A Spitfire Pilot's Story: Pat Hughes: Battle of Britain Top Gun
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NOTES
1. PATERSON
1. London, Pete, Flying in Cornwall (Tor Mark, Redruth, Cornwall, 2011).
2. Phyl Campbell (Mrs) , Cooma Monaro Historical Society, Correspondence, 23 April 1987, responding to an enquiry about Captain Lancaster and Mrs Miller by Mrs H. Bowditch of Normanhurst NSW (via David Hughes).
3. At the time of writing Chubbie Miller’s flying helmet was in a picture frame mounted above the mantelpiece in David Hughes’ study. David Hughes is Pat Hughes’ nephew. Of it, David wrote on 2 May 2002, ‘As they departed Cooma, the leather helmet belonging to Mrs Miller fell from the aircraft and was retrieved by Charles Hughes, my father. It has remained in our family since that day.’
4. Interview with W/O Jock Goodwin RAAF 421725, Canberra, 4 July 2011. In the Second World War, Jock served in 461 (Sunderland) Squadron, the Anzac Squadron.
5. Ashfield and Haberfield are inner western suburbs of Sydney.
6. Henry Lawson (1867–1922) was a famous Australian writer closely associated with the early days of the Bulletin weekly journal. Although he never produced a novel, his short stories, particularly those about bush life, are among the most noteworthy in Australian literature.
7. Adapted from the eulogy for Constance Olive Torbett, née Hughes (1915–2010) delivered by her daughter, Dimity, on behalf of herself and her sister, Sandra, on 30 July 2010.
8. John Nichols Family Society, Without Rhyme or Reason – poems by the family of John & Ann Nichols née Pugh (Gosford, NSW, 2013), p. 107–8
9. Laurence Lucas, Correspondence, 23 August 2013.
10. Amy Johnson achieved the first solo flight from England to Australia by a woman. She flew from Croydon to Darwin 5–14 May 1930 in a de Havilland DH60 Gipsy Moth (G-AAAH), which she named Jason.
11. William Morris Hughes was the eleventh Prime Minister of Australia, 27 October 1915 to 9 February 1923.
12. Janus, ancient Latin god honoured by the Romans. He has been depicted on coins as having two, and sometimes four, faces with the ability to look in as many directions.
13. Frankston is a suburb of Melbourne, Victoria.
14. Glenbrook is a village in the Lower Blue Mountains west of Sydney.
15. Hughes, Paterson, ‘An Autumn Evening’, The Fortian (June 1934), p. 39.
16. Pat Hughes’ 1936 Diary, Australian War Memorial File: 419/049/038, 87/412, via Stephanie Bladen.
2. POINT COOK
1. Olive, Gordon DFC (ed. Dennis Newton), Spitfire Ace (Amberley Publishing, Stroud, 2015) pp. 20–1.
2. The various de Havilland Moth aircraft were very similar to each other and were usually differentiated by the type of engine installed. The ‘Cirrus Moth’ had a Cirrus engine; the ‘Gypsy Moth’ had a Gypsy engine. The RAAF’s ‘A7’ (First and Second) Series had both types in its inventory.
3. Pat’s school mate, John ‘Pete’ Pettigrew.
4. Hauptmann Oswald Boelcke, credited with forty victories, was one of the most successful German aces of the early First World War and winner of the coveted Pour le Merite. He commanded Jasta 2 and among his prodigies was the fabled Red Baron, Manfred von Richthofen. He was actually killed as the result of a mid-air collision with another of his pilots on 28 October 1916.
6. Olive, Gordon DFC (ed. Dennis Newton), op cit., pp. 25–6; in the Second World War, G/Capt John Raeburn ‘Sammy’ Balmer OBE DFC commanded 13 Squadron during 1940–41, 7 and 100 Squadrons in 1942 and 467 Squadron 1943–44, all RAAF units. He failed to return from a mission to bomb a military camp at Bourg-Leopold on the night of 11/12 May 1944.
7. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett late 1937, via Dimity Torbett.
8. F/O J. R. Paget was one of Pat’s instructors at Point Cook. He had taken up a short service commission in the RAF in July 1931 and had recently returned to Australia.
9. Laurence Lucas, Correspondence with the author 23 August 2013.
10. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett, 10 January 1937, via Dimity Torbett.
3. ENGLAND
1. Olive, Gordon, Unpublished Papers.
2. ibid.
3. Olive, Gordon DFC (ed. Dennis Newton), Spitfire Ace (Amberley Publishing, Stroud, 2015), p. 33.
4. ibid, pp. 33–5.
5. Johnny Weissmuller, a US Olympic champion and star of the Hollywood Tarzan movies of the 1930 and 1940s.
6. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett, 28 March 1937, via Dimity Torbett.
7. The coronation of King George VI on 12 May 1937. The idea of a flight over London on coronation night by Pat and Gordon Olive apparently did not eventuate.
8. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett, 8 May 1937, via Dimity Torbett.
9. Olive, Gordon DFC (ed. Dennis Newton), op cit., p. 36.
4. THE GATHERING STORM
1. Franks, Norman, Wings of Freedom (William Kimber & Co. Ltd, London, 1980), pp. 82–101.
2. Galland, Adolf, The First and the Last (Methuen & Co. Ltd, London, 1955), p. 19.
3. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett, November 1938, via Dimity Torbett.
4. Pat’s twenty-first birthday was on 19 September 1938.
5. Pat’s school mate, John ‘Pete’ Pettigrew had joined the RAAF in July 1937 and trained at Point Cook. He left Australia for an RAF a short service commission on 16 July 1938. His was the last group (of eight) to go under the system as the scheme was suspended because of the RAAF’s own need to expand. However, RAF short service commissions did continued to be advertised in the Australian press but later volunteers were civilians without the benefit of Point Cook training.
6. Pat was promoted to flying officer on 19 November 1938.
7. John MacGuire was at Point Cook July 1933–June 1934. He left Australia to join the RAF on a Short Service Commission on 9 July 1934.
5. 234 SQUADRON
1. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to William Hughes, 6 September 1939, via William Hughes, also known as ‘Bill’ and ‘Will’.
2. Hughes, Pat, Correspondence to Constance Torbett, 6 September 1938, via Dimity Torbett.
3. Doe, Helen, Fighter Pilot (Amberley Publishing, Stroud, 2015), p. 51.
4. Doe, Bob, Bob Doe – Fighter Pilot, The Story of One of the Few (Spellmount Ltd, Tonbridge Wells, 1991), p. 11.
5. Wynn, Kenneth G., Men of the Battle of Britain Clasp (Gloddon Books, Norwich, 1989).
6. Wynn, Kenneth G., A Clasp for ‘The Few’ – New Zealanders with the Battle of Britain Clasp (Kenneth G Wynn
, Auckland, 1981).
7. Doe, Helen, op cit., pp. 48–9.
6. KATHLEEN
1. PRO, 234 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27/1439.
2. PRO, 234 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27/1439; PRO, 616 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27/21.
3. Reeder, Joan, Woman Magazine, 15 November 1980, via Winston Ramsey.
4. Doe, Bob, Bob Doe – Fighter Pilot, The Story of One of the Few (Spellmount Ltd, Tonbridge Wells, 1991), p. 12.
5. Macdonald, Emily, ‘Kodak Moments Live On’, Townsville Bulletin, January 27 2012, p. 19.
6. Doe, Bob, op cit., pp. 12–13.
7. Reeder, Joan, op cit.
7. ST EVAL, JULY 1940
1. A few Spitfires and pilots were actually sent to France but these were specially stripped and polished, unarmed machines used for high altitude photographic reconnaissance deep over enemy territory. Desmond Sheen was attached to the unit.
2. Roberts, Tom, Wingless – An Alphabetical List of Australian Airmen Detained in Wartime (Thomas V. Roberts, Victoria, Australia, 2011), p. 383; PRO, 151 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27.
3. Long, Gavin, ‘The AIF in the United Kingdom’, Australia in the War of 1939–1945 (Army) Vol. I, To Benghazi (Australian War Memorial, Canberra, 1961).
4. PRO, 234 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27/1439.
5. London, Pete, Flying in Cornwall (Tor Mark, Redruth, Cornwall, 2011).
6. Doe, Bob, Bob Doe – Fighter Pilot, The Story of One of the Few (Spellmount Ltd, Tonbridge Wells, 1991), p. 16; PRO, 234 Squadron RAF, Operations Record Book, AIR 27/1439.
7. PRO, Pat Hughes’ Combat Report 8.8.40, AIR 50/89 4551.
8. This anecdote is the stuff of legends and may well be apocryphal as no final source has been traced.
9. Ramsey, Winston (ed.), The Battle of Britain Then and Now (After the Battle, London, 1980), pp. 746–7. In order to get married in 1940 Pat would have had to first give ‘notice of marriage’ at the local register office where couples had to prove there was no impediment to the marriage. Details were then ‘displayed for a period of time’ before the marriage could take place. (Letter to author from Cornwall Council, 2 April 2012.)
10. PRO, Pat Hughes’ Combat Report 27.8.40, AIR 50/89 4551; Pat called himself ‘Blue 1’ in his combat report. For the narrative, ‘Blue 1’ has been substituted by the first person ‘I’.