Krakatoa
Page 40
Krakatoa Volcanic Observatory 375, 376, 389
Krakatoa volcano (general refernces)
see also Danan cone; Perboewatan cone; Rakata cone
and the Wallace Line 57, 64
notoriety 68, 116, 286, 393
number of eruptions 117–18
ruins compared with Anak Krakatoa 353, 354
Krakatoa volcano ( possible eruption of AD 416) 123–9, 133
Krakatoa volcano (the confusions of AD 416 or AD 535) 129–31
Krakatoa volcano (the likely eruption of AD 535) 123, 131–4
Krakatoa volcano (the near-certain eruption of 1680) 123, 134–9
Batavians and seamen unaware of potential danger 45–6
first recorded eruption 46, 47
Vogel's report 48–9
Hesse's report 49–50
Schley's painting 138–9, 140
Krakatoa volcano (before the certain eruption of 1883) 139–49
Krakatoa volcano (eruption of 27 August 1883) 4–5, 28, 123, 134, 209
the event 210–39, 240
the effects 241–61
the experiences 261–321
death statistics 5, 313
telegraphy 5, 7, 28n, 146, 167,184–7, 192–4, 215
undersea cables 5, 6, 184, 187, 189
lack of geological knowledge at the time 5–6
religious fears 6
and birth of global village 6–7
impact on climate 7
a Plinian eruption 12
and subduction zones 111
Banten flood destruction 127
warnings of forthcoming eruption 154–63
Perboewatan erupts 167–9, 175, 176, 180, 184–5, 193–4
excursions to visit 172–4
Danan erupts 176, 177
statistics of deaths and injuries 242
the sound of 262–8
progress of the shock waves 273–5, 313
art and 282–5
and temperature 293–6
floating bodies 296–300
existed above a large chamber of magma 318–19
burial of the dead 321, 322
rebuilding after 321, 323
political and religious consequence 321, 342–3
reluctance to settle near the volcano 379
Kramat 260
Kultuurstelsel (Cultivation System) 328–9, 333
Kurile Islands 309
Kurrachee 276
Kyoto 297
Labuan, Java 337
lahars (volcanic mud and water slurry) 243
Lakagígar (Hekla), Iceland 294
Lamongan 155
Lampong Bay 166, 216, 219, 228, 234, 247, 249, 250, 251
Lancaster, James 34
Lang Island, Krakatoa (previously Panjang, now Rakata Kecil) xv, 118n, 158n, 314, 318, 354
Laos 34n
Lascar volcano, Chile 308
Laurasia 73, 74, 75
lava flows 369
Laysan Island 102
Le Havre 282
Leicestershire 57, 58
Lemuria 53n
Liciala spinosa 355
Lincoln, President Abraham 196, 219n
Lindeman, Captain T.H. 173, 174, 216, 219, 230
Linnean Society, Burlington House, Piccadilly, London 52–3, 54, 62, 64, 65
Linschoten, Jan Huyghen van 23–6, 26
Itinerario 24, 25
Lippincott Gazetteer 190n
Lisbon 14, 15, 191
Lisianski Island 102
lithosphere 109–10, 302
Llaima volcano 308
Lloyd's of London 161, 168, 180–83, 186, 193, 232, 261
Committee 182, 197
Foreign Intelligence Office 193
Lochart, Nanette 208, 209
Locomotive 151
Lodewijcksz, Willem 25, 26
Logan, Captain William 223–4
Lombok Island 61, 66, 69
Lomu, Jonah 384n
London 19, 179–80, 189, 190, 191, 196, 197, 270, 284
London Station 193
Londonderry 196
long waves 278, 279–80
Los Angeles 200
Luzon 24
Lyell, Sir Charles 62, 63, 69
Macassar, Celebes, Macasserese 31, 44, 265, 326
Macau 19
McColl, Mr (Lloyd's agent) 181, 259–60
mace (aril) 11, 18
MacKenzie, Captain 157, 161
McLuhan, Marshall 184, 198
Madagascar 16, 53
Madras 190, 191, 280
Madura 17
Magellan, Ferdinand 23
Magellan Strait 19
magma 84, 103, 104, 305, 315, 316,318–20
magnetic airborne detector (MAD) 93n
magnetism
and basalts 84, 85
moon's surface 100
remanent 91–2, 96, 97, 102
underwater 93–5
magnetite 84–5, 85, 92n
magnetometers 93–6, 97, 101, 107
Magpie, HMS 265, 272
Mahdi 322, 335, 336, 337, 342
Malabar Coast 11
Malacca 11, 18, 22, 29, 34, 44
Malaku 61
see also Moluccas
Malay Archipelago 59, 60, 190
Australian (eastern) end of 55, 64, 65
Indian (western) end of 55, 64, 65
Wallace's preferred term 59
Malay language 59
Malaya peninsula 22, 24, 29, 31, 40, 53, 190, 326, 331
Maldives 23
Malta 191
Manchester Literary and Philosophical Society 294
Manchus 157n
Manhattan, New York City 295
Manila 196, 264
Manley, Reverend W.R. 288
maps 21–7, 26, 155
Mardijkers 44
Marie (Danish salt-carrying barque) 219–20, 230, 234, 246
Mars 302
Mason, Ron 93–5
Massachusetts Bay Company 30
Mataram sultan of 40
Matuyama, Motonari 96
Maui Island 103
Mauk 260
Maurice of Nassau, Prince 16n
Mauritius 16n, 34n, 261, 263n, 270
Maan civilization 133
Mayon, Mount 266
Mecca 332–5, 336, 337, 342
Mecca's Plain of Arafat 333n
Medea (British ship) 216, 231
Mediterranean 14, 23, 191
Mediterranean region 133
Mekong 24
Melbourne 270
Merak, Java 160, 222, 225, 238, 246, 249n, 250, 252–3, 259, 260, 337
Merapi, Mount 48, 155
Merbapu, Mount 48, 155
Mercator, Gerardus 71
Merchant Adventurers 30
Merchant Staplers 30
Meteorological Council 270
meteorology 70, 76, 275, 290.
Metis Shoal, Tonga 384n
Mexico 13n, 242
Michael the Syrian 117
Middle East 332, 334
Midway Island 102
Mindanao, Philippines 66
Mineo, Sal 394
Minoan civilization, Crete 244
Minto, Lord 142n
mobilists 108
Moluccas (Malaku) 23, 29, 34, 35, 61, 66
Mombasa 19
monkeys 64–5, 65, 258
Monte Burney volcano 308
moon, blue/green 287, 288, 289
Moors 44
Morse, Samuel 146, 193, 197
Morse code 146, 167, 186, 189, 193, 215, 225
Mountain Script 127
Mozambique 19
Muhal rulers 325
Multatuli see Dekker, Eduard Douwes
murrain 336–7
Murree, India 144
Muscovy Company 30
Muslims
and Christians 32
Javanese sultans 40
number in Indonesia 331
see also Banten Peasants' Revolt; Islam
Myrtaceae 10n
myths 303
Namakaokahai (goddess of the sea) 103
Nansen Fridtjof 79
Napoleon I, Emperor of France 141, 195
Napoleonic Wars 141, 142n, 261
Naraddha (a Hindu god) 128
Nashville 289
Nassau, Bahamas 288
Natural History Museum, South Kensington, London 285
natural selection theory 58, 59
Nature journal 101, 105, 110, 125n, 288
Nazca Plate 308
Neale, Reverend Philip 172, 241, 277
Neck, Jacob van 19
Necker Island 102
negative buoyancy 346n
Nephila maculata (a ballooning spider) 357
Neptunists 305
Netherlands under Spanish control 29n
becomes a monarchy (1815) 29n
charters the VOC 30, 31
king opens a fund after 1883 321
see also Dutch; Holland
Netherlands, Republic of the 29n
Netherlands Indies Steamship Company 172
Netherlands Royal Mail Line 172n
Nevado del Ruiz, Colombia 244
New England 295
New Guinea 13n, 54, 264, 308
New Haven, Connecticut 293
New Jersey 295
New York City 291
New York state 283
New Zealand 65, 189, 308
Newcastle-upon-Tyne 100, 179
Newfoundland 295
Newman, Mount, western Australia 264n
news agencies 5, 6, 194–7
Newton, Sir Isaac 304
Nicaragua 303, 308
Nieuw-Middelburgh (ship) 50
Nieuwe Rotterdamsche Courant 197
Nigeria 71
Nihoa Island 102
Niihau Island 102
Norham Castle (British vessel) 230, 235
North Africa 334
North America 74, 86n
North American Plate 113
North Atlantic 281
North Pole 84, 85, 87
North Sea 346n
Norway 87
Nova Scotia, SS 196
Novarupta (Katmai), Mount, Alaska 312
Novaya Zemlya 24
nuées ardentes 243
Nusantara 132
nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) 10, 11, 18, 23, 29, 31, 65
Nyiragongo, Mount, East African Rift 306–7n
Oahu Island 102
obsidians 170–71
Ocean Island 102
oceanic tectonic material 112, 113, 114
Odessa 190
Onrust Island 260
Ontario, Lake 283–4
Ootacamund, India 144
opossums 65, 66
Orange-Nassau family 29n
Ottoman Turks 339
Oxford University 105, 290
Greenland expedition 79–86, 91
Oxford University Geological Society 98–9
Oxford weather observatory 270
Oyster Bay 262
Pacific Ocean 2, 19, 93, 94, 96, 105, 107, 204, 219n, 273, 308, 309, 359n
Pacific Plate 113, 308
Padang, Sumatra 48
Pakistan 331
palaeoclimatology 72
palaeomagnetism 87, 96, 98
palaeontology 72
Palimbam 26
palm-leaf texts 127–8, 130
Panama, Ceylon 279
Pangaea 74, 75, 88
Panjang Island (later Lang Island, now Rakata Kecil) 118, 121, 347, 350n, 352, 354, 361, 366, 374, 387
Papal Donation (1493) 13
Paris 195, 196
Paris, Treaty of (1782) 139–40
Pebble Beach, California 113
Pechler (accountant) 252
Peking 196
Forbidden City 157n
Pele (goddess of volcanoes) 103, 104
Pelée, Mount 243, 265
Penang 190, 191, 233
Pène du Bois, William: The Twenty-One Balloons 392, 393–4
Pentagon 107, 263n
pentjak (fencing) 340
Pepper Bay, Java 161n, 220
pepper (Piper nigrum) 10–13, 12, 15, 17–21, 29, 43, 121, 182, 188, 227, 228, 329–30, 355
Perboewatan cone, Krakatoa xv, 119, 158n, 170, 318, 347
erupts (May, 1883) 167–9, 175, 176, 180, 184–5, 193–4, 200
Schurman visits 173–4
disappeance of 313
Permo-Carboniferous Ice Age 73, 76
Perry, Admiral 196
Persia 190
Perth, Australia 264
Peru 308
pesantren (Islamic boarding-schools or seminaries) 338
Petroeschevsky, W.A. 350, 352
Philadelphia 263
Philip II, King of Spain (Philip I of Portugal) 19
Philippines 13n, 23, 42, 66, 242, 308, 309
phreatomagmatic eruption 315, 351–2
physics 306
Pillars of Hercules 191
Pinatubo, Mount, Philippines 266, 347n
pinisi (schooner) 137, 380, 387
Pioneer (US Coast Guard ship) 93, 95, 97, 107
planets, coloration of 288
plate tectonics 64, 68, 101, 108–15, 302–3, 306, 311, 388
and continental drift 91, 101, 315
oceanic material 112, 113, 114
continental material 112, 113, 114
as an explanation for the 1883 eruption 316–17
basic tectonic structure of the region 320
platypus 68
Pleistocene era 96
Plinian erution 12, 265 315
Pliny the Elder 11–12, 393
Natural History 11
Pluto 302
Pluto (god) 303
Plutonists 305
Plymouth 282
Plymouth Company 30
Poeloe Temposa 237
poetry 124, 138, 289
Point Tikus, Sumatra 249n
Poland 190
Polish Hat 119, 161n, 314
Polo, Marco 22
Polnesians 102–3, 104
Pompeii 393
Port Blair, Andamans 264, 265
Port Darwin, Australia 189
Port Elizabeth, South Africa 281
Port Louis, Mauritius 261, 280
Port Mathurin, Rodriguez Island 261, 262
Port Sudan 191
Porthcurno, Cornwall 192
Portland 282
Portugal, Portuguese 42
spice trade 13–14
Tordesillas Line 13n, 14
eventually driven out by the Dutch 15, 19,29
initially welcomes the Dutch 16
relations with the local population 17
skirmish with de Brito 18–19
sailor-adventurers 22
and van Linschoten 24, 25
runs Malacca 34
and the British 34
potassium 304
isotopes 109
Pouhkeesie 291–3
Poughkeepsie Sunday Courier 292
Princess Clementine (ship) 191
Princeton University 98
Prins Frederik (steamer) 231
Prinsen Island 185
Prinses Marie (packet vessel) 176
Project Magnet 93
Ptolemy: Geography 21
P‘u-tei 132
Public Record Office, London 235
Pulau Anakrakata 9, 28n
Pulau Manhattan 23n
Pulau Rakata Kecil 9
Pulau Ran 23n
Pulau Sangiang 161n
Pulau Srtung 9
Pulo Carcata 27
pumice 297–9, 299, 316, 345, 393
pyroclastic flows 243, 244
Qantas 264n
Queen Charlotte Islands, Canada 93
Queensland Royal Mail Line 157
quinine 141, 148, 188
radio-seismograph 375–8, 386
radioactivity, natural 109
radiochemical dating 97
radiometric dating 104
Raffles, Lady 142n
Raffles, Thomas Stamford 142–3, 145
History of Java 142n
Rafflesia arnoldii 142n
rain forests 137, 355
rain-gauges 267
Rajabasa, Mount 125, 126, 165
Rakata, Krakatoa xv, 119, 121, 134, 158n, 173, 176, 177, 227, 313, 314, 318, 346, 347, 356–9, 363, 368, 374, 381
erupts (1883) 175
Handl's sojourn on 360–61
ash layers on 365–6
author visits 381, 382–3, 387
Rakata Kecil (previously Panjang and Lang Island) 118n
Ranggawarsita, Raden Ngabahi 134
Book of Kings 124–8, 130
Rangoon 196, 276
Rasmussen, Knud 79
Ratamahatmaya 279
Rees, W.A. van 147
Rembrandt van Rijn 40
Resolution, HMS 121, 355
Reuter Julius 195–6
Reuters agency 192, 195–7
rift valleys 306
Ring of Fire: An Indonesia Odyssey 395
Ring of Fire television documentaries 395
Rivas, Nicaragua 287
Rochefort, France 281–2
Rochester Democrat and Chronicle 292
Rodriguez Island 261–3, 274
Roe, Sir Thomas 19
Roman empire 11, 132–3
Romans 10, 11, 22, 37, 171n, 303
Rome 11, 34
Roorda van Eysinga, Professor P.P. 144
Ross, Captain 157, 185
Rotterdam 323
Rotterdam Llod 231
Royal Dutch Navy 89, 230, 231
Royal Dutch Oil 148
Royal Mint 92
Royal Navy 35, 204, 276, 282, 349, 352
Royal Society, London 235, 271, 272, 277, 288, 297
Krakatoa Committee 272–3, 275, 276, 286–7
Reynolds Room 63
The Eruption of Krakatoa and Subsequent Phenomena 250n, 282, 289, 293–4, 397
rubber 148, 224
Ruiz volcano, Colombia 308
Runcorn, Keith 91–2, 98, 100
Russia 290, 308
rutters (navigational notes and charts) 26, 29
Saigon 196, 264
St Elmo's fire 221n, 230
St Helena 195
St Helens, Mount, Washington State 266, 378, 392–3
St John's 196
St Petersburg 196, 274
St Pierre, Martinique 243
Saint-Exupéry, Antoine: The Little Prince
Salida, Sumatra 48
Salwatty Island, raja of 264
Samarang 172n
Samarang (hopper) 157, 160, 245
Samaskuta 126
Samoa (ship) 298, 299
Sampson, Captain 235
San Andreas Fault, California 113, 200
San Francisco 204, 220n, 263
San Francisco Earthquake (1906) 113
Sandick, R.A. van 251–2, 257, 337
Leed en Lief in Banten (Sorrow and Love in Banten) 337–8
Sanedja, Cilegon 340
Sangay volcano, Ecuador 308
Santiago, Chile 289
Santorini 244, 347, 393
Saratoga Springs, New York 219n
Sarawak 60
Sardinia King of 195
Saudis 339
Schell, Maximilian 394
Schley, Jan van: HetBrandende Eiland (‘The Burning Island’) 138–9, 140