A Clearing In The Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and America in the 19th Cent
Page 53
“F. L. OLMSTED IS DEAD . . . ”: New-York Times, August 29, 1903.
“I have felt much for you . . . ”: Charles Eliot Norton to Frederick Law Olmsted Jr., September 3, 1903, FLOP.
“It was a meager unsatisfactory service . . . ”: John Charles Olmsted to Sophia White Olmsted, September 8, 1903, JCOC.
INDEX
Page numbers in italics refer to illustrations.
abolitionists, 32, 106–8, 120, 124, 125, 130, 279
FLO influenced by, 28, 66
Southern criticism of, 110, 115, 116
Western Sanitary Commission and, 215
Africa, 106, 120
Agnew, Cornelius Rea, 200, 204, 216
agriculture, see farming, farms
Agriculture and Statistics Bureau, U.S., 207, 208
Akerly, Samuel, 74
Akerly farm, see Tosomock Farm
Alabama, 123, 196, 389
Albany, N.Y., 308, 327, 348
Albert Edward, Prince of Wales, 188
Allison, Samuel Perkins, 125, 146
Alphand, Jean-Charles-Adolphe, 163–64, 180, 194, 282, 333
American Colonization Society, 106
American Indians, 229–30, 252, 398
American Institute of Architects, 172
American Museum of Natural History, 313, 373
American Revolution, 25, 43
Americans, Americanization, 255, 285
American Social Science Association, 297
American Society of Landscape Architects, 410
American Tract Society, 215
American Whig Review, 95, 101
Ames, Frederick Lothrop, 345
Amherst, Mass., 317
Amherst College, 308
Andover, Mass., 36, 38, 39–40
André, Edouard, 333, 337, 341, 385, 391, 411
Angel of Waters, The (Stebbins), 318
Ante Park, 362, 364
Antietam Creek, battle of (1862), 214, 215n
“Appeal to the Citizens of Staten Island” (Olmsted), 80
architecture:
in Central Park, 167–68, 171, 172, 175–76, 179, 184
landscape, see landscape architecture
of New Orleans, 122
of New York, 43–44
in Prospect Park, 272
of Richardson, 303, 304, 307, 316
of Vaux, 161–62, 309–10, 313
Architecture of Country Houses, The (Downing), 99
Arkansas, 106, 389
Army of Northern Virginia, 211
Army of Tennessee, 217–18
Army of the Cumberland, 217
Army of the Potomac, 206, 208–12
Arnold, Benedict, 25
Arnold Arboretum, 341, 345, 360, 404
Art Amateur, 373
Art des Jardins, L’ (André), 337
Ashburner, Mrs. William, 235
Ashburner, William, 230, 235, 238, 257, 263
Asheville, N.C., 379–84, 382
Ashfield, Mass., 277
Aston Park, 180
Athenaeum, 141
Atlanta, Ga., 237, 395, 400–401
Atlantic Monthly, 191, 195, 236
Audubon, John James, 47
Audubon, John Woodhouse, 156
Austria, 103–4, 336
Avenue de l’Impératrice (Avenue Foch), 282
Ayres, William, 232–33
Bache, Alexander Dallas, 200, 202, 206, 304
Back Bay Fens, 342–45, 358, 360
Baldwin, Elizabeth, see Whitney, Elizabeth Baldwin
Baltimore, Md., 326
Bangs Brothers & Company, 150n
Bank of California, 240–42, 246, 248
bankruptcies, 150, 163, 192, 241, 315, 316
“Barbarism the First Danger” (Bushnell), 253–54
Bartholdi, Frédéric-Auguste, 307, 333
Barton, Frederick A., 36, 38, 39, 46
Basset, Judge, 59
Baumann, Eugene, 163, 292
Bayne, Thomas, 122
Beadle, Chauncey D., 402, 403, 404
Bear Valley, Calif., 227–40, 247–54, 260, 262, 264–65, 269, 297
Beecher, Catharine E., 31, 96
Beecher, Henry Ward, 96, 133, 139, 199, 263, 277, 279
Beecher, Lyman, 61, 96
“Beecher’s Bibles,” 139
Belgium, 180, 336, 337
Belle Isle, 350–51, 352, 358
Bellows, Henry Whitney, 234–35
death of, 355
FLO’s correspondence with, 212, 217, 221, 224–25, 228–29, 233, 247
in Sanitary Commission, 21, 195, 197, 198, 199, 201, 202, 204, 206, 209, 212, 216–19, 221, 222, 224–25, 228, 234
Belmont, August, 173–75
Benkard, James, 65
Benkard and Hutton, 42–43, 46, 65, 91
Benton, Dan L., Jr., 76n
Benton, Thomas Hart “Old Bullion,” 229
Berkeley, Calif., 263, 280
Beverly, Mass., 358–59
Bierstadt, Albert, 236
Billings, Frederick, 263
Biltmore, 379–84, 382, 387, 389, 391, 399, 400–405, 408, 410
Birkenhead Park, 333
Central Park influenced by, 168, 170, 174
FLO’s article on, 93–94, 95, 101, 157
FLO’s visits to, 94, 170, 180, 337
blacks:
citizenship denied to, 148
as freedmen, 106, 116, 117, 120–21, 122, 148, 215
white fear of, 120
see also slavery, slaves
Blenheim Palace, 182
Bloomingdale Insane Asylum, 195
Bogart, John, 276, 286–87, 290
Bois de Boulogne, 164, 180, 182, 333
Booth, Edwin, 393
Boston, Mass., 26, 32, 43, 45, 210, 316, 367–68
parks in, 341–46, 358, 360–64
suburbs of, 292; see also Brookline, Mass.
Boston & Albany Railroad, 349
Boston Metropolitan Park Commission, 410
Boston Park Commission, 341–42, 361, 363
boulevards, 275
Bouquet, 31
Bowles, Samuel, 256–57, 277, 310, 345
Bowne, Samuel, 74
Brace, Charles Loring, 17, 47, 103–8, 201, 279
arrest of, 103–4
Children’s Aid Society and, 104, 134, 150, 269, 355, 373
death of, 385
European travels of, 83–86, 92, 94, 98, 103–4, 107
FLO’s correspondence with, 56, 60, 63, 66, 71, 92, 96, 125, 205, 316, 347, 348, 355–58, 385
Raymond and, 108, 113
religious revival and, 63, 64
slavery debate and, 105–8, 121, 125, 133
at Tosomock Farm, 77, 78, 104–5
writing of, 94, 103, 104, 385
at Yale, 61, 71, 122
Brace, Emma, 56, 83
Brace, Joab, 47
FLO’s education with, 26, 27, 29, 33, 34, 38
Brace, Letitia, 269
Braisted, Jacob, 50, 55
Brattle Square Church, 307
Brewer, William, 237
bridges, 175, 179, 184, 272, 343, 364
Briggs, Charles, 137
Bronson, Judge, 72
Bronx, the, 328–31, 333, 344
Brookline, Mass., 292, 316, 343–49, 372, 407–8
FLO’s complaints about consulting practice in, 356–58
FLO’s house in, 351, 353, 365–66, 374
FLO’s move to, 346–49
Brooklyn, N.Y., 279–85, 308
FLO in, 43–44
growth of, 281
parkways in, 282–83, 308, 337
see also Prospect Park
Brooklyn Bridge, 281
Brooklyn Heights, 44, 49
Brooks, David, 58, 59, 66
Brooks, Linda Hull, 58
Bross, William, 299
Brown, John, 190
Brown, Lancelot “Capability,” 180–82, 272, 295
Brussels, FLO’s tour of, 180
Bryant, Charlo
tte Olmsted, 134, 160, 178, 232, 233, 234, 237, 250, 284, 318, 345, 346, 348n, 355
Bryant, John, 345, 346, 411
Bryant, Mrs. William Cullen, 78
Bryant, William Cullen, 78, 157
Buchanan, James, 148
Buffalo, N.Y., 285–90, 304, 310, 369–70
parks in, 285–89, 286, 296, 298, 306, 308, 326, 333
Bull, Mary Ann, see Olmsted, Mary Ann Bull
Bullion, Mount, 229, 251, 265
Bulwer-Lytton, Sir Edward, 136
Bureau of Vital Statistics, 255
Burnham, Daniel Hudson, 386–90, 393–95, 397–99, 410, 411
Bushnell, Horace, 31, 71–72, 83, 199
on barbarism, 253–54
Cairns, John Elliot, 196
Calhoun, Meredith, 123
California, 106, 125, 131, 215, 222–65, 284
FLO as mine manager in, 19–20, 222–43, 247–49, 275–76
gold rush in, 223
Stanford University in, 20, 368–73, 375–79, 376
see also specific places
California, University of, 280
California Geological Survey, 237, 238
Cambridge, Mass., 45, 137, 221, 341, 366
Cameron, Simon, 204
Camillus, N.Y., 65–67, 69
camping trips, 126–27
Canada:
FLO in, 277, 321, 323, 326
Mount Royal in, 13–14, 321–25, 322, 350, 355
canals, 218, 230, 231, 243, 350–51, 387, 389
Canton, 51–54
Capitol, U.S., grounds of, 320–21, 326, 341, 358
Carlyle, Thomas, 67–69, 80, 86, 90, 141, 341
Carpenter Gothic, 65
carriage accident, 19, 187–89
Catcher in the Rye (Salinger), 68
Cather, Willa, 237
cattle, 348, 369
cemeteries, 22, 45, 163, 168, 195, 238, 317
Mountain View, 238, 243, 244, 245, 262, 263
census of 1840, 60
Central Park, 102, 155–79, 182–89, 205, 214, 219, 237, 260, 261, 285, 299, 311–12, 314, 315, 360, 386
Board of Commissioners of, 151, 152, 155–57, 159–60, 162, 164, 165, 171, 173–76, 179, 182, 184–87, 192–95, 197–98, 219, 311, 319, 332, 334, 336–37, 355
bridle path in, 166, 183
carriage parade in, 183
Cathedral Avenue in, 173, 174
c. 1880, 168–69
cost-cutting pressures and, 184–85, 186, 193–95, 197–98
design competition for, 162–72, 176, 342, 355; see also Greensward
Executive Committee of, 264
FLO as architect-in-chief of, 171–77, 179, 182–89, 193–95, 197–98
FLO’s dismissal from, 335–38
FLO’s organizing talents and, 21, 172
FLO’s quarters in, 187–89
FLO’s quest for superintendent position of, 151–52, 155–57, 186, 222
FLO’s reports on, 174, 193
FLO’s resignations during construction of, 20, 193–95, 197–98
Green as comptroller of, 185–86, 193–95, 197–98
as “people’s park,” 174, 317
politics and, 151, 155, 157, 158, 159, 162, 164, 165, 171, 173, 179, 311, 332, 355
Promenade (the Mall) of, 165, 166, 317–19, 362
Prospect Park compared with, 259, 269, 272, 273
public order in, 179, 254, 312
Ramble in, 179, 237, 319, 353
reservoirs in, 164, 166, 183, 187
skating pond in, 165, 179, 183
South Park compared with, 300, 302
sunken streets in, 167, 173, 174, 184
technology in construction of, 175
Terrace of, 165, 166, 169, 171, 175, 184
types of trees in, 186, 188
Viele and, 157–60, 162–63, 171, 173
Vista Rock in, 166, 173, 319
Central Park, The (Perkins), 184
Century Association, 199, 287, 304
Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, 42
Cézanne, Paul, 57
Charlecourt (Charlecote) Park, 180
Charles River Basin, 342–44
Chase, Salmon P., 205, 206–7
Cheshire, Conn., 34, 58–59, 76
Chester, FLO’s impressions of, 99
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad, 291
Chicago, Ill., 217, 221, 253, 286, 287, 290, 298–302
fire in, 310–11
parks in, 299–302, 308, 311, 315–16, 355, 360, 386–92
World’s Columbian Exposition in, 340, 386–99
Chicago River, 302
Chicago Times, 299
Children’s Aid Society, 104, 134, 150, 269, 355, 373
children’s magazines, 136, 138
Childs, Emery E., 290, 291, 292, 298–99, 300
China, 48–55
Chinese immigrants, 229, 232, 251, 252
cholera, 32, 78, 81, 85, 188, 262
Christian Citizen, 66
Christian Commission, 215, 217
Christian Examiner, 141
Church, Frederic Edwin, 309–10, 311
Churchman, 31
Cincinnati, Ohio, 215, 217, 253
City Beautiful movement, 289
civilization, FLO’s views on, 253, 254, 256, 258, 285, 297
Civil War, U.S., 197–226, 303
end of, 248
Sanitary Commission and, see Sanitary Commission, U.S.
start of, 197
see also specific battles and generals
Clark, Abby, 56, 59
Clark, Galen, 235, 238, 257, 368
Clark’s, Calif., 235–36, 257
classicism, 374, 399
Cleveland, Horace, 163, 315, 320, 348, 355
Clifton, N.Y., 276, 284, 292, 303–4, 309
Clough, Arthur Hugh, 191
Code Noir, 122
Codman, Henry Sargent, 354, 357, 368–69, 370
death of, 392, 400
as FLO’s partner, 385–87, 389–92
Colfax, Schuyler, 256, 299
College of California, 245, 250, 262–63, 269, 280, 292, 349
Collinsville, Conn., 39
Compromise of 1850, 106, 107
Condit, Frances, 56
Confederacy, 196–97, 200–201, 208–12, 214, 237–38, 303
Congregationalism, Congregationalist, 25, 63–64, 71
Congregationalist, 31
Congress, U.S., 22, 101, 105, 125, 238, 320, 321
see also House of Representatives, U.S.; Senate, U.S.
Connecticut:
blacks in, 106
landscape of, 34, 87
religious revival in, 63–64
Connecticut Courant, 30, 31, 32, 61
Connecticut Mirror, 31
Connecticut River, 30, 34, 40, 46, 50, 284
Conness, John, 238
Conran, Terence, 65
Constitution, U.S., 106
contrabands, 197, 205
Cook, Sarah, 64
Coolidge, Charles A., 371, 377, 378n
Coon, Henry P., 274, 275
Cooper, Peter, 156
Copeland, Robert Morris, 163, 164, 342
Cornell, Ezra, 285
Cornell University, 285, 308, 368
Cottage Residences (Downing), 65
cotton, 105, 118, 123, 132, 196, 205
cotton gin, 105
Cotton Kingdom, The (Olmsted), 195–97
Cotton Supply Association, 148
Coulter, George, 257
Country Park, 362–64
cowboys, 126
Crimean War, 197, 213, 219
Croes, John James Robertson, 328, 329
Croton Aqueduct Board, 187
Crystal Palace, 93n, 167
Cuba, 147
Cultivator, 60, 65
Culyer, John Y., 276
Cummings Evening Bulletin, 101
Curtis, George William, 137, 142, 145, 149, 150, 192, 206
Daily News (London), 141, 219
Dalton, Charles, 341–42
Damrosch, Walter, 393
Dana, Charles A., 137, 174, 221, 222–23
Dana, Richard Henry, 48, 49, 51, 54, 55, 95
Daniels, Howard, 163, 164
Daniel Webster (ship), 208, 210
Davis, Alexander Jackson, 74, 75, 292
Davis, Henry, 73
Davis, Jefferson, 196–97
Davis, Joseph P., 276
Day, Ellen, 72, 82
Day, Mary, 72, 82
Day, Olivia, 64
Declaration of Independence, 121
Deer Isle, 406–7, 409
Delaware Park, 287–89, 298
Democrats, Democratic party, 148, 332, 367
Central Park and, 151, 155, 157, 158, 159, 164, 171, 173, 355
in election of 1864, 237–38
de Olmstede family, 86n
department stores, 24
Derby Arboretum, 180
Detroit, Mich., Belle Isle in, 350–51, 352, 358
Dickens, Charles, 32, 136, 142
Dillon, Robert, 173–75
disease:
seafaring and, 50, 52, 53, 55
urban, 32
see also specific diseases
Dix, Edwards & Company, 136–49
book publishing of, 136, 138–42, 145–49
British relations of, 142–45
finances of, 134, 138, 144, 145, 149
magazine publishing of, 134, 136–38, 143, 144, 145, 149
Dix, Joshua, 134, 136, 142–45, 149
Dodge Brothers, 240, 248, 251
Dorsheimer, William, 285–88, 298, 304, 327, 369–70
Douai, Adolf, 130, 133, 134, 138
Douglas, John Hancock, 201, 202
Douglas, Stephen A., 125, 133
Downing, Andrew Jackson, 65–66, 70, 80, 152, 292
as arbiter of taste, 65, 81
death of, 101–2, 161
FLO’s correspondence with, 92
Horticulturist and, 65, 66, 74, 92–94, 101
New York parks and, 94, 102, 151, 157, 162, 165, 167, 168
nursery of, 65, 71, 74, 162
Vaux and, 161–62, 165, 169, 369–70
Downing, Mrs., 167
drainage systems, 84, 86, 92, 93, 159, 176, 177, 342–44
Dred (Stowe), 110n
Dred Scott decision, 148
Dresden, 143, 144
drovers, 126
drugs, 24, 37
dry-goods stores, 24, 30, 42, 43, 144
Eagleswood Military Academy, 29–30
Eastern Parkway, 283, 308
East Hartford, Conn., 24, 26, 27, 38
Eaton Hall, 87, 99, 181
École des Beaux-Arts, 303, 307, 350, 354, 388
Edinburgh Review, 141, 143
Edison, Thomas, 91
Edisto, 205–6
education:
as book learning, 29
high school, 25–26
of slaves, 117–18
see also specific schools
Edwards, Arthur, 137, 138, 144–45, 149
Eidlitz, Leopold, 327, 348, 367
Eiffel, Gustave, 387
elections: