Seven Skeletons
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19. Manisha R. Dayal et al., “The History and Composition of the Raymond A. Dart Collection of Human Skeletons at the University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa,” American Journal of Physical Anthropology 140, no. 2 (2009), pp. 324–35.
20. Dart and Craig, Adventures with the Missing Link; Reader, Missing Links.
21. Reader, Missing Links.
22. Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 47.
23. Raymond Dart Archive, University of the Witwatersrand.
24. Ibid.
25. C. K. Brain et al., “New Evidence of Early Hominids, Their Culture and Environment, from Swartkrans Cave, South Africa,” South African Journal of Science 84 (1988), pp. 828–35.
26. Charles K. Brain et al., Staatsmuseum 100: National Cultural History Museum, Museum of the Geological Survey, Transvaal Museum, National Cultural History Museum, 1992; Tersia Perregil, Ditsong Museum archivist, e-mail interview with author, January 2014.
27. Lydia Pyne, “Ditsong’s Dioramas: Putting a Body on a Fossil and a Fossil in a Narrative,” Appendix 2, no. 2 (April 2014).
28. Other writers and artists contributed to the publication Life of Bone: Art Meets Science; Brenner, Burroughs, and Nel, Life of Bone, p. 9.
29. Brenner, Burroughs, and Nel, Life of Bone.
30. Kristi Lewton, e-mail and phone interview with author, February 28, 2014, and March 3, 2014.
31. Brenner, Burroughs, and Nel, Life of Bone, p. 3.
32. Lee Berger, interview with author, June 27, 2013, University of the Witwatersrand.
33. Kristi Lewton, e-mail and phone interview with author, February 28, 2014, and March 3, 2014.
CHAPTER FOUR. Peking Man: A Curious Case of Paleo-Noir
1. Anneli Waara, “Unique Tooth Reveals Details of the Peking Man’s Life,” Uppsala University; Jan Petter Myklebust, “Tooth of ‘Peking Man’ Found Again After 90 Years,” University World News, March 20, 2015.
2. Lanpo Jia and Weiwen Huang, The Story of Peking Man: From Archaeology to Mystery (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1990), p. 10.
3. Peter C. Kjaergaard, “The Missing Links Expeditions—Or How the Peking Man Was Not Found,” Endeavour 36, no. 3 (September 2012), pp. 97–105.
4. Ibid., p. 98.
5. Johan Gunnar Andersson, Children of the Yellow Earth: Studies in Prehistoric China, reprint (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1973).
6. Kjaergaard, “Missing Links Expeditions,” p. 97.
7. Jia and Huang, Story of Peking Man, p. 20.
8. Ibid., p. 49.
9. Ibid., pp. 63–64.
10. Ibid., pp. 64–65.
11. Ibid., p. 65.
12. Ibid., p. 66.
13. Hsiao-pie Yen, “Constructing the Chinese: Paleoanthropology and Anthropology in the Chinese Frontier, 1920–1950,” doctoral dissertation, Harvard University, 2012.
14. Rockefeller Foundation, RG 1.2, Series 601D (China), Box 1, Folder 4: China, PUMC: Davidson Black (courtesy of Christopher Manias).
15. Chris Manias, e-mail interview with author, May 20, 2015.
16. Grace Yen Shen, Unearthing the Nation: Modern Geology and Nationalism in Republican China (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2013), p. 5.
17. Chris Manias, e-mail interview with author, May 20, 2015.
18. Jia and Huang, Story of Peking Man, p. 175, as quoting Ruth Moore.
19. Christopher G. Janus and William Brashler, The Search for Peking Man (New York: Macmillan, 1975).
20. “Financier Is Charged with Fraud in Search for Bones of Peking Man,” Reuters, February 26, 1981; Stephen Miller, “Colorful Chicagoan’s Biggest Stunt, Detective Mission to Find Peking Man, Led to Fraud Plea,” Wall Street Journal, February 28, 2009.
21. Miller, “Colorful Chicagoan’s Biggest Stunt.”
22. Jane Hooker, “Letter from China: The Search for Peking Man,” Archaeology, March/April 2006.
23. Lydia Pyne, “To Russia, with Love,” Appendix 2, no. 4 (October 2014).
24. Raymond Dart Archive, University of the Witwatersrand.
25. Amir D. Aczel, The Jesuit and the Skull: Teilhard de Chardin, Evolution, and the Search for Peking Man (New York: Riverhead, 2007), p. 154.
26. “Reproducing Our Ancestors,” Expedition Magazine 29, no.1 (March 1987); www.penn.museum/sites/expedition/reproducing-our-ancestors.
27. Ibid.
28. Jia and Huang, Story of Peking Man, pp. 174–75; Harry L. Shapiro, Peking Man: The Discovery, Disappearance and Mystery of a Priceless Scientific Treasure (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1974), p. 30.
29. Yen, “Constructing the Chinese,” pp. 10–11.
30. Waara, “Unique Tooth Reveals Details of the Peking Man’s Life.”
CHAPTER FIVE. The Ascension of an Icon: Lucy in the Sky
1. Donald Johanson and Maitland Edey, Lucy: The Beginnings of Humankind (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1981).
2. “Ancient Homo Sapiens Found in Central Afar,” Ethiopian Herald, October 26, 1974.
3. Johanson and Edey, Lucy, p. 18.
4. Lauren E. Bohn, “Q&A: ‘Lucy’ Discoverer Donald C. Johanson,” Time, March 4, 2009.
5. “In Central Afar: Most Complete Remains of Man Discovered,” Ethiopian Herald, December 21, 1974.
6. Ibid.
7. Jon E. Kalb, Adventures in the Bone Trade: The Race to Discover Human Ancestors in Ethiopia’s Afar Depression (New York: Copernicus, 2001), pp. 150–51.
8. Ibid.
9. D. C. Johanson and M. Taieb, “Plio-Pleistocene Hominid Discoveries in Hadar, Ethiopia,” Nature 260, no. 5549 (March 25, 1976), pp. 293–97.
10. Ibid.
11. Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 271.
12. “Forty Years After Lucy’s Ethiopia Discovery: A Conversation with Donald Johanson,” Tadias, November 24, 2014.
13. Lewin, Bones of Contention, p. 270.
14. Richard Brilliant, Portraiture (London: Reaktion Books, 2003), p. 8.
15. Ibid., p. 61.
16. Pyne, “Ditsong’s Dioramas.”
17. Ann Gibbons, “Lucy’s Tour Abroad Sparks Protests,” Science 314, no. 5799 (October 27, 2006), pp. 574–75.
18. Ibid.
19. Ibid.
20. Dirk Van Tuerenhout, interview with author, November 15, 2012, and May 12, 2015.
21. Ibid.
22. Ibid.
23. Juliet Eilperin, “In Ethiopia, Both Obama and Ancient Fossils Get a Motorcade,” Washington Post, July 27, 2015.
24. William Yardley, “They Didn’t Love Lucy,” New York Times, March 13, 2009.
25. Nancy Odegaard, phone interview with author, June 25, 2015.
26. Ibid.
27. Ronald Harvey, phone interview with author, June 26, 2015.
28. Ibid.
29. Eilperin, “In Ethiopia, Both Obama and Ancient Fossils.”
30. Nancy Odegaard, phone interview with author, June 25, 2015.
31. Donald Johanson and James Shreeve, Lucy’s Child: The Discovery of a Human Ancestor (New York: Harper Perennial, 1990).
32. E. F. K. Koerner, Ferdinand de Saussure: Origin and Development of His Linguistic Thought in Western Studies of Language: A Contribution to the History and Theory of Linguistics, Schriften zur Linguistik 7 (Braunschweig: Vieweg, 1973); Carol Sanders, ed., The Cambridge Companion to Saussure (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2004).
33. Ronald Harvey, phone interview with author, June 26, 2015.
34. Kristi Lewton, e-mail and phone interview with author, February 28, 2014, and March 3, 2014.
35. Bone Clones, e-mail interview with author, May 14, 2015.
CHAPTER SIX. The Precious: Flo’s Life as a Hobbit
1. Ewen Callaway, “The Discovery of Homo Floresiensis: Tales of the Hobbit,” Nature 514, no. 7523 (October 23, 2014), pp. 422–26.
2. M. J. Morwood and Penny Van Oosterzee, A New Human: The Startling Discovery and Strange Story of the “Hobbits” of Flores, Indonesia (New York: Smithsonian Books/Collins, 2007), p. 27.
3. Ibid., p. 31
.
4. Ibid., p. 85.
5. Callaway, “Discovery of Homo Floresiensis.”
6. Tabitha Powledge, “Skullduggery: The Discovery of an Unusual Human Skeleton Has Broad Implications,” EMBO Reports 6 (2005), pp. 609–12.
7. Callaway, “Discovery of Homo Floresiensis.”
8. Ibid.
9. Ibid.
10. Michael Hopkin, “Wrist Bones Bolster Hobbit Status,” Nature News, September 20, 2007; Matthew W. Tocheri et al., “The Primitive Wrist of Homo Floresiensis and Its Implications for Hominin Evolution,” Science 317, no. 5845 (September 21, 2007), pp. 1743–45.
11. Callaway, “Discovery of Homo Floresiensis.”
12. “Rude Palaeoanthropology,” Nature 442, no. 7106 (August 31, 2006), p. 957.
13. Quotes from Marta Mirazon Lahr and Robert Foley, “Palaeoanthropology: Human Evolution Writ Small,” Nature 431 (October 28, 2004), p. 1043; Michael Hopkin, “The Flores Find,” Nature News (October 27, 2004).
14. Mirazon Lahr and Foley, “Palaeoanthropology,” pp. 1043–44.
15. Lachlan Williams, “Academia Is ‘Bitchy’: Fight Erupts over ‘Hobbit’ Fossil,” 9 Stories, NineMSN, September 23, 2014; Maciej Henneberg et al., “Evolved Developmental Homeostasis Disturbed in LB1 from Flores, Indonesia, Denotes Down Syndrome and Not Diagnostic Traits of the Invalid Species Homo Floresiensis,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 111, no. 33 (August 4, 2014), 201407382.
16. Callaway, “Discovery of Homo Floresiensis.”
17. Rex Dalton, “Little Lady of Flores Forces Rethink of Human Evolution,” Nature 431, no. 1029 (October 28, 2004).
18. Gregory Forth, “Hominids, Hairy Hominoids and the Science of Humanity,” Anthropology Today 21, no. 3 (June 1, 2005): pp. 13–17.
19. John Gurche, Shaping Humanity: How Science, Art, and Imagination Help Us Understand Our Origins (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013), pp. 270–71.
20. Dean Falk, The Fossil Chronicles: How Two Controversial Discoveries Changed Our View of Human Evolution (Oakland: University of California Press, 2012), p. 78.
21. Callaway, “Discovery of Homo Floresiensis.”
22. Ibid.
23. Morwood and Oosterzee, A New Human, p. xii.
CHAPTER SEVEN. Sediba: TBD (To Be Determined)
1. Celia W. Dugger and John Noble Wilford, “New Hominid Species Discovered in South Africa,” New York Times, April 8, 2010.
2. Lee R. Berger, Working and Guiding in the Cradle of Humankind (Johannesburg: Prime Origins, 2005).
3. Rex Dalton, “Africa’s Next Top Hominid,” Nature News, June 21, 2010.
4. Yohannes Haile-Selassie et al., “An Early Australopithecus Afarensis Postcranium from Woranso-Mille, Ethiopia,” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 107, no. 27 (July 6, 2010), pp. 12121–26.
5. Dalton, “Africa’s Next Top Hominid.”
6. Philip L. Reno and C. Owen Lovejoy, “From Lucy to Kadanuumuu: Balanced Analyses of Australopithecus Afarensis Assemblages Confirm Only Moderate Skeletal Dimorphism,” PeerJ 3 (April 28, 2015), p. e925.
7. “Wits Scientists Reveal New Species of Hominid,” University of the Witwatersrand, April 8, 2010.
8. Ibid.
9. Berger, Working and Guiding.
10. “Wits Scientists Reveal New Species of Hominid,” University of the Witwatersrand.
11. Kate Wong, “Is Australopithecus Sediba the Most Important Human Ancestor Discovery Ever?,” Scientific American, April 24, 2013.
12. Fred Spoor, “Palaeoanthropology: Malapa and the Genus Homo,” Nature 478, no. 7367 (October 6, 2011), pp. 44–45.
13. “Wits Scientists Reveal New Species of Hominid,” University of the Witwatersrand.
14. Ker Than, “Surprise Human-Ancestor Find—Key Fossils Hidden in Lab Rock,” National Geographic News, July 14, 2012.
15. “Rising Star Empire Cave 2014 Annual Report,” SAHRA.
16. Wong, “Is Australopithecus Sediba the Most Important Human Ancestor Discovery Ever?”
17. Yohannes Haile-Selassie et al., “New Species from Ethiopia Further Expands Middle Pliocene Hominin Diversity,” Nature 521, no. 7553 (May 28, 2015), pp. 483–88.
18. Kate Wong, “Could a Renewed Push for Access to Fossil Data Finally Topple Paleoanthropology’s Culture of Secrecy?,” Scientific American, May 8, 2012.
19. Ibid.
AFTERWORD. O Fortuna!: A Bit of Luck, a Bit of Skill
1. Ayn Rand and Leonard Peikoff, The Early Ayn Rand: A Selection from Her Unpublished Fiction (New York: New American Library, 1984), p. 89.
2. Ibid., pp. 93–94.
3. Stephen Jay Gould, The Flamingo’s Smile: Reflections in Natural History (New York: W. W. Norton, 1985), p. 26.
4. Declan Fahy, The New Celebrity Scientists: Out of the Lab and into the Limelight (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2015), p. 7.
5. Elizabeth Hallam, “Articulating Bones: An Epilogue,” Journal of Material Culture 15, no. 4 (December 1, 2010), pp. 465–66.
6. Joseph Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, reprint (San Francisco: New World Library, 2008), p. 334.
7. Brenner, Burroughs, and Nel, Life of Bone, p. 3.
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