The Defence of the Realm

by Christopher Andrew

  Islamist terrorism:

  emergence of 799–809, 856;

  threat to Britain 814, 816–18, 819–29, 828–35, 836, 837–8, 856, 858, 860–51;

  see also jihad; July 2005 terrorist attacks; September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

  Ismay, Sir Hastings ‘Pug’ 239, 319

  ISOS (Second World War decrypts) 248, 249–50, 253, 254–5, 262, 278, 281

  Israel 351–2, 358, 359, 362, 547, 601, 613, 648, 691

  Israeli embassy (London) 613, 801

  Italy 104–5, 124, 191, 193, 197, 208, 225, 808

  Ivanov, Evgeni ‘Eugene’ 494–5, 496–7, 498, 499–500

  Japan 6, 23, 117, 807

  Jebb, Gladwyn 196, 207

  Jebsen, Johann (double agent ARTIST) 297–8, 304–5

  Jelínek, Václav (‘Erwin Van Haarlem’) 727–30, 731

  Jellicoe, George, 2nd Earl 575, 576

  Jenkins, Roy:

  on Wigg 523–4;

  on Soskice 525;

  Home Secretary 529, 532, 533–4, 552, 578, 626;

  and seamen’s strike 529, 530;

  love affairs 532;

  and Thorpe affair 533–4;

  and Blake 538;

  and Floud case 539;

  on Kagan 627;

  and alleged plot against Wilson 642;

  on Bridge inquiry 758

  Jerusalem 352, 353–5, 363;

  King David Hotel bomb (1946) 351, 352, 354, 355, 363

  Jewish Agency 351, 353–4, 358

  Jews:

  refugees in Palestine 352, 359;

  immigrants to Palestine 358, 359;

  Security Service’s recruitment of 363–4;

  terrorist attacks on Britain 601–2, 801;

  demonstrations against trials of Russian Jews 628;

  ‘refuseniks’ 727–8;

  see also anti-Semitism; Zionism

  Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC):

  establishment of 208–9;

  and atom spies 383–4, 388, 858;

  and planned internment of Communists in event of war 405;

  and influence of Communists at Indian high commission 443;

  and Communist links in Africa 452;

  and Aden Emergency 475;

  Hanley’s view of 552, 596;

  Current Intelligence Group on Northern Ireland 603, 615, 621;

  and Arab terrorism 608;

  establishes Security Services lead intelligence role in counter-terrorism 614–15

  Joint Terrorism Analysis Centre (JTAC) 817–18, 822

  Johnson, Alan 827

  Jones, E. M. 378, 428

  Jones, Sir Elwyn 525, 530, 543

  Jones, Jack 379, 535–6, 587, 588–9, 657, 711

  Jones, Sir John:

  Deputy Director General 552, 555;

  appointment as DG (1981) 555–6;

  background and character 556, 696;

  management style 556–7, 688, 696, 721;

  reputation as DG 556;

  and Massiter case 559;

  on industrial subversion 591, 658–9, 854;

  and counterterrorism 613, 616–17, 621, 696, 701–2, 734;

  and alleged plot against Wilson 640;

  and peace movement 674, 676;

  and Bettaney case 720;

  and Spycatcher affair 761, 762

  Jordan 607–8, 609, 808

  Joseph, Sir Keith 671, 672

  Joyce, William 193–4, 225

  Joynson-Hicks, Sir William 154, 155–6

  July 2005 terrorist attacks (London) 821–3, 858

  K Branch 548, 584, 713, 745;

  KI0B 788;

  K3 708;

  K4 714, 715, 716;

  K6 441, 710, 718, 731;

  K7 571;

  K8 731, 732;

  see also Appendix 3

  Kagan, Sir Joseph 627–30, 631, 639

  Kapitsa, Pyotr 167–8, 172, 854

  Kaufman, Sir Gerald 756–7, 758

  Keeler, Christine 494–5, 496, 497–8, 499, 500

  Kell, Constance, Lady 23, 108;

  ‘Secret Well Kept’ 41, 42, 50, 56, 66, 71–2, 98, 113–14, 218

  Kell, Sir Vernon:

  recruitment 3, 21, 22, 24, 25–8;

  and Cumming 3, 25–6, 27–8, 96, 97;

  and Haldane 15;

  background and character 21–3, 29, 82, 120;

  development of MO5(g) 28, 29–30, 31, 48–9, 52, 58;

  and Churchill 29–30, 37, 88, 239;

  contacts with chief constables 29–30, 31, 35, 48, 50–51, 191, 239, 861, 858;

  pre-First World War German espionage investigations 30–52, 861;

  and Defence of the Realm Act 53, 142;

  division of MO5(g) 56–8;

  and counter-subversion 65–6, 95, 96–7, 103, 129, 140, 142, 185, 268;

  and opposition to First World War 66;

  and First World War German espionage and sabotage attempts 67, 70–72, 77, 861;

  and forensic science 70–71;

  and censorship 71;

  rivalry with Thomson 81–3, 106–7, 108, 115;

  domestic life 97–8, 108, 132–3;

  health problems 97–8, 108, 219;

  quarrel with Drake 98;

  knighthood 109;

  fights for survival of MI5 114–16, 117, 121–2;

  and Makgill 122–3;

  founds Intelligence and Police dining club 125;

  and General Strike 125–6;

  management style 133;

  and recruitment of staff 133, 135;

  relations with Whitehall officials 136–7, 154;

  and classification of subjects by race 143;

  and Labour Party 146;

  and Zinoviev letter 149, 154;

  and ARCOS raid 154;

  and dockyard sabotage 177–8;

  reports on Fascist movement 191, 192, 193;

  and Ustinov 196;

  and investigation of Auslands Organisation 197;

  on Hitler 198;

  memorandum on Nazi Germany (1936) 198;

  and Munich crisis 203, 206, 853;

  and outbreak of Second World War 207;

  wartime economy measures 217–18;

  question of succession as head 218–19, 228, 237;

  wartime shortcomings 219, 222–3, 227, 855, 859;

  dismissal as director (1940) 227, 237;

  on Kenyatta’s time in Moscow 455;

  views on recruitment 549

  Kellar, Alex 350–51, 448–9, 450, 456, 468–9, 478–9

  Kennedy, John F. 477, 478, 490, 493, 494, 497, 500, 504, 509, 532

  Kennedy, Joseph 225, 226

  Kennedy, Robert 500, 509

  Kent, Bruce 673, 675

  Kent, Tyler 224–5, 226, 230

  Kenya 454, 456–8, 466–8, 472–3, 474, 475, 803, 808, 809, 856

  Kenyatta, Jomo 176, 454–7, 466, 467–8

  Kerrigan, Peter 386, 410, 853

  KGB (Soviet intelligence agency):

  disinformation department 90;

  use of forgery 90;

  Second World War codenames 349;

  and American Communist Party 366;

  Wilson and 417, 418–19;

  mishandling of Cambridge Five 420–21, 426, 433, 434, 856–7;

  African operations 452, 470;

  growth of London residency 491, 565–7;

  contacts with British trade union movement 536, 589, 657;

  mass expulsion of London personnel (Operation FOOT) 565–7, 571–3, 574–5, 576, 579, 585–6, 732, 859;

  Department V (sabotage and covert attack) 567–9, 573–4, 605;

  resumes operations after expulsions 579–86;

  ‘psycho-physiological’ testing of agents 585;

  supply of arms to PFLP and IRA 605–6, 622;

  and Middle Eastern terrorism 648;

  and peace movement 673, 674–5, 675–6;

  and Libyan terrorism 701;

  Operation RYAN 709, 722–3, 861;

  Lines in KGB reside
ncies 710;

  First Chief Directorate 713;

  Third Directorate 713;

  recall of illegals from Britain 726, 727;

  expulsion of agents following Gordievsky defection 727, 730, 736;

  return of illegals to Britain 727–8;

  monitoring of Jewish dissidents 728;

  effect of British visarefusal policy 732, 733

  Khan, Mohammed Siddique 822–3

  Khomeini, Ayatollah Ruhollah 685, 800

  Khrushchev, Nikita 326, 327, 404, 417, 445, 497

  King, John 174, 263–6, 268, 854

  Kinnock, Neil 642, 663, 664, 667, 681, 766

  Kipling, Rudyard 855;

  Kim 4, 401

  Kirby Greene, Philip 463, 464

  Kirke, Sir Walter 25, 71

  Klugmann, James 404, 438, 538–9

  Knight, (Charles Henry) Maxwell:

  background and character 123, 132;

  eccentricities 123;

  exotic pets 123;

  infiltration of Fascist movement 123–4, 132, 191, 193;

  member of IIB 123–4;

  penetration of Right Club 124, 221, 224–7;

  political views 124;

  Communist subversion investigations 128–9, 132, 165, 179–80, 221, 401;

  recruited by SIS 128–9;

  Special Branch surveillance of 129;

  transferred to MI5 131–2;

  working methods 132, 179;

  women agents 221, 401;

  recruitment of Himsworth 273

  Knightsbridge bombing (1982) 697, 699

  Knouth, Betty (Gilberte/ Elizabeth Lazarus) 355–7

  Kollek, Teddy 353, 354

  Korean War 388, 407, 488, 489

  Korovin (Nikolai Rodin; KGB resident) 520

  Kriegsnachrichtenstelle (German war intelligence centre) 66–8, 72–3, 76

  Krivitsky, Walter 180, 220, 263–8, 272, 341

  Kroger, Peter and Helen see Cohen, Morris and Lona

  Krüger, Otto 245, 246

  Labouchere, Frank 96, 97

  Labour Party:

  suspicions about Security Service 116, 146, 522, 525–6, 531, 758, 793, 847;

  control of Daily Herald 125;

  Conservative agents in Labour HQ 126;

  first Labour government (1924) 146–9, 159, 186, 319, 847;

  1924 election 150, 151;

  1929 election 160;

  1945 election landslide 319, 411, 847;

  and extension of vetting system 380, 381–2, 392, 393;

  1950 and 1951 elections 391, 412;

  International Department 407;

  NEC 411, 536, 577–8, 660–61, 663–4;

  search for crypto-Communist MPs 411–15, 522, 526, 531, 660, 847–8, 84;

  1964 election 480, 520;

  1966 election 527;

  Communists’ attempts to penetrate NEC 577–8;

  1974 elections 578, 627, 633;

  Communists’ influence on left wing 656, 657, 668–9;

  Militant Tendency 660–64, 667, 680, 681–2;

  1979 election 667;

  1987 election 681;

  policy for establishment of intelligence and security committee 755;

  and Interception of Communications Act (1985) 756–7;

  1997 election landslide 791, 797

  Labour Party Young Socialists (LPYS) 661–2, 664

  labour unrest 65–6, 95–7, 107, 122–3, 125–6, 147–8, 588–99, 594, 656, 664–7, 670–73;

  see also strikes; trade unions

  Lakey, Arthur see Allen, Albert

  Lamphere, Robert 372, 387

  Lander, Sir Stephen:

  background and character 561, 789–90, 811;

  training reforms 561;

  on John Jones 696;

  on European security and intelligence collaboration 748;

  and Irish Republican terrorism investigations 751, 773, 775–6;

  on Rimington 774;

  on budget and staffing cuts 781, 786–7;

  installation of new computer systems 781;

  and Northern Ireland peace process 783, 795, 797;

  and acquisition of new work 787, 788, 794;

  apppointed DG 788–9;

  and recruitment advertising 791;

  and Shayler affair 792–3;

  on counter-terrorism and terrorism threat 797, 855–6;

  and Islamist terrorism 807, 809–12, 814;

  relations with Blair 811–12;

  retirement (2002) 814

  Landman, Samuel 359–61

  LARGE, Operation 806–7

  Lazarus, Gilberte/Elizabeth (Betty Knouth) 355–7

  le Carré, John (David Cornwell) 131, 350

  Le Queux, William 4, 8–9, 13–14, 18, 20–21, 23, 47, 54–5

  Leander, Torsten 759–60, 766, 767

  Lenin, Vladimir 99–100, 139, 141, 144, 147, 853

  Libya:

  support for PIRA 622–3, 649, 699, 703, 737–8;

  funding for NUM 679, 680;

  Qaddafi’s assassination campaigns against émigre´s 688–90, 700–702;

  sponsorship of Abu Nidal 691, 734, 735;

  Britain breaks off diplomatic relations with 701;

  US air-raid on (1986) 735;

  Lockerbie (PanAm 103 bombing) 746–8

  Libyan embassy/People’s Bureau (London) 689;

  siege (1984) 700–701, 702

  Liddell, Guy:

  early career 118, 130;

  joins MI5 118, 120, 130;

  background and character 130–31, 190, 229;

  private life 131;

  management style 133, 323;

  and Zinoviev letter 158;

  and Kapitsa investigation 168;

  visits Berlin (1933) 189–90;

  recruitment of agents 190, 219, 329;

  and Munich crisis 206;

  and outbreak of war 213;

  and wartime aliens’ investigations 222;

  on ‘fifth column’ fears 224, 229–30;

  and Kent–Wolkoff case 225, 226;

  establishment of RSLOs 230;

  made head of B Division 236–7, 255;

  wins respect of wartime recruits 238;

  on Putlitz 242;

  on interrogation of TATE 251–2;

  and GARBO 254, 310;

  member of Twenty Committee 255, 256;

  on Krivitsky’s interrogation 264, 265;

  offers job to Blunt 269;

  and recruitment of Burgess 270, 272, 856;

  and wartime Soviet espionage 277, 278, 280, 856;

  and Churchill 287, 289, 308;

  on threat of V-weapons 313–14;

  onVE Day 316–17;

  and postwar double agents 317–18;

  on Sillitoe’s appointment as DG 319–2;

  on Attlee 321–2;

  and Sir Norman Brook 322;

  retirement from Security Service 323;

  and Gouzenko defection 340, 345–6, 347–8;

  and Volkov attempted defection 343;

  and Zionist extremists 353–4, 358;

  and Special Relationship 365–6;

  and VENONA 366, 371, 372;

  and vetting system 381–2;

  and atom spies 383–4, 385, 387, 389;

  and investigations into CPGB 401;

  and crypto-Communists on Labour’s backbenches 411;

  on Burgess’s behaviour 422;

  refuses Philby’s approach to become Washington SLO 423;

  establishment of SLO in India 442, 443;

  and Malayan Emergency 448;

  on African nationalist movements 452, 453;

  double-agent allegations 706

  Lines (departments) of Soviet residencies 710;

  Line F 569, 574;

  Line KR 714–15;

  Line PR 675, 679, 709, 710–12, 730;

  Line X 579–86, 710, 730, 732

  Litvinov, Maksim 95, 145, 175, 281

  Lloyd George, David 37, 96, 98, 99, 101, 106, 139, 144, 145, 147
<
br />   Lockerbie (PanAm 103 bombing; 1988) 746–8

  Lod Airport massacre (1972) 609–10, 613, 614

  Lody, Carl 64–5, 67, 68, 89

  London Controlling Section (LCS) 284, 318

  London Reception Centre (LRC) 250–51

  Long, Leo 269, 280, 348–9

  Long, Walter 107, 109

  Lonsdale, Gordon (Konon Trofimovich Molody) 485–8, 520, 728

  LORELEI, Operation 553

  ‘Lost Sheep’ 411–15, 522, 847–8

  Loyalist paramilitaries 600, 619, 624, 653–4, 683–4, 738, 852

  LUCKY ALPHONSE, Operation 463

  Lyalin, Oleg 567–71 573–4, 584, 605, 627, 710

  Lynskey Tribunal (1948–9) 361–2

  Lyttelton, Oliver 449, 454, 460

  M Section 131–2, 134;

  see also Appendix 3

  Macassey, Sir Lynden 9, 96

  McCann, Danny 739, 740, 741, 742–3, 744–5

  McCarthy, Joseph 393, 440, 460

  MacDonald, A. M. 432, 456–7, 458–9, 463, 513–14

  MacDonald, Ramsay:

  opposition to First World War 66;

  correspondence with Mussolini 124;

  changes to MI5 ’s role 129–30;

  National Government (1931–5) 132, 160;

  background 146;

  first government (1924) 146–9, 159, 186, 319, 847;

  and labour unrest 147–8;

  relations with intelligence agencies 147, 151;

  and Zinoviev letter 149, 319;

  second government (1929–31) 159, 160

  Macdonogh, Sir George 25–6, 26–7, 28

  McGahey, Mick 592–3, 598–9, 659, 677, 679, 680

  McGuinness, Martin 783, 834

  McKenna, Reginald 10, 32–3, 53, 54, 64, 81

  Mackenzie King, William 340, 345, 346

  Maclean, Donald:

  background and character 172, 266–7;

  at Cambridge 172, 340, 420, 438;

  recruitment by Deutsch 172, 420;

  early career 174, 185, 854;

  sexuality 174;

  defection (1951) 184, 272, 318, 344, 391, 424–6, 438–9;

  Krivitsky’s information on 266–7;

  Foreign Office information supplied to Soviets 339, 342, 420, 426;

  identified by VENONA decrypts 375, 420, 423–4;

  Cairo posting 420–21, 434;

  mishandling by Soviets 420–21, 434;

  psychological problems 421–2;

  in Moscow 430;

  White Paper on defection 431

  Macmillan, Harold:

  and Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 327;

  reluctant clearing of Philby in Parliament 431, 484, 491;

  and CIA involvement in British Guiana 460, 478;

  and Cypriot independence 464, 465–6;

  and African independence 466, 468, 473;

  Middle East policy 473;

  relations with White and Hollis 483, 493, 494;

  irritation at Blake, Vassall and Philby cases 490, 491, 492, 493;

  July 1962 cabinet reshuffle 492;