The Oxford Handbook of the Second Sophistic

by Daniel S. Richter

on biblical and Jewish themes, 19

  didactic, 497–99

  Homeric, 227, 466, 494

  Jewish, 640

  mythological, 496–97

  polymathy, 454

  See also Homer; poetry

  Epictetus, 29, 85–87, 93–95, 236, 483, 513, 528–40, 549, 552. See also Arrian of Nicomedia; philosophy; Stoics

  Epicureans, 236, 293–94, 301–2, 374, 380, 575, 582

  attacks on the, 292, 552, 572

  Diogenes of Oenoanda and the, 539–49, 556

  and religion, 281

  See also atomism; Diogenes of Oenoanda; philosophy

  epigram, 36, 124–26, 193, 493–94, 499–503, 510, 694n14

  Byzantine, 409

  cult traditions and the, 603

  and the dinner party, 115–17

  erotic, 120, 122, 514, 695n16

  See also Martial; poetry

  epistolography, 509–19, 723n2, 723n11, 724n12

  Christian apocrypha and, 678–80

  embedded letters and, 516–17

  fictional, 724n15, 725n46

  Greek, 510–14, 724n27

  the novel and , 515–16

  pseudonymous letter collections and, 514–15

  Roman appropriation of, 25

  short stories and, 515–16

  See also Christian Apocrypha; literature

  Erasistrateans, 375, 379–80. See also Erasistratus; medicine

  Erasistratus, 371, 375

  human dissections and vivisections of, 371

  On the Bringing up of Blood of, 380

  See also Galen; medicine

  erudition. See learning

  ethics, 84–87, 94, 277, 301–5, 375, 532, 542, 557, 582, 584–90. See also virtue

  ethnicity, 57, 69, 81–83, 140, 484, 625, 636

  and culture, 89, 99–110, 327–32, 336, 341, 458

  and diversity, 327, 429, 431, 439, 619

  of Greekness, 88, 109, 382

  language and, 423, 715n63

  persecutions and, 298, 437

  prejudices of, 59

  purity of, 89–92, 342, 437

  religion and, 336–37, 633, 635

  stereotypes of, 56

  transcendence of, 81–96, 150

  See also cultural identity; culture

  Eudemus, 373, 377, 383. See also Aristotelians; Galen; philosophy

  Eudorus of Alexandria, 292. See also philosophy; Platonists

  Euripides, 3, 218, 220, 641, 698n34

  Helen of, 411

  Iphigenia in Tauris of, 423, 502

  letters attributed to, 511, 514

  Medea of, 93, 146

  See also poetry; tragedy

  Eusebius of Caesarea, 569, 576, 620, 634, 660, 663–64, 670–72, 675

  Contra Hieroclem of, 278

  Ecclesiastical History of, 659, 665

  Preparation for the Gospel of, 572, 729n25

  See also Christianity

  Eustathius, 499. See also commentary

  exiles, 93–94, 691n28

  fable, 143, 205, 240, 493, 502–3. See also Aesop; poetry

  Favorinus of Arelate, 6, 8, 28–32, 50–61, 108–9, 129–30, 233–38, 245–47, 437

  exile and, 94

  Greekness of, 103, 105, 127, 330, 341

  Memoirs of, 447

  Miscellaneous History of, 28, 447

  as a Skeptic, 552–54, 560, 568

  as a sophist, 175, 181, 447, 457, 552

  See also asianism; sex; Skeptics; sophists

  festivals, 15, 26, 107, 155–61, 164, 169, 184, 266, 295, 734n25

  dramatic, 502

  musical and theatrical, 544

  national, 424, 500

  religious, 165, 494, 500, 597–607, 613–19, 631, 658, 733n1, 734n22

  See also athletes; cult; Panhellenic festivals; religion

  Flavius Damianus, 188, 191, 193, 700n2. See also oratory; sophists

  Flavius Philostratus. See Philostratus

  Frazer, J. G., 358, 365–66

  Fronto, 7, 30–37, 205, 210, 235, 239–40, 245–51, 354, 701nn1–7, 702nn9–18

  Correspondence of, 251

  and Aulus Gellius, 689n1

  and Marcus Aurelius, 116, 118, 121–23, 129–31, 330, 342, 349, 354

  philological interests of, 68

  See also oratory; rhetoric; sophists

  Gaius, 567, 570, 574, 729n19. See also philosophy

  Galen, 5, 7–8, 32, 161–65, 233, 237, 346, 371–84, 614

  anatomical demonstrations by, 379–80

  and “the Ancients”, 377–78

  atticism and, 43–44, 49, 51, 485

  biography of, 371–75

  the crowd and, 380–81

  debating in public by, 380

  and the emperor, 383–84

  on language, 377

  the liberal arts and, 374

  normative patient of, 372–73

  On Anatomical Procedures of, 383

  On Lycus’s Ignorance of Anatomy of, 379

  On Prognosis of, 383–84

  On the Doctrines of Hippocrates and Plato of, 375, 378

  On the Usefulness of the Parts of, 377–78, 383

  paideia and, 373–79

  philosophy and, 552–54, 567–69, 574, 584–90, 698n40, 731n18

  and Roman imperial power, 382–84

  Roman connections of, 382–83

  and the senatorial aristocracy, 383

  therapy as competition in, 381–82

  women in, 119

  See also medicine; philosophy

  geography, 28, 89, 141, 251, 277, 279, 366, 395, 406, 466, 479, 617. See also history

  Gleason, Maud, 127

  Goldhill, Simon, 14, 124, 276, 449

  Gorgias of Leontini, 8, 13, 57–59, 108, 275–76, 629. See also rhetoric; sophists

  Gowing, Alain, 484

  grammar, 47, 51, 67–78, 141–46, 150, 156–60, 205, 311, 346, 452–53, 633, 642. See also education; rhetoric

  Greece, 11–21, 396

  Alexander and, 431

  language of, 423

  and Persia, 392–93

  and Rome, 222–26, 432, 481–82

  See also cultural identity; Greek; Persia; Rome

  Greek, 4, 14–15, 19, 423

  cultural identity and, 18–20, 103–7, 208, 226–27, 230, 317, 321, 416, 494

  hellenismos and, 68, 71, 74

  and Latin, 29, 247–51, 316, 342, 346, 352, 447, 457, 482, 486–87, 724n15

  oratory, 26, 28–29, 431, 437

  poetry in, 218, 220, 411, 493–95, 499

  See also asianism; atticism; cultural identity; diglossia; Greece; koinê

  Greenwood, Emily, 480

  gymnasium, 156–58, 188–94, 372. See also athletes; athletic trainers; sophists

  Hadrian, 32, 210, 242, 382–83, 390, 396, 436, 486, 494, 498, 502, 626. See also Roman Empire

  Hadrian of Tyre, 59, 170–71, 191, 233, 242, 374. See also sophists

  Hall, Edith, 104, 423

  Harrison, Stephen, 342, 353

  Heath, Malcolm, 150

  Heliodorus, 16, 20, 389, 393, 398, 477, 649, 677

  Aethiopica of, 405, 421, 616

  religion and, 606, 735n36

  the sylistics of, 406

  See also novel, the; literature

  Heliodorus of Athens, 364. See also architecture

  Hellenistic scholarship, 45, 70, 452, 454, 469, 671. See also grammar; Homer

  Helm, Rudolf, 327, 333, 342

  Heraclitus, 468. See also allegory; Homer

  Hermocrates, 391, 711n8

  Hermogenes of Tarsus, 58, 147–48. See also oratory; rhetoric

  Herodes Atticus, 44, 177–78, 238–42, 245–46, 437–38, 499. See also oratory; sophists

  Herodian, 477–78, 486–87, 721n28. See also history

  Herodotus, 366, 392, 425–26, 478

  Hesiod, 29, 425, 465–66, 502, 605, 630, 646–47. See also fable; poetry

  Herophilus, 375, 378. See also medicine

  Hippocrates, 374–75
, 377–78. See also medicine

  Hippodromus of Larissa, 129, 169–78, 240, 500. See also sophists

  Hippolytus, 501. See also Christianity

  Hipponax, 435. See also invective

  historiography, 20, 124, 278, 392, 477–88, 634, 636, 720n12, 721n25

  Africanus and Greek, 663–64

  Antonine, 487

  Christian apocrypha and, 680

  and epistolography, 515–17

  Greek, 663–64

  Hellenistic, 392, 657, 739n61

  oratory and, 141

  Pausanias and, 361

  Philostratus and, 513

  Plutarch and, 312, 316, 318–22

  political, 311

  romantic, 16, 18

  Severan, 487

  See also history; literature

  history, 477–81

  of Athens, 318–20, 697n11

  Cicero and, 317, 478, 720n11

  Plutarch and, 313–14, 318–21

  of the Second Sophistic, 275–76

  See also geography; historiography

  Homer, 218, 220, 411, 493–95

  Iliad of, 142, 495

  Odyssey of, 397, 662

  See also epic; Hellenistic scholarship; poetry

  Homeric Hymns, 498. See also poetry

  Idomeneus of Lampsacus, 236. See also Epicureans; philosophy

  intellectualism, 7, 335. See also education; learning

  invective, 120, 123, 205, 209, 220, 332–33, 351–52, 435, 661. See also literature

  Isocrates, 259, 262, 428. See also oratory; rhetoric

  Jakobson, Roman, 424

  Josephus, 18, 48, 107, 517, 547, 631–32, 647, 657, 721n25. See also history; Judaism

  Judaism, 19, 438, 547, 639–51

  allegory in, 300

  Christianity and, 109, 693n60

  Hellenism and, 642, 644, 648

  Plutarch on, 297

  See also Christianity; religion

  Julia Domna, 130, 274

  Julius Africanus, 6, 634, 655–65, 671. See also Christianity; history; polymathy

  Julius Caesar, 31, 76, 124, 432

  Julius Pollux, 8

  Justin Martyr, 626, 633, 741n62. See also Christianity

  Juvenal, 8, 117–28, 220, 512, 639. See also satire

  koinê, 44–52, 61, 150, 241, 292, 424, 428–29, 437–39, 478, 482, 484, 487, 689n5. See also Greece; Greek

  Krevans, Nita, 425

  Latin

  citizenship and, 106–7

  erotic, 116, 120

  Greek and, 247–51, 316, 342, 346, 352, 447, 457, 482, 486–87, 724n15

  hegemony of, 435

  letters in, 118, 510–11

  literature in, 4, 7, 122, 345, 498, 352, 495–99, 650

  origins and development of, 69–70

  rhetorical culture, 205–13

  words, 5, 127, 384, 390

  See also latinitas; Latin Second Sophistic; literature; rhetoric

  latinitas, 67–78, 248, 690nn6–7

  the development of a sense of, 70–73

  theorized, 73–78

  See also Latin; Latin Second Sophistic

  Latinity. See latinitas

  Latin Second Sophistic, 4, 25–35, 67–78. See also Latin; Second Sophistic

  learning, 29–35, 101, 155–56, 170, 181, 234, 338, 351–53, 406, 449–55

  Greek, 640, 642, 656, 660

  Jewish, 642

  life and, 413, 640

  literary, 353

  lovers of, 628

  philosophy and, 453

  See also paideia; polymathy; sophists

  Leonidas of Byzantium, 498

  Life of Sekoûndos, 436–37

  literary antiquarianism, 52–53, 366, 607. See also archaism; literature

  literary devices, 57, 411, 421. See also literature

  literature, 273–524

  cult and, 604–6

  of exile, 93–94

  Greek, 104, 188–94, 218–20, 234, 411, 436, 493–95

  Latin, 4, 7, 25, 31, 76, 122–23, 345, 352, 495–98

  myth and, 226–30

  of pilgrimage, 362

  See also allegory; comedy; culture; literary devices; miscellanies; novel, the; poetry; tragedy

  Livius Andronicus, 70. See also Latin; literature

  Longinus, 425, 730n49, 733n3. See also Pseudo-Longinus

  Longus, 16, 61, 359, 389, 511, 649

  and Achilles Tatius, 405–16

  cult in, 712n12

  Daphnis and Chloe of, 55, 353, 398, 405, 412, 421, 700n3, 713n14

  the novels of, 389

  See also literature; novel, the

  Lucian of Samosata, 149, 205, 273, 327–43, 425

  Alexander of, 354

  cultural identity in, 341–42

  the gods of, 336–38

  How to Write History of, 480

  imposters and, 338–41

  the literary project of, 333–36

  On the Syrian Goddess of, 366

  philosophers and, 339–40

  Syrians and non-Syrians in, 329–33

  True Stories of, 366

  See also ethnicity; literature; satire

  Lucianus, 501. See also epigram

  Lucillius, 501. See also epigram

  Lucius Verus, 191, 245, 371. See also Roman Empire

  Lycus of Macedon, 377–80. See also medicine

  Lysias, 54, 56, 59, 122, 236, 250, 428, 688n1. See also Greek; oratory

  Marcellus of Side, 498–99

  Iatrica of, 499

  Ornithiaka of, 499

  See also epic; poetry

  Marcus Aurelius, 32, 124, 371, 383–84, 486, 498, 626. See also Commodus; Roman Empire; Stoics

  Marinus, 379. See also medicine

  Martial, 8, 118–19, 123, 435. See also epigram

  medicine, 7, 117, 119, 174, 353, 371–84, 388, 732n50

  Apuleius on, 349

  Asclepius god of, 371

  philosophy and, 161, 588–89, 698n40

  Plutarch on, 163

  See also Galen; philosophy

  melic poetry, 499–501. See also poetry

  Melito of Sardis, 620, 626. See also Christianity

  Menander, 48, 512, 647. See also comedy

  Menander Rhetor, 185, 209–11, 213, 266. See also encomium; rhetoric

  Mesomedes, 12, 494, 499. See also poetry

  Methodists, 375–76, 378. See also medicine

  Michael Psellos, 266. See also philosophy

  Middle Platonism, 300–1, 547. See also philosophy; Platonists

  miscellanies, 28–29, 34, 52, 235, 447–59, 466–68, 717n1. See also literature

  misogyny, 119, 130. See also sex; women

  Mithridates, 102, 392–96. See also Persia

  Morgan, John, 414, 712n12

  Musonius Rufus, 83, 93–94, 217, 304, 340, 527–32, 535–36, 646, 695n17, 700n1. See also philosophy; Stoics

  mythography, 358, 463–73, 603, 719n1, 719n3. See also literature

  mythos, 364, 410

  Naevius, 70–72. See also Latin; poetry

  Near Eastern wisdom literature, 437, 647–49. See also Judaism

  Nectanebo, 426–27, 429–31. See also Egypt

  Neoplatonism, 213, 576, 604–5, 661, 680. See also philosophy; Platonists

  Nero, 4, 12, 26, 32, 190, 224–25, 291, 299, 376, 447, 534, 600, 618. See also Roman Empire

  Nerva, 14, 26, 48, 207, 218, 224. See also Roman Empire

  Nestor of Laranda, 495, 497. See also epic

  New Comedy, 221, 406, 501, 512, 540, 724n25, 724n27. See also comedy

  Newlands, Carole, 127

  Nicarchus, 501. See also epigram

  Nonnos, 496, 498. See also epic; poetry

  Norden, Eduard, 41–42, 57, 249, 327, 689n8, 722n53

  novel, the, 41, 60, 279, 295, 305, 361–64, 477, 516, 649, 676, 711n9

  anti-Sophistic, 5, 421–39

  Greek, 6, 15–18, 55, 103, 120, 221, 389–401, 405–16

  Jewish, 649–51, 677, 688n38, 735n36<
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  Latin, 34, 345–55

  women and the, 694n6

  See also literature; religion

  Numenius, 565, 569, 572–74, 577, 729n27. See also philosophy; Platonists

  Numisianus, 377. See also medicine

  Odes of Solomon, 501, 678. See also Christian Apocrypha

  Oppian of Apamea, 497–99

  Cynegetica of, 498

  See also epic; poetry

  Oppian of Cilicia, 497–99

  Halieutica of, 498

  See also epic; poetry

  oratory, 13, 27, 33–34, 141, 155, 195, 206–8, 331, 360, 601

  Asiatic, 56, 61

  Attic, 52, 59, 437

  epideictic, 3, 182, 185, 196, 210, 559, 643

  Greek, 43–44, 58, 257–66, 361, 425, 706n26

  Hellenistic, 59, 687n10

  judicial, 144, 349, 559

  Latin, 26, 205–13

  as a mission, 259–61

  myth and, 463, 469

  panegyric, 25

  practical, 205

  sophistic, 4, 28, 42, 187–88, 192, 209, 212, 431, 450, 556, 603

  theatrical, 311

  See also declamation; Greek; Latin; performance; rhetoric; sophists

  Origen of Alexandria, 569, 573, 575–77, 670–71

  Against Celsus of, 573, 729n25

  On First Principles of, 690n7

  See also Christianity

  Orphic Hymns, 501. See also melic poetry

  Ovid, 3, 25, 93, 120, 235, 495, 724n15

  Halieutica of, 498

  Heroides of, 511

  poetic epistles of, 510

  See also Latin; poetry

  paideia, 6, 11, 392–95, 399, 410–12, 429, 436, 455–58, 482, 735n42

  poetry and, 493

  professionals of, 165–78

  schools and, 139–51

  See also education; sophists

  Pamphila of Epidauros, 29, 447–48, 458, 459. See also miscellanies

  Panathenaicus, the, 89–93, 186, 258, 264–67, 342. See also Athens; cosmopolitanism

  Panhellenic festivals, 105, 494, 598, 602–4. See also festivals; Greece

  Parker, Robert, 427

  Pausanias, 357–66, 599–600

  Periegesis Hellados of, 51, 160, 194, 298, 311, 357, 598, 617

  myth and, 472

  pilgrimage and, 298

  religion and, 598, 607

  See also atticism; Greece

  Pausanias of Caesarea, 357, 373–74, 710n2. See also sophists

  Peloponnesian War, 258, 391–92. See also Greece

  Pelops, 377–78. See also medicine

  performance, 26–28, 35, 44, 60, 71, 99–105, 129, 181–96, 257, 493, 597

  and competition, 379–82

  of cultural memory, 295

  culture of, 44, 103–7

  declamatory, 26, 208, 719n4

  dramatic, 502, 604

  epideictic, 351

  of erudition, 28–32

  of love, 123

  of lyric poetry, 117

  oratorical, 211, 321

  paideia and, 139–97, 455

  philosophical, 346, 552