33. Ward, Closest Companion, 295.
34. Ward, Closest Companion, 295–296.
35. Goodwin, No Ordinary Time, 571. Maloney’s only recorded visit to the White House in 1944 was on June 1. He himself would die suddenly, on January 17, 1945. Goodwin’s source was Washington economist and gadfly Eliot Janeway. Lomazow and Fettman, FDR’s Deadly Secret, 151–152.
36. Turner Catledge, My Life and the Times (New York: Harper & Row, 1971), 144–146.
Chapter 24: War and Diplomacy
1. Susan Butler, ed., My Dear Mr. Stalin: The Complete Correspondence Between Franklin D. Roosevelt and Joseph V. Stalin, foreword by Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr. (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 123–127; quotes from FDR to Stalin, April 26, 1943, at 126, and from Stalin to FDR, April 19, 1943, at 127.
2. FDR to Stalin, May 5, 1943, in Butler, My Dear Mr. Stalin, 128–130.
3. WC to FDR, June 28, 1943, in Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, Vol. 2: Alliance Forged, November 1942 [hereafter Churchill and Roosevelt, II], ed. Warren F. Kimball (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 284–285; WP, August 22, 1943; Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 734.
4. See, e.g., Gerhard L. Weinberg, A World at Arms: A Global History of World War II (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994), 609–611.
5. Milovan Djilas, Conversations with Stalin, trans. Michael B. Petrovich (New York: Harcourt Brace & World, 1962), 73.
6. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 216–217; WC to FDR, June 25, 1943, in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II, 278–279.
7. FDR to WC, June 28, 1943, and editorial commentary in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, II, 283–284.
8. Jeffrey Herf, Nazi Propaganda for the Arab World (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2009).
9. Chaim Weizmann, Memorandum, June 12, 1943, in Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Vol. 4: The Near East and Africa [hereafter FRUS, 1943, IV] (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1968), 792–794; Hoskins, Memo of Conversations with Ibn Saud, August 31, 1943, FRUS, 1943, IV, 807–810.
10. Hoskins, Memo of Meeting with FDR, September 27, 1943, FRUS, 1943, IV, 811–814.
11. Robert N. Rosen, Saving the Jews: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Holocaust (New York: Thunder’s Mouth Press, 2006), 293–296.
12. Henry Morgenthau Jr., Presidential Diary, January 27, 1942, Presidential Diaries of Henry Morgenthau, Jr. [microfilm] (University Publications of America, 1981), reel 2.
13. Richard Breitman and Allan J. Lichtman, FDR and the Jews (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2013), 164–168, 173–179, 319–320, for Long.
14. Timothy Snyder, Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin (New York: Basic Books, 2010).
15. For this and the following paragraphs, see Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, chs. 11–14. For Morgenthau’s role, see John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 207–227.
16. J. W. Pehle to [John J.] McCloy, June 29, 1944, and attached memorandum, American Legation, Bern, to Secretary of State, June 24, 1944, both forwarded to the White House, FDR Papers, online in the “Franklin D. Roosevelt Significant Documents” collection, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/archives/collections/franklin/?p=collections/findingaid&id=510&q=&rootcontentid=144823#id144823; Breitman and Lichtman, FDR and the Jews, 281–288.
17. Robert I. Gannon, The Cardinal Spellman Story (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1962), ch. 14.
18. For the details of FDR’s trip to Cairo and return, see “FDR Day by Day,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday.
19. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 770–771; Eisenhower, in Harry Butcher Diary, December 6, 1943, in Alfred D. Chandler Jr. et al., eds., The Papers of Dwight D. Eisenhower: The War Years (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Press, 1970), 3:1585–1589.
20. Field Marshal Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 1939–1945, ed. Alex Danchev and Daniel Todman (London: Phoenix Press, 2001), 475–476; NYT, November 21, 1943 (C. L. Sulzberger); Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Closing the Ring [hereafter Second World War, V] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1951), 334, 345–346.
21. On Chiang and China in general, see, e.g., Tang Tsou, America’s Failure in China, 1941–1950 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1963), chs. 1–6. A classic account of Stilwell and his discontents is Barbara W. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 1911–45 (New York: Macmillan, 1971), chs. 10–16.
22. ER, This I Remember (New York: Harper & Row, 1949), 283–284.
23. Lord Alanbrooke, War Diaries, 478.
24. Tuchman, Stilwell and the American Experience in China, 520.
25. NYT, December 2, 1943.
26. On the travel arrangements, see the November 25, 1943, entry at “FDR Day by Day.”
27. Churchill, Second World War, V, 342–343.
28. Warren F. Kimball, “A Different Take on FDR at Teheran,” Studies in Intelligence 49, no. 3 (2005), https://www.cia.gov/library/center-for-the-study-of-intelligence/csi-publications/csi-studies/studies/vol49no3/html_files/FDR_Teheran_12.htm.
29. Arthur M. Schlesinger Jr., Journals: 1952–2000, ed. Andrew Schlesinger and Stephen Schlesinger (New York: Penguin Press, 2007), 691–692; Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Cairo and Teheran, 1943 [hereafter FRUS: Cairo and Teheran] (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1961), 482–484.
30. Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973), 141–142.
31. Bohlen, Witness to History, 142–143.
32. Churchill, Second World War, V, 374; Bohlen, Witness to History, 152–153.
33. FRUS: Cairo and Teheran, 594–596.
34. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 798–799.
35. Forrest C. Pogue, George C. Marshall: Organizer of Victory, 1943–1945 (New York: Viking Press, 1973), 307.
36. Dwight D. Eisenhower, Crusade in Europe (Garden City, NY: Doubleday & Company, 1948), 206–207.
37. Alonzo L. Hamby, The Imperial Years: The United States Since 1939 (New York: Weybright and Talley, 1976), 74.
38. FDR, “Fireside Chat 27: On the Tehran and Cairo Conferences,” December 24, 1943, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/speeches/speech-3333 (audio available).
39. FDR, “Fireside Chat 29: On the Fall of Rome,” June 5, 1944, American President, http://millercenter.org/president/fdroosevelt/speeches/speech-3334 (audio available).
Chapter 25: Indispensable Man
1. FDR, “Prayer on D-day,” June 6, 1944, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16515 (audio available).
2. NYT, July 12, 1944.
3. On Truman’s rise in World War II, see Alonzo L. Hamby, Man of the People: A Life of Harry S. Truman (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), chs. 15–16.
4. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 330–339.
5. Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 339–347; Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 438–443; John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 360–367, summarizes the jockeying for the vice presidency from Wallace’s viewpoint.
6. Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 347–351; Blum, Price of Vision, 367.
7. David M. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944 (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 2011), 144–146.
8. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 148–151.
9. See Jordan, FDR,
Dewey, and the Election of 1944, ch. 16, for the convention and the vice presidential nomination.
10. James Roosevelt and Sidney Shalett, Affectionately, F.D.R.: A Son’s Story of a Courageous Man (London: George G. Harrap & Company, 1960), 315–316.
11. James Roosevelt’s narrative does not include an exact date, but the “FDR Day by Day” utility at the Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum (http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday) puts the date of attendance at the military exercise as July 20. For the text of the acceptance speech, see NYT, July 21, 1944. See Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 171–172, for the photo.
12. Eric Larrabee, Commander in Chief (New York: Harper & Row, 1987), 343–348.
13. Steven Lomazow and Eric Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 131–133.
14. NYT, August 11, 12, 15, 18, 1944.
15. Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta, 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 260–269, ably summarizes Dumbarton Oaks.
16. William E. Leuchtenburg, Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal, 1932–1940 (New York: Harper & Row, 1963), 322; David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 110.
17. Stalin to FDR and WC, August 22, 1944, in My Dear Mr. Stalin, ed. Susan Butler (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2005), 253–254; Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973), 167–168; George F. Kennan, Memoirs, 1925–1950 (Boston: Little, Brown and Company, 1967), 210–211.
18. John Morton Blum, From the Morgenthau Diaries: Years of War, 1941–1945 [hereafter Morgenthau Diaries, III] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1967), 355.
19. Blum, Morgenthau Diaries, III, 342.
20. Winston S. Churchill, The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy [hereafter Second World War, VI] (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), 156–157; Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 251.
21. Churchill claimed in his history of World War II that Harriman was at the meeting. Harriman and his coauthor, Elie Abel, state in their Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), “Harriman’s calendar and his messages to Roosevelt leave no room for doubt that the Ambassador was otherwise occupied” (356n).
22. Harbutt, Yalta, 1945, 166–179; Churchill, Second World War, VI, 226–228; Molotov-Eden talks, October 10, 1944, in Graham Ross, The Foreign Office and the Kremlin (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1944), 179–182.
23. On “Pertinax,” see NYT, October 27, 1944; for Lippmann, see WP, October 14, 1944. See also, e.g., NYT, October 15 (R. Daniell), 16 (R. LaFollette Jr.), 18 (Norman Thomas), 1944.
24. Hamby, Man of the People, 284–285; Jonathan Daniels, The Man of Independence (Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott Company, 1950), 255.
25. See, e.g., Dewey speeches in NYT, September 8, 9, 10, 19, 20, 22, 23, 27, 1944, and commentary in NYT, September 10 (A. Krock), October 1 (W. Moscow), 1944, and WP, September 12 (M. Childs), 13 (E. Lindley), 28 (M. Childs), October 1 (R. Albright), 1944.
26. On FDR to Willkie, August 21, 1944, and editor’s note about UN possibility, see Elliott Roosevelt, ed., F.D.R.: His Personal Letters, 1928–1945 (New York: Duell, Sloan and Pearce, 1950), 2:1531–1533; Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 256–260; Richard Norton Smith, Thomas E. Dewey and His Times (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1982), 381–384, 411–415; Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 463–470.
27. See WP, July 28, 1944 (Mark Sullivan); Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 145, 161, 166; Alan Drury, A Senate Journal, 1943–1945 (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1963), 176, 198.
28. NYT, October 4, 1944; Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 295–296, 302, 307–309.
29. FDR, “Address at a Union Dinner, Washington, D.C.,” September 23, 1944, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16563.
30. For the Knutson charge, see NYT, September 1, 14, 1944, and a rather comical Chicago Tribune editorial of September 4, 1944, which seems to say that the rumor was false but should have been true. Smith, Thomas E. Dewey, 434.
31. See NYT, October 21, 1944, for the motorcade, and Grace Tully, F.D.R.: My Boss (New York: Charles Scribner’s Sons, 1949), 281–282, for the aftermath.
32. For the text of the speech as delivered, see NYT, October 21, 1944.
33. See NYT, October 28, 1944, for stories on campaign appearances and the text of the speech.
34. NYT, October 29, 1944.
35. Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 312.
36. NYT, November 8, 1944; Jordan, FDR, Dewey, and the Election of 1944, 319–320.
37. NYT, October 22, 1944. See also George Gallup in WP, November 18, 1944.
38. On Lindley, see WP, July 31, 1944.
Chapter 26: The Quest for a New World Order
1. This and the following paragraphs on the inauguration are based on articles in NYT and WP, January 20, 21, 1945.
2. The war news summary derives from NYT, January 20, 1945.
3. Steven Lomazow and Eric Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 158; NYT, January 21, 1945 (John Crider and Associated Press article quoting McIntire). See also Bob Considine in WP, January 21, 1945.
4. NYT, December 20, 1944; see NYT, January 7, 1945, for the text of the message and accompanying stories.
5. John C. Culver and John Hyde, American Dreamer: The Life and Times of Henry A. Wallace (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000), 372–373; John Morton Blum, ed., The Price of Vision: The Diary of Henry A. Wallace, 1942–1946 (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1973), 381–384.
6. Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 376–377; Blum, Price of Vision, 406–412.
7. FDR to Jones, January 20, 1945, reprinted in NYT, January 22, 1945.
8. Jones to FDR, January 20, 1945, reprinted in NYT, January 22, 1945.
9. Culver and Hyde, American Dreamer, 379–384.
10. W. Averell Harriman and Elie Abel, Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946 (New York: Random House, 1975), 369–370.
11. Fraser J. Harbutt, Yalta, 1945: Europe and America at the Crossroads (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010), 201–202, for Turkey. On Greece, see WC, The Second World War: Triumph and Tragedy (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1953), chs. 18–19, and correspondence in Churchill and Roosevelt: The Complete Correspondence, Vol. 3: Alliance Declining, February 1944–April 1945 [hereafter Churchill and Roosevelt, III], ed. Warren F. Kimball (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1984), 449–481.
12. For the trip across the Atlantic, see the White House log at “FDR Day by Day,” Franklin D. Roosevelt Presidential Library and Museum, http://www.fdrlibrary.marist.edu/daybyday.
13. Photo in Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III, [ii]; Charles E. Bohlen, Witness to History, 1929–1969 (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1973), 178–179. See also Robert E. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins: An Intimate History, rev. ed. (New York: Grosset & Dunlap, 1950), 849, for the impression of FDR formed by Admiral Ernest King.
14. See S. M. Plokhy, Yalta: The Price of Peace (New York: Viking Press, 2010), 36–39, for the trip to Yalta and for many of the subsequent details in this chapter.
15. Robert Hopkins, “How Would You Like to Be Attached to the Red Army?,” American Heritage 56 (June–July, 2005), 30–37.
16. David Reynolds, Summits: Six Meetings That Shaped the Twentieth Century (New York: Basic Books, 2007), 114.
17. On Hiss, see Allen Weinstein, Perjury: The Hiss-Chambers Case (New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978).
18. Plokhy, Yalta, 232–233.
19. Foreign Relations of the United States: The Conferences at Malta and Yalta, 1945 [hereafter FRUS: Yalta] (Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1955), 669.
20. For the exchange abo
ut Caesar’s wife, see FRUS: Yalta, 854. Subsequent references to the Yalta communiqué are from NYT, February 13, 1945, and FRUS: Yalta, 968–975.
21. William D. Leahy, I Was There (New York: Whittlesey House, 1950), 315–316.
22. FRUS: Yalta, 978.
23. For this and the following paragraph, see FRUS: Yalta, 378–379, 766–771, 894–897; Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 396–400.
24. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 399; Jon Meacham, Franklin and Winston: An Intimate Portrait of an Epic Friendship (New York: Random House, 2003), 317.
25. FRUS: Yalta, 797–798.
26. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 870.
27. Harriman and Abel, Special Envoy, 417.
28. Bohlen, Witness to History, 212–213; Allis Radosh and Ronald Radosh, A Safe Haven: Harry S. Truman and the Founding of Israel (New York: Harper Collins, 2009), 25–28; FDR to Daisy Suckley, February 18, 1945, in Closest Companion, ed. Geoffrey C. Ward (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company, 1995), 396; Captain Henry Putnam to [White House Map Room], “Comrades in Arms,” February 14, 1945, supplied to the author by George M. Elsey; Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 871–872.
29. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 874.
30. Churchill, Second World War, 397; Samuel I. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt (New York: Harper & Brothers, 1952), 522.
31. FDR, “Address to Congress on the Yalta Conference,” March 1, 1945, American Presidency Project, http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/?pid=16591; for the text of speech as it appears to have been originally written, see WP, March 2, 1945.
32. Rosenman, Working with Roosevelt, 527; Steven Lomazow and Eric Fettmann, FDR’s Deadly Secret (New York: PublicAffairs, 2009), 1–7; Chicago Tribune, March 2, 3, 1945; NYT, March 2, 1945 (Arthur Krock, William S. White); WP, March 2 (editorial; Ernest Lindley), 3 (Barnett Nover), 1945.
33. Kimball, Churchill and Roosevelt, III, 569. Sherwood, Roosevelt and Hopkins, 528, says the two men never saw each other after Hopkins departed the Quincy at Algiers, but the White House log lists Hopkins as a guest for lunch and dinner on February 28 and March 2 and as a lunch guest on March 17.
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