victor Gollancz, 1938), 119–43.
46. Frank Oliver, Special Undeclared War (London: Jonathan Cape, 1934), 145.
47. Chi Pang-yuan, Juliuhe (The Great Flowing River) (Taipei: Yuanjian Tianxia, 2014), 79.
48. Ibid., 78.
49. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji (Chen Kewen’s Diary), Chen Fangzheng, ed. (Taipei: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo, 2012), 94.
50. Ibid., 104.
51. Ibid.
52. Ibid., 114.
53. Oriental Affairs, November 1937, 254.
54. Ibid., 161.
55. John Rabe, The Good Man of Nanking: The Diaries of John Rabe (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1998), 10.
56. ‘Kalkutta, 26 July 1937’, in ‘Political Relations Germany–China, July 1936–December 1937’, UK National Archives, GFM 33/2951.
57. Ibid.
58. ‘Ernst von Weizsäcker, Berlin, to Tokyo’, 7 July 1937, in UK National Archives, GFM 33/115.
59. ‘Soviet Warning to Japan’, The Times of India, 28 September 1937.
60. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 104.
61. Trotter et al., eds., British Documents on Foreign Affairs: Reports and Papers from the Foreign Office Confidential Print: Part 2, From the First to the Second World War, Series E, Asia, 1914–1939, 45 (July 1937–March 1938), ‘Japanese note’, 110.
62. Abend, My Life in China, 270.
63. Ibid.
64. Ibid., 274–83.
65. Roads Farmer, Shanghai Harvest: A Diary of Three Years in the China War (London: Museum Press, 1945), 86.
66. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 128.
67. ‘Despatch by Major General A. P. D. Telfer-Smollett, C.B., D.S.O., M.C. on the Shanghai Emergency’, UK National Archives, WO 32/4347.
68. Quoted in David Sutton, Simon: A Political Biography of Sir John Simon (London: Aurum Press, 1992), 125.
69. Robert Bickers, Britain in China: Community, Culture, and Colonialism, 1900–49 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1999).
70. For instance, Robin Hyde, Dragon Rampant; C. R. Shepherd, The Case against Japan; H. J. Timperley, What War Means; O. M. Green, China’s Struggles with the Dictators; and J. Gunnar Andersson, China Fights for the World.
71. J. Gunnar Andersson, China Fights for the World, Arthur G. Chater, trans. (London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., 1938), 261.
72. Chiang Kaishek, Kunmianji, 571.
73. Van de ven, War and Nationalism in China, 1925–1945 (London: Routledge, 2003), 200.
74. Bai Chongxi, Bai Chongxi Huiyilu (Bai Chongxi Memoirs), Shu Zhirong et al., eds. (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1987), 139.
75. Ibid., 139–48.
76. Bai Chongxi, Bai Chongxi Xiansheng Fangwen Jilu (Interviews with Bai Chongxi), Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo, ed. (Taipei: Academia Sinica, 1984), 147; Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937.
77. Harmsen, Shanghai, 1937, 185.
78. Van de Ven, War and Nationalism in China, 199–200.
79. Ibid., 195–6, 201.
80. Quoted in Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 287.
81. Ibid., 287.
82. Yang Kuisong, Shiqu de Jihui: Kangzhan Qianhou Guo Gong Tanpan Shilu (Lost Chance: A Record of Communist–Nationalist Negotiations around the Time of the War of Resistance) (Beijing: Xinxing Chubanshe, 2010), 41, 57, 59; Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 290–92.
83. Yang Kuisong, ‘Nationalist and Communist Guerrilla Warfare in North China’, in Peattie et al., eds., The Battle for China, 309.
84. Ibid.
85. ‘Costs of Shanghai Campaign’, Washington Post, 21 December 1937.
86. Parks M. Coble, China’s War Reporters: The Legacy of Resistance against Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 23.
87. Ibid., 24.
88. Ibid., 35.
89. Ibid., 25.
90. Ibid., 28.
91. Ibid., 35, 38.
92. Coble, China’s War Reporters, 32–3.
93. Wang Qisheng, ‘Kangzhan Chuqi de “He” Sheng’ (‘Voices for “Peace” at the Beginning of the War of Resistance’), in Lü Fangshan, ed., Zhanzheng de Lishi yu Jiyi (The History and Memory of the War) (Taipei, Guoshiguan, 2015), 27.
94. Ibid., 32.
95. Ibid., 37–55.
96. Hung Chang-tai, War and Popular Culture: Resistance in Modern China, 1937–1945 (Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, 1994), 136–50.
97. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji (Chen Kewen’s Diary), Chen Fangzheng, ed. (Taipei: Zhongyang Yanjiuyuan Jindaishi Yanjiusuo, 2012), 97.
98. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 120.
99. Coble, China’s War Reporters, 35–7.
Chapter 6: Trading Space for Time
1. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, J. J. Graham, trans., revised by F. N. Mause, abridged by Louise Wilmot (London: Wordsworth, 1997), 287.
2. Carl von Clausewitz, On War, Michael Howard and Peter Paret, trans. (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1989), 89.
3. Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhan Zheng Shi (History of China’s War of Resistance) (Nanjing: Nanjing Daxue Chubanshe, 2001), 531–2.
4. Parks M. Coble, China’s War Reporters: The Legacy of Resistance against Japan (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2015), 169–71.
5. Chen Kewen, Chen Kewen Riji, 141.
6. Ibid., 137.
7. Ibid., 140.
8. Yang Tianshi, ‘Jiang Jieshi yu 1937 Nian de Songhu Nanjing zhi Zhan’ (‘Chiang Kaishek and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanjing’), in Xunzhao Zhenshi de Jiang Jieshi, (Searching for the Real Chiang Kaishek), no page numbers.
9. ‘All Captives Slain’, The New York Times, 18 December 1937.
10. Bai Chongxi, Bai Chongxi Huiyilu (Bai Chongxi Memoirs), Shu Zhirong et al., eds. (Beijing: Jiefangjun Chubanshe, 1987),149.
11. Zhang Xianwen, Zhongguo Kang Ri Zhanzheng Shi, 367.
12. Yang Tianshi, ‘Chiang Kaishek and the Battles of Shanghai and Nanjing’, in Mark Peattie, Edward J. Drea and Hans van de Ven, eds., The Battle for China: Essays on the Military History of the Sino-Japanese War (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 2011), 157.
13. Ibid.
14. Ibid. See also Li Yuzhen, ‘Chiang Kaishek and Joseph Stalin during World War II’, in Hans van de Ven, Diana Lary, Stephen MacKinnon, eds., Negotiating China’s Destiny in World War II (Stanford, CA.: Stanford University Press, 2015), 148–9.