2. See, e.g., Walter Millis, The Road to War (Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1935).
3. FDR to Mussolini, May 14, 1933, in Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, ed. Edgar B. Nixon (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1969), 1:123–124. FDR to Breckenridge Long, June 16, 1933; FDR to Mussolini, July 29, 1937, and accompanying commentary; Mussolini to FDR, November 14, 1936—all in F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945, ed. Elliott Roosevelt (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 1:352–353, 628, 699–701. See also Mussolini’s handwritten letter to FDR, n.d. [probably May 1933], in the Grace Tully Archive—Franklin D. Roosevelt Papers, FDRL.
4. William L. Neumann, “Franklin D. Roosevelt and Japan, 1913–1933,” Pacific Historical Review 22, no. 2 (1953): 143–153. Roosevelt’s article, “Shall We Trust Japan?,” was published in Asia magazine (March 1923).
5. Herbert P. Bix, Hirohito and the Making of Modern Japan (New York: Harper Collins, 2000), esp. chs. 7–9.
6. Cordell Hull to FDR, May 27, 1933, with Joseph Grew to Cordell Hull, May 11, 1933, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, 1:177–180.
7. FDR to Breckinridge Long, March 9, 1935, and William Bullitt to FDR, May 1, 1935, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, 2:437–438, 493–495.
8. FDR, “Address at Chautauqua, N.Y.,” August 14, 1936, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15097.
9. Louis Adamic, Dinner at the White House (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1946), 49.
10. For contemporary discussion of the naval programs, see, e.g., WP, January 29, 1938, and NYT, January 30, 1938 (H. Baldwin). See Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 1922–1946 (Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press, c. 1984), 86–117; “Ship Building, 1933–1945—Roosevelt, Franklin D.,” GlobalSecurity.org, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/systems/ship/scn-1933-roosevelt.htm.
11. George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), ch. 3; John Lewis Gaddis, George F. Kennan: An American Life (New York: Penguin Press, 2011), chs. 4–5.
12. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973), 42–43; see WP, June 16, 1937, for Kelly’s new assignment.
13. Katherine Sibley, Red Spies in America: Stolen Secrets and the Dawn of the Cold War (Lawrence: University Press of Kansas, 2004), ch. 1, esp. 40–42. For information on the planned Soviet battleships, which were never completed, see Conway’s All the World’s Fighting Ships, 325.
14. FDR to William E. Dodd, December 2, 1935, in Nixon, Franklin D. Roosevelt and Foreign Affairs, 3:102–103.
15. FDR, “Address at Chicago,” October 5, 1937, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15476.
16. For a survey of the press commentary, see NYT, October 6, 1937; Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt, intro. Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 10:232, 246–250.
17. NYT, January 8 (Anne O’Hare McCormick), September 14 (Gerald Nye), 1938.
18. For FDR’s Republican backing, see NYT, December 20 (Harold Hinton), 22, 1937.
19. NYT, January 11, 1938 (news story and detailed roll call; Arthur Krock column).
20. Iris Chang, The Rape of Nanking: The Forgotten Holocaust of World War II (New York: Basic Books, 1997), may exaggerate the killing, but contemporary news reports amply document weeks of indiscriminate slaughter.
21. Guardian quoted in WP, January 6, 1938 (B. Nover); for James, see NYT, January 2, 1938.
22. NYT, March 14, 1938 (Edwin James); LAT, March 16, 1938 (Walter Lippmann); WP, March 13, 1938.
23. Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006), 58–67.
24. For the Gallup polls, see WP, April 6, July 27, September 22, October 2, 1938.
25. For the text of the speech, see LAT, August 19, 1938. For the commentary, see LAT, August 19, 1938; WP, August 19, 20 (Barnet Nover), 1938; NYT, August 19, 20 (esp. Anne O’Hare McCormick), 1938.
26. FDR, “Letter to Adolf Hitler Seeking Peace,” September 27, 1938, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15544; David Faber, Munich: The 1938 Appeasement Crisis (London: Simon & Schuster, 2008), provides accessible coverage of the crisis and its impact. NYT, September 25, 1938 (E. Lengyel).
27. For the Gallup poll columns, see WP, October 12, 14, 16, November 4, December 28, 1938; Anne O’Hare McCormick, “As Roosevelt Sees His Foreign Policy,” NYT Magazine, November 13, 1938, 1–2, 20; Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 2: The Inside Struggle, 1936–1939 (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 483–484 (October 9, 1938).
28. See, e.g., NYT, November 11, 13, 14, 15, 20 (H. Callender), 1938, and WP, November 15 (J. Driscoll; B. Nover), 20 (J. Driscoll), 1938.
29. NYT, November 16, 1938; WP, November 13, 1938.
30. NYT, November 15, 1938; Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937–1940 (New York: Random House, 1993), 368–369; Doris Kearns Goodwin, The Fitzgeralds and the Kennedys: An American Saga (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1987), 568–571.
31. William L. Langer and S. Everett Gleason, The Challenge to Isolation: The World Crisis of 1937–1940 and American Foreign Policy (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 48–49.
32. Complete Press Conferences, 13:115.
33. NYT, December 31, 1938.
34. Ian Kershaw, Hitler, 1936–1945: Nemesis (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 189. Newsreel footage of this speech is accessible in numerous film documentaries.
35. Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 134–139.
36. WP, November 22 (W. Lippmann), December 4 (G. Gallup), 1938; NYT, December 14, 1938 (N. Chamberlain speech).
37. James MacGregor Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox (New York: Harcourt Brace and Company, 1956), 393; Conrad Black, Franklin Delano Roosevelt: Champion of Freedom (New York: PublicAffairs, 2003), 524; NYT, June 9, 11, 1939; WP, June 12, 1939; LAT, June 10, 1939.
38. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 581.
39. Robert Dallek, Franklin D. Roosevelt and American Foreign Policy, 1932–1945, 2nd ed. (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 187–192.
40. NYT, August 23, 1939.
41. Burns, Roosevelt: The Lion and the Fox, 394.
Chapter 20: Private Plans and Public Danger
1. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” September 3, 1939, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=15801 (audio available).
2. Kenneth S. Davis, FDR: Into the Storm, 1937–1940 (New York: Random House, 1993), 190–193, 492; FDR to Winston Churchill [hereafter WC], September 11, 1939, in Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, Vol. 1: Alliance Emerging, October 1933–November 1942 [hereafter Churchill and Roosevelt, I], ed. Warren F. Kimball (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 26–27.
3. Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House, 2003), ch. 2.
4. NYT, October 3, 4, 5, 1939; Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt, intro. Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 14:207–210.
5. Joseph P. Lash, Eleanor and Franklin: The Story of Their Relationship (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1971), 604–605.
6. FDR, “Message to Congress Urging Repeal of the Embargo Provisions of the Neutrality Law,” September 21, 1939, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/mediaplay.php?id=15813&admin=32.
7. For Gallup surveys, see WP, September 3, 17, 22, 24, 29, October 4, 1939, and NYT, October 15, 1939.
8. NYT, October 15, 16, 21, 23, 28, 30, November 3, 4, 5, 1939; on Lindbergh,
see Lynne Olson, Those Angry Days: Roosevelt, Lindbergh, and America’s Fight over World War II, 1939–1941 (New York: Random House, 2013).
9. WC to FDR, May 15, 1940, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 37–38.
10. FDR to WC, May 16, 1940, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 38–39; for Gallup polls, see WP, May, 19, 24, June 30, 1940.
11. FDR, “Message to Congress on Appropriations for National Defense,” May 16, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15954.
12. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” May 26, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15959; NYT, June 1, 1940.
13. FDR, “Address at University of Virginia,” June 10, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15965.
14. For the text of the May 31 request, see WP, June 1, 1940; for the navy request, see NYT, June 19, 1940. Naval construction data is from James C. Fahey’s The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet, Two-Ocean Fleet ed. (New York: Ships and Aircraft, 1941), and The Ships and Aircraft of the United States Fleet, Victory ed. (New York: Ships and Aircraft, 1945), both reprinted by the Naval Institute Press in 1976.
15. NYT, July 14, 1940 (Hanson Baldwin).
16. NYT, May 29, 1940.
17. Donald McCoy, Landon of Kansas (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966), 430–438; Elting E. Morison, Turmoil and Tradition: A Study of the Life and Times of Henry L. Stimson (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1960), 478–482; Ickes, Secret Diary, II, 8, 12, 15–17, 23–24, 180–181; Max Freedman, ed., Roosevelt and Frankfurter: Their Correspondence, 1928–1945 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 524–530.
18. Jean Edward Smith, FDR (New York: Random House, 2007), 450.
19. WP, June 16, 1940 (Robert Albright).
20. NYT, August 16 (news article; Arthur Krock), 18 (letter from “A Citizen”), 1939; Wendell Willkie, “We the People,” Fortune (April 1940) (reprinted in Time, October 16, 1944, http://www.time.com).
21. The Republican convention is best followed through NYT or other leading newspapers, June 24–29, 1940. For White, see LAT, June 25, 1940.
22. For the text of Willkie address, see NYT, June 29, 1940.
23. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 3: The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941 [hereafter Secret Diary, III] (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 144, 150–153, 155–157, 167–172.
24. The Democratic convention can be followed in detail through the major newspapers; Ickes, Secret Diary, III, 239–269, gives a vivid account from one person’s perspective. Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), ch. 13, is an authoritative view from the perspective of the White House. See Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 176–179.
25. For the Barkley statement and convention response, see NYT, July 18, 1940.
26. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 177.
27. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 206; author’s interview with Wallace, December 16, 1964.
28. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 179; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 216–218; NYT, July 19, 1940.
29. For text of ER’s speech, NYT, July 19, 1940.
30. NYT, July 19, 1940; WP, July 19, 1940.
31. FDR, “Nomination Acceptance Speech,” July 19, 1940, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3318 (audio available).
32. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 179.
33. Edward Bliss Jr., ed., In Search of Light: The Broadcasts of Edward R. Murrow, 1938–1961 (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1967), 46.
34. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 47–69; Robert Shogan, Hard Bargain: How FDR Twisted Churchill’s Arm, Evaded the Law, and Changed the Role of the American Presidency (New York: Scribner, 1995), 154–156.
35. FDR, “Message to Congress on Exchanging Destroyers for British Naval and Air Bases,” September 3, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16004; NYT, September 4, 1940.
36. NYT, September 4, 1940 (Hanson Baldwin; survey of press opinion); WP, September 4, 1940; Shogan, Hard Bargain, chs. 12–13.
37. NYT, September 4, 6, 1940; WP, September 4, 1940.
38. David Kaiser, No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War (New York: Basic Books, 2014), 110–112.
39. See the Gallup polls in WP, August 11, 30, 1940, and news items in WP, August 11, 18, September 24, 1940. For Willkie’s support, see NYT, August 29, September 22 (Arthur Krock), 1940.
40. See, e.g., news stories in NYT, August 29, 1940, and WP, August 2, 18, September 20, 21, 24, 27, 1940. For NYT endorsement, see NYT, September 19, 1940. On Willkie’s campaigning, see WP, October 20, 1940 (Robert Albright). See Willkie’s acceptance speech at Wendell Willkie, “Address Accepting the Presidential Nomination in Elwood, Indiana,” August 17, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=75629.
41. For the Gallup polls, see WP, August 4, 25, 1940.
42. WP, October 18, 23, 1940.
43. LAT, July 18, 1940.
44. WP, October 27, 1940; Melvyn Dubofsky and Warren Van Tine, John L. Lewis: A Biography, abr. ed. (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1986), 258–260.
45. NYT, September 12, 1940.
46. This and the following paragraphs draw on FDR’s campaign addresses (October 23, 28, 30, November 1, 2, 1940), radio addresses (October 24, 29, November 4, 1940), and rear platform remarks (October 23, November 2, 1940), all at American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu.
47. NYT, October 29, 1940.
48. Joseph Kennedy, Diary, c. October 30, 1940, in Amanda Smith, Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy (New York: Viking Press, 2001), 480–482.
49. Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 482–489.
50. Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 489.
51. FDR, “Campaign Address at Boston, Massachusetts,” October 31, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15887; WP, October 31, 1940.
52. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 242; WP, October 31, 1940.
53. NYT, November 6, 1940.
54. NYT, November 6, 1940.
55. Samuel Lubell, “Post-Mortem: Who Elected Roosevelt?,” Saturday Evening Post, January 25, 1941, 9–11, 91–16; Samuel Lubell, The Future of American Politics, 3rd rev. ed. (New York: Harper & Row, 1965), 63–68.
Chapter 21: Undeclared War
1. William K. Klingaman, 1941: Our Lives in a World on the Edge (New York: Harper & Row, 1988), 29.
2. WC to FDR, December 7, 1940, in Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence [hereafter Churchill and Roosevelt, I], ed. Warren F. Kimball (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 1:102–111.
3. Harold L. Ickes, The Secret Diary of Harold L. Ickes, Vol. 3: The Lowering Clouds, 1939–1941 [hereafter Secret Diary, III] (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1954), 367.
4. NYT, December 18, 1940.
5. Transcript of Press Conference, December 17, 1940, Complete Presidential Press Conferences of Franklin D. Roosevelt, intro. Jonathan Daniels (New York: Da Capo Press, 1972), 16:350–365.
6. David Kaiser, No End Save Victory: How FDR Led the Nation into War (New York: Basic Books, 2014), ch. 6.
7. Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), ch. 15, 280.
8. NYT, December 30, 1940.
9. FDR, “Fireside Chat,” December 29, 1940, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=15917 (audio available).
10. FDR, “State of the Union (Four Freedoms),” January 6, 1941, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3320 (audio available).
11. FDR, “Third Inaugural Address,” January 20, 1941,
American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3321 (audio available). For descriptions of the event, see NYT and WP, both January 21, 1941.
12. Compare, e.g., Gallup surveys in WP, February 3, 8, March 22, 1941, with those of October 1, 3, 5, 8, 25, 1941, which by and large display consistency of public opinion with an increasingly pro-British trend.
13. Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 247; Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House, 2003), 94.
14. Meacham, Franklin and Winston, 95.
15. NYT, January 30, 1941.
16. “United States–British Staff Conversation: Report,” ibiblio, http://www.ibiblio.org/pha/pha/pt_14/x15-049.html.
17. WP, January 15, 1941; transcript of Press Conference, January 14, 1941, Complete Press Conferences, 17:76–77.
18. Joseph P. Kennedy, Diary Notes, January 21, 1941, in Hostage to Fortune: The Letters of Joseph P. Kennedy, ed. Amanda Smith (New York: Viking Press, 2001), 524–529; for Kennedy’s speech, see NYT, January 19, 1941; for congressional testimony, see WP, January 22, 1941.
19. Joseph P. Kennedy to John Boettiger, February 10, 1941, in Smith, Hostage to Fortune, 529.
20. FDR to John Boettiger, March 3, 1941, Roosevelt Family Papers Donated by the Children, Family Correspondence File, FDRL.
21. Press Conference, March 11, 1941, Complete Press Conferences, 17:181–187.
22. FDR, “On Lend Lease,” March 15, 1941, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3322.
23. NYT, April 11, 1941.
24. WC to FDR, May 23, 1941, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 192–195.
25. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 283.
26. FDR to WC, May 27, 1941, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, I, 196–197. FDR, “Fireside Chat 17: On an Unlimited National Emergency,” May 27, 1941, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3814 (no audio available). For a photo of the event and the text of the proclamation of national emergency, see LAT, May 28, 1941; for the estimated audience size, see NYT, May 29, 1941 (Turner Catledge).
Man of Destiny: FDR and the Making of the American Century Page 65