Queen Anne: The Politics of Passion
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NOTE: Titles and ranks are generally the highest mentioned in the text
Abingdon, Robert Bertie, 2nd Earl of, 483
Abingdon, Countess of, 521
abjuration oath, 190–1, 201, 211
Abrahal, Elizabeth, 243, 381, 390
Addison, Joseph, 198–9, 339, 343, 539
Ailesbury, Elizabeth, Countess of, 136–7
Ailesbury, Thomas Bruce, 2nd Earl of, 10, 104–5, 136–7, 140–1
Albemarle, Arnold Joost van Keppel, 1st Earl of, 156, 158
Alien Act (1705), 278, 281, 283; repealed, 296
Almanza, Battle of (1707), 219, 334, 338, 438
Anglesey, Arthur Annesley, 5th Earl of, 511, 514
Anjou, Philip, Duke of see Philip V, King of Spain
Anne, Queen: birth, 1, 7; supposed hereditary illness, 6; in line of succession, 7–8, 16, 31–2, 153; obesity in later life, 7, 17, 161, 441, 545; infancy and upbringing, 8; relations with parents, 8–9, 15; eye trouble, 10, 12, 389; and grandfather’s exile, 10; concern for form and protocol, 11; in France as child, 11–12; and loss of female family members, 14; shyness and inarticulateness, 14, 545; and father’s Catholicism, 15; education, 16–20; defrauded by Bathurst, 17, 158–9; good spoken French, 17; music and dancing interests, 17, 229–30; amateur theatricals, 18, 23; recreations and interests, 18; riding and hunting, 18; commitment to Church of England, 20–1, 208–9, 288; religious views and practices, 20–1, 57, 73–4, 200, 208, 232; relations with Mary of Modena, 22–3; alleged lesbianism, 24, 27, 39, 53–4, 362–4; and court immorality, 24; close relations with sister Mary, 25; social circle and friendships as girl, 25–6; relations with Frances Apsley, 26; smallpox, 28–9; confirmed in Church of England, 30; visits sister Mary in Holland, 30; and father in exclusion crisis, 31–3; sent abroad with Isabella, 32–3; courted and rejected by George Ludwig of Hanover, 34, 36–7; and Earl of Mulgrave, 37–8; marriage to George of Denmark, 37, 40–4; happy marriage relations, 37, 44, 51, 363, 546; income and allowances, 40, 60, 115–18, 119, 241; suitors, 40; home in Cockpit, 44, 115, 119; falls out with sister Mary, 45; ladies of bedchamber and household, 47–9, 60, 66, 68, 239–40, 243; attachment to Sarah Churchill, 48–53, 55–6, 66, 68, 70, 124–5, 136, 237; Abigail Hill’s relations with, 52, 260, 321–4, 327–9, 332, 342, 348–9, 363, 484–5, 542–3; adopts pseudonym (Mrs Morley) in relations with Sarah Marlborough, 52, 124; unsuccessful pregnancies and loss of children, 54, 56, 58–9, 71–3, 78–80, 83, 86–7, 102, 112–13, 121, 133–4, 146–7, 152–3, 155–6, 159–61; tours southern England, 56; expenses and debts, 60–1, 115; gambling, 60, 240; resists father’s attempts to convert to Catholicism, 62–4, 74–6, 78; and succession to James II, 62, 108; antipathy to Mary Beatrice, 65–6, 73, 77, 83; hatred of Sunderland family, 68, 77; correspondence with sister Mary, 74–8, 83, 90–1; James vetoes trip to Holland, 74; and Mary Beatrice’s pregnancy, 80, 83–4; visits Bath, 87–8, 139, 246–7, 259; and birth of Mary Beatrice’s son James, Prince of Wales, 89–90; disbelieves legitimacy of Prince of Wales, 90, 92–3, 97, 111, 402, 448, 514, 540; told of William’s invasion plan, 91, 94; reads William’s Declaration of Reasons, 97–8; stays and then flees London during William’s invasion, 98, 101–4; and father’s flight abroad, 105–6; questions William’s assumption of power and accession, 106–10; at accession of William and Mary, 110–11; changing relations and breakdown with sister Mary, 110, 113, 118–20, 122, 132–5, 138, 140; and Mary’s arrival in Greenwich from Holland, 110; as successor to William and Mary, 110–11, 170; reaction to father’s fall and exile, 111; granted Duchess of Portsmouth’s Whitehall apartments, 115; and William’s absence in Ireland, 120; increases Sarah’s allowance, 124; visits to Sarah in St Albans, 125, 138, 164; employs Abigail Hill, 126; reliance on Godolphin, 126; sends letter of contrition to James, 128–30, 140; offends sister Mary by continuing friendship with Sarah Marlborough, 131–2; leaves Cockpit for Sion House, 132–5; mutual dislike with William, 132, 142, 151, 158, 160; ill with erysipelas, 138, 501–2; irregular menstrual cycle, 139; Kingston spies on, 139–40; moves to Berkeley House, 141; socia
l isolation, 141–2; care for son’s upbringing, 143–4; supposed gout (?migratory polyarthritis or Hughes syndrome and lupus), 146–8, 155, 160, 260, 295, 342, 501; continuing rift with William and Mary, 147; hunting by chaise, 147, 155, 161, 235, 451; and Mary’s death, 148–9; visits William after Mary’s death, 149; misses Mary’s funeral, 150; phantom pregnancy, 150–2; social entertaining, 153, 156, 229–31; welcomes Peace of Ryswick (1697), 154–5; suffers from ‘vapours’, 155, 259; and Duke of Gloucester’s separate household and governors, 157–8; makes gift to Lady Harriet Churchill’s marriage, 158; painful right hand, 161; and son William’s final illness and death, 162–4, 215; succession to, 164–6, 211–12, 290–1, 375, 495, 510; mourning for father’s death, 169; and King William’s death, 172; accession, 174; addresses Parliament, 174–5; gracious manner, 174; semi-invalid state, 174, 178; public speaking, 175–6, 221–2; granted Civil List revenue for life, 176; view of as woman ruler, 176–9, 181–2; idealises Elizabeth I, 179–81, 538; motto (Semper Eadem), 179–80; eventual childlessness, 181; antipathy to Whig party and office holders, 186, 199, 330–1, 349, 350–1, 352, 357, 367, 376; George’s political influence on, 186–7; Coronation, 187–8; dismisses Harley (Oxford), 187, 341, 343, 524–5; aims for political impartiality and harmony, 192–3, 199, 207, 538; and party powers, 195, 285; favours Tories, 199, 537; attitude to dissenters, 200, 438, 541; disapproves of rule by divine right, 200; first government, 201, 203–4, 207–8; discussions with Harley, 207; relations with Electress of Hanover, 209–10; opposes inviting Sophia or family member to England, 210, 288, 359–60, 499, 512, 522; view of Scots, 212; supports Union with Scotland, 214, 256–7, 283; inexperience in public affairs, 215–17; attends Cabinet meetings, 216; and machinery of government, 216–18; war policy, 219–20; and foreign relations, 221; and finance meetings, 222; and royal prerogative of mercy, 222–3; and Church patronage, 224–5, 318–20, 334, 336, 496; revives touching for ‘King’s evil’, 226–8; eating and drinking, 228–9, 501; interest in opera, 229; daily duties and business, 231–2; health decline and infirmity in later years, 231, 294–5, 339, 441, 451, 485, 514, 526, 545; restraint in building expenditure, 233–4; supports decorative arts, 233; residences, 234–5; interest in horseracing, 235–6; visits Newmarket, 235–6, 309, 332; differences and growing estrangement from Sarah Marlborough, 237, 246, 254–5, 258, 262, 267–9, 272–6, 301, 304, 309–10, 347, 351, 353–4, 362, 364–5, 385, 387–92, 400, 537, 546; bans buying and selling of offices, 240; personal expenditure, 240–1; charitable donations, 241; dress, 241–3, 294–5; resists advice from Sarah, 244–5; opens Parliament (1702), 248; supports bill outlawing Occasional Conformity, 248; offers personal allowance to Marlborough, 250; proposes financial settlement for George, 251; letter of encouragement to Marlborough, 255–6; conciliatory letters to Sarah, 259–60, 268, 272, 305–7, 310, 348, 352; bounty (distribution of clergy tax), 263; receives Charles III of Spain, 263–4; and supposed Jacobite plot in Scotland, 265–6; dismisses Tory ministers, 267; and succession question in Scotland, 269; celebrates Blenheim victory, 271–2; attends Lords for debates, 277, 291, 294; gives Woodstock to Marlborough, 278–9; and parliamentary election (1705), 280–1; and Godolphin’s employment of Whigs, 281, 301; changes Scots ministry (1705), 282; and appointment of Cowper as Lord Keeper, 286; disreputable appearance in later years, 295; and treaty of Union with Scotland, 298, 312, 314–15, 317; resists Godolphin’s proposal to appoint Sunderland Secretary of State, 301–3, 306–8, 310; attends Abigail’s wedding, 326, 332; protects Samuel Masham, 326; alleged immoral relations with Abigail Masham, 329, 360–2, 374, 388, 434, 537; Sarah complains of Abigail to, 333; welcomes Harley’s proposals for new ministry, 336–7; and Harley’s breach with Godolphin and Marlborough, 339; declares unwillingness to part from Sarah, 340; persists in supporting Harley’s proposals, 341; dream of moderate coalition government ends, 342; loses reputation over Harley affair, 342; and Jacobite 1708 invasion scare, 344; maligns Pretender after attempted invasion, 346; spares Griffin death sentence, 346; defends Abigail’s use of Kensington rooms, 347–8; writes to Marlborough condemning Sunderland’s intrigues, 353; and communicating with Harley, 354–7; congratulates Marlborough on Oudenarde victory, 357; Marlborough upsets, 358; requests Marlborough to remain as political adviser, 358; resists Whig demands, 366–8; mourning for George’s death, 370–2, 374–5, 433; moves to St James’s, 370–1; assumes position as Lord High Admiral at George’s death, 372; declines Marlborough’s request to be made lifetime Captain-General, 378, 386; and Sarah’s assertion of household privileges, 381–2; disappointment at failure of peace negotiations, 382, 385; harangued by Sarah, 388–9; replies to Marlborough’s and Sarah’s accusations, 389–90; accepts Junto’s demands for office, 393; resists demands to dismiss Abigail, 396–9; retains Sarah’s services, 400; and Sarah’s hopes for daughters to succeed to offices, 400; attends Sacheverell’s trial, 401–3; frustrates Sarah at final meeting, 406; dislikes government by party, 407; secret meetings with Harley, 407–8; appoints Shrewsbury Lord Chamberlain, 409–10; insists on promotion for Jack Hill and Samuel Masham, 410; dismisses Sunderland, 412–15; replies to Dutch memorial, 416; reluctance to dismiss Godolphin, 419; dismisses Godolphin, 420–1, 523; dissolves Parliament (1710), 423; and Harley’s 1710 government, 423, 425; regret at Cowper’s resignation, 424; and control of Marlborough’s powers, 431; and Sarah’s complaints about Swift’s accusations, 432; withdraws offer to appoint Sarah’s daughters to household, 433; dismisses Sarah, 434–6; meeting with submissive Marlborough, 434; differences with Harley over political appointments, 438; relations with Bolingbroke, 439, 501; illness after Guiscard’s knife attack on Harley, 440–1; relations with physicians, 442; entertains North American Indian chiefs, 443; and peace negotiations with France (1711–13), 445, 451–3, 456–7, 460, 477–9, 482; and unchanged government (1711), 446–7; suspected support for Pretender’s succession, 447–8, 523; coolness towards Hanover, 448; persuaded to dismiss Marlborough, 459; addresses Parliament on 1711 peace proposals, 461–3; reluctance to make new peers, 463–4; blocks Swift’s preferment, 464, 482; birthday celebrations (1711), 437; (1712), 469; persuades Duke of Somerset to let wife retain office, 469; and Utrecht peace conference, 471–2, 481–2; and Oxford’s proposals to Philip V of Spain, 473–4; sends Restraining Order to Ormonde, 474–5; suspends military action, 474; and Oxford’s inefficiency, 482–3, 500, 522–3; restrains Abigail Masham, 484; and Marlborough’s move abroad, 487; and Hanover’s obstinacy over peace proposals, 489; hostile view of Pretender, 491–3, 505; on conditions of succession, 492; accepts Treaty of Utrecht, 494–5; on cost of war, 494; declines dukedom for Oxford’s son, 499; letter from Pretender, 508; agrees to purge of Whigs in army, 509; acts against Catalans, 510; and Lords debate on Protestant Succession, 511–12; disturbed by Electoral Prince’s prospective visit, 514–15; supposed opposition to Protestant succession, 514; letters to Hanover objecting to demands, 515, 519; and proclamation against Pretender, 518–19; benefits from Spanish trade treaty, 520; final address to Parliament, 521; and Marlboroughs’ return to England, 522; doubts on Bolingbroke’s character, 523; asserts goodwill towards Elector, 524; final illness and death, 527–8; sealed papers burned, 530–1; unfinished will, 530–1; funeral, 531–2; quiet reaction to death, 531; reputation and reign, 536–9, 541–6; Whigs accuse of intending to bequeath crown to Pretender, 540; supposed influence of favourites on, 542–4; modesty and self-abasement, 544; strong will, 544–5; concern for public good, 546