A Clearing In The Distance: Frederick Law Olmsted and America in the 19th Cent

by Rybczynski, Witold

FLO’s visits to, 111, 112, 113, 115, 117, 119, 120, 122, 123, 218

  Union seizure of, 205–6, 207

  Porter, David, 217

  Porter, Sarah, 67

  Port Royal, S.C., 205–6, 207

  Post, George B., 387–89

  Potter, Howard, 220, 223, 264, 279, 285, 348

  Presbyterianism, 67

  Price, Sir Uvedale, 29, 86, 181

  Progress and Poverty (George), 91

  Prospect Park, 22, 259–61, 269–77, 270, 279–84, 308, 317, 321n, 360, 411–13

  Board of Commissioners of, 259, 260, 264, 271, 274, 276, 316, 355

  Central Park compared with, 259, 269, 272, 273

  division of labor in, 273, 369

  Franklin Park compared with, 361

  lake in, 259, 271, 272, 337

  landscape types in, 273

  Long Meadow in, 271

  as meditation on post–Civil War America, 273

  Mount Royal compared with, 323, 324, 325

  Olmsted-Vaux report on, 271–74

  Refectory in, 272

  South Park compared with, 301, 302

  Viele plan for, 259–60

  Western influence in, 272

  prostitution, 123, 179

  Public Parks Department, New York, 311, 312, 313, 315, 326, 335–37, 347–48, 355

  Punch, 144

  Puritans, 24–25, 69

  Putnam, George Palmer, 78, 94–95, 100, 134, 137

  Putnam’s Monthly Magazine, 134, 136–38, 141, 143, 144, 145, 151, 156, 199

  “Putnam’s Semi-Monthly Library for Travelers and the Fireside,” 94–95

  quadroon society, 122–23

  Quakers, 117

  Quebec City, 277, 326

  Quincy library, 349

  Radford, George, 306, 326, 329

  railroads, 109–10, 111, 113, 115–16, 123, 291, 329, 331

  Ralston, William, 240, 241, 246

  Ravenswood parkway, 282–83

  Raymond, Henry J., 108, 113, 124, 128, 134, 149, 174, 204, 222

  introductory editorials of, 112, 115, 116, 124

  series cut short by, 132–33

  Raymond, Mrs. Henry J., 204

  “Rebellion, The” (Olmsted), 205

  Reconstruction, 279

  recreation, 45, 258, 271, 350, 362–64

  active, 302, 360, 362

  “unconscious,” 364

  Remarks on Forest Scenery (Gilpin), 29

  “Report on the Demoralization of the Volunteers” (Olmsted), 201–2

  “Report to the Secretary of War” (Olmsted), 204

  Repton, Humphry, 180

  Republicans, Republican party, 199, 205

  Central Park and, 151, 155, 164, 173

  in election of 1864, 237–38

  in election of 1872, 312

  reservoirs, 164, 166, 183, 187, 259, 269, 272, 324, 325

  Richardson, Frederick Leopold William, 327n

  Richardson, Henry Hobson, 303–7, 326–27, 339, 354, 374

  background of, 303, 307–8

  in Brookline, 316, 344–46, 351, 367

  death of, 367–68, 371, 390

  FLO’s work with, 306, 341, 349–50, 364

  Richardson, Julia Hayden, 303, 326–27

  Richmond, Va., 110, 112, 132

  in Civil War, 208–12, 248

  Ridgewood Reservoir, 282

  Ripley, George, 139–40

  Riverdale, 328–29

  Riverside, Ill., 290–96, 294, 298–99, 300, 305, 308, 316

  Riverside Improvement Company, 290, 300

  Robinson, William, 333

  Rogers, Sherman S., 370

  Roman Catholicism, 20–21

  Romanesque style, 307, 327, 349, 374, 377

  Ronaldson (ship), 49–55, 57, 95

  Roosevelt, Theodore, 410

  Root, John, 386–87, 388

  Rosecrans, William, 217, 221

  royalties:

  of FLO, 95, 147, 192

  of foreign authors, 136, 145

  Running Water Ranches, 348, 369

  Ruskin, John, 80, 82, 307, 341, 363, 364

  Rutan, Charles H., 371

  Rybczynski, Witold (author):

  as college student, 13–14, 39

  European interlude of, 57

  in Montreal, 13–14, 325

  in Prospect Park, 411–13

  romantic and idealistic reading of, 68

  at Trentham, 181

  Sachem’s Head, Conn., 69–77, 253

  FLO’s beautification efforts at, 70–71, 74–75, 76

  FLO’s sketches for house at, 70, 71, 74

  Sachem’s Head House, 71–72

  Saint-Cloud, 182

  Saint-Gaudens, Augustus, 333, 368, 375, 389, 393–94, 410

  St. Louis, Mo., 215, 217, 253, 386

  St. Vincent’s Hospital, 187

  Salinger, J. D., 68

  Sampson, Low, Son & Company, 195–97

  San Antonio, Tex., 125–26, 130, 131

  San Antonio Zeitung, 130, 133–34, 138

  San Francisco, Calif., 228, 229, 230, 238–50, 281, 282, 330

  FLO in, 232, 240–43, 245–49, 259, 262, 368, 369

  parks in, 263, 274–75, 288

  San Francisco Daily Evening Bulletin, 263

  Sanitary Commission, U.S., 198–204, 206–22, 224–28, 287, 299, 306

  board members of, 199–200

  California branch of, 228, 234

  Executive Committee of, 216–17, 221, 224, 226

  FLO as first general secretary of, 20, 21, 198–204, 206–7, 214–17, 254–55, 275–76

  FLO’s reorganization plan for, 221

  FLO’s resignation from, 20, 216, 218–19, 226, 228

  FLO’s survey at, 255, 285, 297

  Hospital Transport Service of, 208–13

  inspectors in, 202–3, 204

  press criticism of, 204

  regional factionalism in, 215–16, 217, 221

  rivals of, 215, 217, 221

  Strong as treasurer of, 20, 200, 202, 216, 225

  Sanitary Reporter, 221

  sanitation, municipal, 176

  Saratoga Springs, N.Y., 179, 214, 216, 317

  Sargent, Charles Sprague, 341, 345, 351, 360, 366, 404

  Sargent, John Singer, 403–4, 405

  Sartor Resartus (Carlyle), 67–69

  Saturday Club, 366

  Savannah Republican, 124

  Saybrook, Conn., 26, 37

  Schermerhorn, L. Y., 306

  Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 83

  Schlesinger, Arthur M., Sr., 196

  Schoolfellow, 138

  Schuyler, Montgomery, 397

  Schuylkill Arsenal, 326

  Scott, Sir Walter, 228, 230

  Scovill, Alathea, see Kingsbury, Alathea Scovill

  Scribner, Charles, 393

  Seaside Estates, 79

  “self-invented man,” nineteenth-century, 91

  self-reliance, 254

  Senate, New York State, 184, 195

  Senate, U.S., 125, 143

  Military Affairs Committee of, 206

  Park Commission of, 410

  sequoias, 230, 235–36, 238

  Seven Days, battle of (1862), 211–12

  Shaw, Francis George, 149, 150, 192, 225, 285

  Shepley, George F., 371

  Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, 371, 377

  Sheridan, Philip, 237–38

  Sherman, William Tecumseh, 218

  Sigourney, Lydia Hunt, 31

  Silliman, Benjamin, Jr., 234, 246

  Silliman, Benjamin, Sr., 83, 234

  Sisterdale, Tex., 130

  Slave Power, The (Cairns), 196

  slavery, slaves, 32, 105–8, 110–25, 128–31, 138–41, 143, 146–49, 254

  contrabands, 197, 205

  corrupting influence of, 119, 120

  economic argument against, 116–19, 140

  as field hands, 118

  FLO’s books on, see Cotton Kingdom, The; Journey in the Back
Country, A; Journey in the Seaboard Slave States, A; Journey Through Texas, A

  FLO’s renewed interest in, 205–6

  Harper’s Ferry uprising of, 190

  as house servants, 115–16, 118, 119–20

  Kapp’s history of, 188

  legislation and, 105–7, 125, 148

  punishment of, 117

  runaway, 106, 107, 117, 205

  Texas free state and, 131, 133–34, 138

  work avoidance of, 117, 119

  social reform, 86, 95, 100

  landscaping and, 258–59

  Sonoma Valley, 246

  South, 105–34

  backwardness of, 114, 128

  civic society in, 119, 129

  cotton cultivation in, 105, 118, 123, 132

  FLO’s travels in, 108–33

  transportation problems in, 109–11

  South Carolina, 196, 197, 205

  FLO in, 118, 123

  Southern Famine Relief Commission, 279

  South Park, 299–302, 308, 311, 315–16, 355, 360, 386

  Spoils of the Park, The (Olmsted), 347–48

  Springfield, Mass., 303, 310

  Springfield Republican, 256, 257

  stagecoach travel, 110–11, 123

  Stanford, Jane, 368, 371, 373, 375, 377–78

  Stanford, Leland, Jr., 368, 371, 377

  Stanford, Leland, Sr., 20, 368–73, 375, 377–79, 387n

  Stanford University, 20, 368–73, 375–79, 376

  Stanton, Edwin M., 206–7

  Staten Island, 74, 214, 276, 283–84, 285, 303–7, 310, 379, 380

  FLO’s civic life on, 80, 92

  FLO’s farm in, see Tosomock Farm

  see also Clifton, N.Y.

  Staten Island Improvement Commission, 305–6, 308

  Staten Isler, 80

  Stebbins, Emma, 318

  Stebbins, Henry, 311, 312, 315, 318, 331

  steamboat travel, 109, 112, 113, 118–19, 123

  steam ferry service, 44

  Stevens, Sophia, see Hitchcock, Sophia Stevens

  Stewart, Martha, 65

  Stiles, William, 399

  Stoneleigh Abbey, 180

  Stony Brook, 342–43

  Stowe, Harriet Beecher, 96, 110, 119, 137, 141

  Stranahan, James S. T., 259, 260, 270, 281, 284, 355

  Strauch, Adolph, 163

  strikes, miner, 19–20, 232

  Strong, George Templeton, 220, 223, 243

  diaries of, 20, 21, 197, 216, 217, 225, 226, 248

  on Executive Committee, 216

  Sanitary Commission and, 20, 200, 202, 216, 225

  Strong, Mr. (writing teacher), 30–31

  Stuart, Jeb, 211

  suburbs, 44–45, 163, 292, 305

  domesticity of, 292–93

  Riverdale, 328–29

  Riverside, 290–96, 294, 298–99, 300, 305, 308, 316

  see also Brookline, Mass.

  Sullivan, Louis, 388–89

  sumac poisoning, 26, 27, 36–37

  Sunset, Maine, 406–7

  Supreme Court, U.S., 148

  surveying, 326, 401

  FLO’s apprenticeship in, 36, 38–40, 46, 76, 91, 170

  FLO’s loss of interest in, 42

  Switzerland, 258, 336, 337

  Syracuse, N.Y., 317

  Tacoma, Wash., 329, 344

  Talbot, George, 49

  Taney, Roger, 148

  Tarrytown Heights, N.Y., 308, 329

  Tarrytown Heights Land Company, 316

  Taylor, Dick, 111, 112, 113, 119, 120, 218

  Taylor, Nathaniel, 104–5

  Taylor, Zachary, 111

  tea trade, 49, 53–54

  Tennessee, 217, 221

  Texas, 106, 123, 196

  FLO in, 125–31, 225, 254

  FLO’s book on, see Journey Through Texas, A

  free state in, 131, 133–34, 138, 188

  German settlers in, 128–31, 133–34, 138n, 147–48

  Thackeray, William Makepeace, 137, 144, 157

  Thompkins Square, 308

  Thoreau, Henry David, 98n, 136, 137, 149, 190

  Tiemann, Daniel, 178

  Tiffany, Louis Comfort, 393

  Tilden, Samuel J., 185, 373

  Times (London), 141, 148, 191

  Tocqueville, Alexis de, 43

  Tosomock Farm (formerly Akerly farm), 69n, 74, 76–82, 108, 117, 123, 132, 147

  description of house at, 77, 80

  FLO’s library at, 83, 92

  FLO’s quarrel over, 219

  John Hull’s family at, 124, 134–35, 178

  origin of name, 77n

  sale of, 276n

  scenic effects at, 79, 80, 87

  Sunday debates at, 104–5, 107

  tenants at, 149, 176, 178, 214

  tourism, in Yosemite, 257–58

  Trask, Charles, 17, 61, 77, 188

  Treasury, U.S., 205, 206

  Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America, A (Downing), 65, 74n

  Trentham, 180–82, 272

  Trenton, N.J., 357–58

  Trinity College, 326

  Tripler (Union army medical director), 210

  Trowbridge, Joseph, 306

  True American, 66

  “Truth” (Times correspondent), 204

  tuberculosis, 83, 98, 124, 135

  Tucker, Luther, 65, 66, 75

  Tunstall’s Station, Va., 211

  Twain, Mark, 28, 33, 91

  Tweed, William Marcy “Boss,” 185, 311, 331

  Two Years Before the Mast (Dana), 48, 49, 51

  Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Stowe), 96, 110, 119, 140, 150n

  Union Army, 214, 217–18, 237–38, 248, 254–55

  in first major battle, 200–202

  FLO’s criticisms of, 200, 201–2

  Medical Bureau of, 198, 200, 202, 203–4, 206, 208, 212

  see also Army of the Potomac; Sanitary Commission, U.S.

  Union League Club, 20, 216, 220

  Union Pacific Railroad, 389

  Unitarianism, 67

  urbanization, 32, 136

  Utah, 389

  Van Brunt, Henry, 388–89

  Van Buren, William, 200, 216, 233

  Vanderbilt, Frederick, 380

  Vanderbilt, George Washington, 379–81, 383, 384, 403–6, 410, 411

  Vanderbilt, William (son), 380

  Vanderbilt, William Henry (father), 78, 80, 379

  Van Rensselaer, Mariana, 42, 163, 170, 327, 349, 368, 372, 397

  Vassar, Matthew, 162

  Vassar College, 162, 308

  Vaux, Calvert, 161–73, 280, 298, 304, 307, 309–13, 315, 316

  appearance of, 161, 267

  background of, 161–62

  Central Park and, 161–73, 175–77, 182, 184, 187, 188, 214, 219, 222, 228, 237, 261, 264, 347, 355, 360, 369, 373

  death of, 408

  decline of practice of, 373, 380

  in design competition, 162–72, 222, 228, 261

  FLO’s correspondence with, 171, 228, 233, 245, 247, 259–61, 263, 264, 268, 288, 291, 292

  FLO’s problems with, 228

  Niagara Falls project and, 369–70, 373–75

  Prospect Park and, 259–61, 264, 269, 271–74, 276, 277, 281, 321n, 360, 369

  shrewdness of, 162

  South Park and, 300–302

  Washington Heights and, 192, 328

  see also Olmsted, Vaux & Company, Landscape Architects; Olmsted & Vaux

  Vaux & Withers, 161–62, 269

  Vermont, 106

  Versailles, 182

  Vicksburg, siege of (1863), 217–18, 221

  Viele, Egbert L., 155, 157–60, 162, 171, 175

  in design competition, 163, 164, 355

  dismissal of, 173

  Prospect Park and, 259–60

  Villas and Cottages (Vaux), 162, 167

  Virginia, 119, 120

  in Civil War, 197, 200–202, 208–12, 237, 248

  FLO in, 109–
12, 114, 115–16, 123, 132

  “Voice from the Sea, A” (Olmsted), 95, 101

  Wales, Salem, 315

  Walker, Francis A., 368, 370–71, 377

  Walks and Talks of an American Farmer in England (Olmsted), 94–95, 98–102, 104, 113, 149, 172

  dedication of, 102, 167

  first part of, 98, 100–101

  reviews of, 100–101

  second part of, 98, 100, 101, 102, 167

  slavery in, 106–7

  Wallace, Dr., 37–38

  Walpole, N. H., 222–23, 277

  War Department, U.S., 204, 206–7

  Ware, Robert, 209, 213

  Waring, George Edwin, Jr., 176, 177, 178, 200, 298, 348

  Washington, D.C., 123, 162, 197, 208, 320–21, 386, 389

  Capitol grounds in, 320–21, 326, 341, 358

  Downing’s park plan for, 101, 168, 287, 320

  FLO in, 200–208, 214–22, 358, 367, 395

  Washington, George, 25, 36, 40

  Washington Heights, 192

  Washington Park (Brooklyn), 285

  Washington Park (Chicago), 300, 386

  Watkins, Carleton E., 236

  Wauters, Charles, 227

  Waverly, Mass., 410–11

  Webster, Daniel, 78

  Webster, Noah, 31

  Weed, Thurlow, 241

  Weidenmann, Jacob, 317, 326, 348

  Welton, Joseph, 59–60, 66

  Welton, Mary, 59

  Wenham Lake, 358–59

  Western Sanitary Commission, 215, 217, 221

  West Farms, 328, 330

  Westminster Review, 191

  West Orange, N.J., 292

  Whampoa Reach, 51–52, 55

  Whigs, Whig party, 95, 101

  FLO’s support of, 92, 107, 108

  White, Andrew Dickson, 285

  White, Richard Grant, 174

  White, Stanford, 307, 357, 368, 393, 399

  White House, Va., 209, 210, 211

  White Mountains, 40, 277, 326

  Whitman, Walt, 91

  Whitmore, Zolva, 25, 28, 69

  Whitney, Eli, 105

  Whitney, Elizabeth Baldwin:

  FLO’s correspondence with, 28, 37

  FLO’s relationship with, 61–64, 67, 69, 72, 96, 97

  marriage of, 63, 98

  Whitney, Josiah, 238

  Whittier, John Greenleaf, 33, 279

  Wickham, William H., 332

  Wiley, John, 94

  William (house servant), 120–21

  Wilson, Edmund, 113

  Wilson Small (ship), 208, 212

  Wisedell, Thomas, 321n, 326, 355–56

  Withers, Frederick, 161–62, 280, 298, 309, 313

  Woman’s Central Association of Relief, 197

  Wood, Fernando, 158, 159

  Wood, Robert, 200

  Woods of Arden, 79

  Wordsworth, William, 363

  World’s Columbian Exposition (1893), 340, 386–99

  Wormeley, Katharine, 19, 83, 192, 209, 211, 213, 316

  Wyeth & Ackerman, 40

  Yale University, 36, 61, 71, 83, 91, 368, 397

  John Charles at, 318, 326

  John Hull at, 46, 47, 57–58, 122