Seven Skeletons
Page 26
Nage people, 205
National Geographic, 116, 208, 214, 220, 222, 226
nationalism, 54, 66, 72, 85–86, 134–35, 159, 165–66, 166, 173, 205
National Museum of Ethiopia, Addis Ababa, 158, 171, 174, 176, 181
National Museums of Kenya, 173
National Research Centre for Archaeology (ARKENAS), 190–91
Natural History Museum, London, 15, 51–52, 55, 60, 62, 63, 64, 67, 69, 70, 71, 74, 77–79, 82, 150
Nature, 89, 90, 92, 93–94, 97, 160–62, 168, 174, 188, 193, 194, 196, 201, 208, 214, 218, 227
Neanderthal 1, 18, 25, 31
Neanderthal Parallax trilogy (Sawyer), 45–47
Neanderthals (Homo neanderthalensis), 7, 10, 32, 41, 100–101, 164, 195, 197, 199, 215, 228
celebrity fossil of, see Old Man of La Chapelle
changing perceptions of, 14, 29, 31, 32, 33–35, 36, 38–47, 109
designated as distinct species, 18–19, 33
extinction of, 19, 28, 45, 48, 201
first discovery of, 15–19
stereotype of, 29, 32, 33–35, 41–43, 42, 109, 206
Neander Valley, Germany, 15–19, 164, 199
Negussie, Bekele, 165–66
Neolithic, 52
New Celebrity Scientists, The (Fahy), 240
New Human, A (Morwood), 204
New South Wales, Australia, 189–90
newspapers:
hominins popularized by, 6, 31–32, 56, 59, 62–65, 94, 132, 161
in shaping perception of scientific development, 77
“New Species of the Genus Australopithecus, A” (Johanson, White, and Coppens), 164
New York Times, 178, 213, 214
nicknames, for celebrity fossils, 4, 8–10, 134, 177, 204–6
significance of, 163, 165–67, 184, 206, 222–23
Niederrheinische Gessellschaft für Natur-und Heilkunde, 16
Oakley, Kenneth, 69–74, 76–77, 147, 150
Obama, Barack, 181
Odegaard, Nancy, 180–82
Old Man of La Chapelle (Homo neanderthalensis), 6, 10, 11, 12, 13–49, 26, 27, 44, 54, 64, 80, 85, 120, 144, 207, 210, 235, 243
authentification of, 23–25, 28
Boule’s conclusions about, 28–30, 36–37, 38, 42
burial context of, 22, 30, 35–37
discovery and excavation of, 13–14, 20, 21, 22, 24, 25, 30, 35, 36, 49
popularization of, 31–35, 167
reevaluation of, 37–40
scientific contributions of, 30–31, 38–40, 47–49, 68, 154
see also Neanderthals
Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania, 155
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection (Darwin), 14, 159
Osborn, Henry Fairfield, 19, 61, 62
osteoarthritis, 14, 37–39
Osteodontokeratic Culture (ODK), 108–9
Pacific Science Center, Seattle, 178
Palaeo-Sciences Week, 226
paleoanthropology, 2, 7, 24, 39, 78, 79, 93, 128, 174, 178, 187, 195–96, 214, 221
evolving science of, 14–15, 19, 31, 54, 77, 108–9, 121, 198–99, 202–3, 209, 216, 223–26, 230–35
geographic concentration of, 85, 90, 94–95, 134–35
methodology for, 5, 15, 53, 81, 115, 122, 123, 135, 162, 232–34
qualified amateurs in, 197–98, 233, 234
paleoart, paleoartists, 10, 12, 25, 31–32, 32, 43, 65–66, 112–13, 207–8, 243
Paleolithic, 13–49, 52, 58, 62
Paleontologia Sinica, 121, 145
paleontology, paleontologists, 19, 23, 79, 128, 190, 213
Papoint, J., 12, 25
Paris, France, 23, 37, 44
pathologies, 194, 199–200, 203
Pearl Harbor attack, 136–38
Pei Wenzhong, 128–31
Peking, sinking of, 126
Peking Man (Homo erectus), 6, 11, 33–34, 118–51, 118, 195–97, 200, 201, 217, 222, 223, 240
as assemblage of multiple fossils, 119, 120, 129, 132, 134, 137
casts as evidence of, 92, 118, 121, 142–47, 143, 146, 148, 149, 151
discovery and excavation of, see Zhoukoudian caves
few original fossils of, 148–49, 151
historical age of, 134
international importance of, 135
lost fossils of, 10, 120–22, 126, 135–42, 147, 149–51, 179
scientific significance of, 128–29, 132–35, 142–47, 198, 215
search for, 138–42, 146
Sinanthropus pekinsis as original designation of, 121, 131, 132, 134, 135, 143, 144, 145
skepticism about, 130–31, 235
Peking Man Is Missing, The (Taschdjian), 141
Peking Man Museum, 139
Peking (Peiping) Union Medical College, 126, 133, 136–37, 141
“Peking Woman,” 149
personification:
through art, 167–71
of celebrity fossils, 8–10, 47, 105–8, 112–13, 134, 158, 167–71, 204–8, 241
scientific detachment vs., 161–63
photography:
of anatomical arrays, 167–69
of Dawson, 50, 58–59
of excavations, 58–59, 61, 227
fossils documented by, 7, 25, 77, 89–90, 112, 121, 181–82
phylogenies, defined, 80
Piltdown, England, 51, 53
Piltdown: A Scientific Forgery (Spencer), 80
Piltdowners, 79, 82
Piltdown Forgery, The (J. S. Weiner), 80
Piltdown Hoax, 6, 10, 50, 51–83, 91, 164, 188–89, 217, 222, 235
debunking process in
discovery and excavation of fossils in, 11, 51–53, 54–58, 61, 63, 64, 68, 71, 79, 82, 85
Geological Society presentation in, 58–60
mystery surrounding perpetrators of, 53–54, 72–73, 79–83, 150, 179
popular response to, 62–63, 65, 73–77
scientific response to, 61–62, 66, 69, 71–73, 91, 92, 100, 102, 132, 144, 198
significance of, 78–83
skepticism and debunking of, 65–73, 79, 81, 82, 83, 102–3, 117, 147, 209
Piltdown Inquest (Blinderman), 70, 80
Piltdown Man (Russell), 80
Piltdown Men, The (Millar), 80
Pithecanthropus, see Java Man; Peking Man
pithecoid, use of term, 18
plate tectonics, 154–55
Pleistocene, 45, 51–54, 61, 62, 66–70, 106, 110–20, 129, 189–90, 193, 196, 203, 228
Pliocene, 62, 67, 106
Plio-Pleistocene, 160, 164–65
poetry, 74–75, 104–6
politics, science and, 158–60
President Harrison, USS, 136, 138
Principles of Geology (Hutton), 14
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 215, 217
provenence, 5, 6, 7, 51, 56, 57, 66–67, 72, 89, 94, 223
definition of term, 16
see also context
Pycraft, W. P., 60
Quest for Fire, The (Rosny), 33–35, 41, 44
radiometric testing, 69, 79
Rand, Ayn, 237–38
Ratele, Kopano, 4, 10
reconstructions, hominin, 7, 40–43, 42, 44, 62, 67, 68, 109, 111, 172, 178, 207–8, 228, 229, 232
as art, 169–71
challenges of, 37, 164–65
religion:
artifacts of, 176–77, 182–83
evolutionary theory vs., 107–8
Rendu, William, 39–40
R. F. Damon & Co., 92–93, 143–45, 146
Rift Valley, 154–55, 217, 220
Rising Star Expedition, 230, 232–33, 234
Roberts, Bert, 201, 204, 209
Rockefeller Foundation, 125–26, 132–33
Rose, Walter, 104–5
Rosny, J. H. (pseud.), 33, 46
Rutot, Aimé, 65–66
Salmons, Josephine, 87, 89
Sawyer, Robert, 44–47
Schaaffhausen, Hermann, 16–19, 28
Scheuer, Alfred, 76–77
Schindler, Karolyn, 72, 82
Science, 168, 200, 214, 215, 224
covers of, 228–29
science fiction, 32–35, 44–47, 52, 109, 206
Scientific American, 225
Search for Peking Man, The (Janus and Brashler), 139, 141
Secrets of the Silk Road exhibit, 175
Sediba (Australopithecus sediba), 6, 11, 168, 207, 212–36, 212, 240
anatomical characteristics of, 224–25
as assemblage of multiple fossils, 222, 225
author’s experience with, 229–31
discovery of, 213–14, 216, 227
Kadanuumuu compared to, 221–22, 224, 233–34
ongoing debate over taxonomy of, 214–15, 235–36
publicity for, 224, 226–29
scientific significance of, 225–26, 228–29, 235
Selam (“Lucy’s Baby”), 174, 184
“Sentinel, The” (Clarke), 109
sexual dimorphism, 165, 220
Shakespeare, William, 46
Shanidar Valley, Iraq, 38, 43
Sinanthropus pekinsis, see Peking Man
Skhul hominin fossil, 38
Skull in the Rock, The (L. Berger and Aronson), 222
skulls, 4, 37, 54, 109, 145, 193, 229
anthropomorphic importance of, 220
of celebrity fossils, see specific individuals
Neanderthal, 15–16
Smith, Grafton Elliot, 60, 66, 67, 86, 90, 93–94, 107, 132
Smithsonian Institution, 65, 69, 82, 170
Hall of Human Origins at, 43, 171, 207
Smith Woodward, Arthur, 51–52, 55–61, 60, 63, 65, 72, 82, 90
Soa Basin, 190–91
Société Préhistoirique Français, 30
Society of Antiquaries, 51
Soejono, Raden Pandji, 190, 191
Solo Man, 197
Solo River, 198
Solution of the Piltdown Problem, The (Edwards), 70
Song dynasty, 124
South Africa:
fossil evidence in, 1–2, 9, 58, 61, 78, 86, 90, 99, 105–6, 108, 110, 135, 142, 143, 170, 207, 213, 215–17, 222–24, 226, 230, 234–35
see also specific sites
Spencer, Frank, 80
Spiers, A. E., 87
Spoor, Fred, 226
Spy, Belgium, 25, 37
State Dept., U.S., 172
stereoscopes, 25, 26, 27, 65, 66
Sterkfontein, South Africa, 102, 108, 221
Sterkfontein Museum, 78, 78
Straus, William, 37–38
Sue (T. rex), 171
Sutikna, Thomas, 187, 192
Tabun hominin fossil, 38
Taieb, Maurice, 155, 160, 164
Tanzania, 164, 172
taphonomy, 108–9, 112
Tattersall, Ian, 17
Taung Child (Australopithecus africanus), 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 61, 84, 85–117, 91, 95, 96, 101, 120, 135, 142, 163, 165, 170, 187–89, 209, 210, 221, 222, 223, 228
author’s encounter with, 2–4, 8, 179, 242–43
diamond jubilee of, 103, 116
discovery of, 2, 85–89, 99, 115, 154, 215, 225, 243
folk hero personification of, 104–8, 112–13, 116
as juvenile type specimen, 102, 115, 154
promotion and popularization of, 92–97, 167, 209
scientific acceptance of, 103, 117, 240
scientific significance of, 85–86, 115–17, 232, 243
scientific skepticism over, 90–91, 93–94, 97–98, 101–3, 215, 235
storage box for, 113–15, 114, 243
taxonomy, evolutionary significance of, 163–67, 195–96, 214, 222–23
technology:
advancements in, 7, 11, 25, 31, 34, 53, 81, 93, 115–16, 225–26, 230–34, 243
casting, 145, 233
in fossil dating, 70, 79–81
museum, 43
Neanderthal, 42–43
teeth, 39–40, 69, 71, 89, 109, 119–23, 120, 125, 127–28, 137, 145, 149, 150, 151, 165, 214
Teilhard de Chardin, Pierre, 57, 72, 143–44
television, 141, 166, 207, 210
Tempest, The (Shakespeare), 46–47
Teshik-Tash, Uzbekistan, 38
Texas, University of, Austin, 174
3–D scanning, 116, 233
Tobias, Philip, 1–3, 3, 8, 114, 116, 242
Tolkien, J. R. R., 201, 204, 205, 210
Tong Haowen, 119–20
tools:
stone, 13, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 54, 108, 125, 134, 190, 192–93
use of, 42–43, 195, 200–201
tourism, 174–76, 192, 228
transitional species, use of term, 198, 223
travel, dangers of damage or loss of fossils in, 98, 126, 138, 142, 173–74, 176, 180–82
triptychs, 176–77
Turkana Boy, 221, 223
2001: A Space Odyssey (film), 109, 170
type specimens, 25, 39, 102, 115, 154, 164
UNESCO World Heritage sites, 223, 228
uniformitarianism, theory of, 14
Unraveling Piltdown (Walsh), 80
Uppsala Museum of Evolution, 119, 120, 149, 151
Uppsala University, 124, 125
Van Tuerenhout, Dirk, 175, 178
Verhoeven, Theodor, 191–92
Verne, Jules, 32, 52
Weidenreich, Franz, 93, 118, 132–33, 136, 147
Weiner, Joseph S., 71, 73, 80
Wells, H. G., 32
Weng Wenhao, 126, 137, 145
Wiman, Carl, 123, 127, 149
Witwatersrand, University of the, 1–2, 3, 86, 93, 94, 99, 103, 222, 226, 243
Evolutionary Studies Institute of, 229–30
Hominid Vault of, 114–15, 114
Origins Centre of, 4, 112, 226
Palaeosciences Center of, 229
Philip V. Tobias Fossil Primate and Hominid Laboratory of, 113
Wong, Kate, 225, 231–32, 235
Working and Guiding in the Cradle of Humankind (L. Berger), 223
World Science Fiction Society, 45–46
World War I, 70
World War II, 70, 121, 133, 136–38, 140, 147
Xie Renfu, 126, 127
Yangshao, Henan, China, 123
Yang Zhongjian, 132, 147
Zdansky, Otto, 121, 124–25
Zhoukoudian caves, 10, 69, 92, 93, 98, 118, 119, 121, 123–33, 131, 137, 142–44, 147, 151, 197, 222, 240
Zipfel, Bernhard, 115, 243
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