The Story of Western Science

by Susan Wise Bauer

  10. Ibid., 338.

  11. Peter Galison, Michael Gordin, and David Kaiser, eds., Science and Society: The History of Modern Physical Science in the Twentieth Century (Routledge, 2001), 216.

  12. Albert Einstein, Relativity: The Special and General Theory, trans. Robert W. Lawson (Pi Press, 2005), 19.

  13. Ibid., 25, 28.

  14. Galison, Gordin, and Kaiser, Science and Society, 223; Jay M. Pasachoff and Alex Filippenko, The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium, 4th ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2014), 239–40, 271–72.

  15. Pasachoff and Filippenko, Cosmos, 240, 274; Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta (Cambridge University Press, 1938), 310; Maor, To Infinity and Beyond, 133.

  TWENTY-SIX Damn Quantum Jumps

  1. Albert Einstein, quoted in Franco Selleri, Quantum Paradoxes and Physical Reality: Fundamental Theories of Physics (Kluwer Academic, 1990), 363.

  2. Theodore Arabatzis, Representing Electrons: A Biographical Approach to Theoretical Entities (University of Chicago Press, 2006), 56, 61–62; Max Planck, The Origin and Development of the Quantum Theory, trans. H. T. Clarke and L. Silberstein (Clarendon Press, 1922), 5.

  3. John S. Rigden, Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness (Harvard University Press, 2005), 68–69.

  4. Bernard Fernandez, Unravelling the Mystery of the Atomic Nucleus: A Sixty-Year Journey, 1896–1956, trans. Georges Ripka (Springer, 2013), 57–58.

  5. Ibid., 58.

  6. Ibid., 73; Ernest Rutherford, The Collected Papers of Lord Rutherford of Nelson (Interscience, 1963), 2:212.

  7. Vern Ostdiek and Donald Bord, Inquiry into Physics (Cengage Learning, 2007), 316–17.

  8. Bruce Rosenblum and Fred Kuttner, Quantum Enigma: Physics Encounters Consciousness, 2nd ed. (Oxford University Press, 2011), 59–60; M. S. Longair, Theoretical Concepts in Physics: An Alternative View of Theoretical Reasoning in Physics, 2nd ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2003), 339.

  9. Albert Einstein and Leopold Infeld, The Evolution of Physics: The Growth of Ideas from Early Concepts to Relativity and Quanta (Cambridge University Press, 1938), 251.

  10. Longair, Theoretical Concepts in Physics, 381–83; Einstein and Infeld, Evolution of Physics, 267.

  11. Planck, Origin and Development, 12.

  12. Walter J. Moore, A Life of Erwin Schrödinger (University of Cambridge Press, 1994), 163; John Gribbin, Erwin Schrödinger and the Quantum Revolution (John Wiley & Sons, 2013), 110.

  13. T. J. Rice, Joyce, Chaos, and Complexity (University of Illinois Press, 1997), 152–53.

  14. Einstein and Infeld, Evolution of Physics, 273–74.

  15. Erwin Schrödinger, “The Present Situation in Quantum Mechanics,” trans. John D. Trimmer, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, November 29, 1935, 328.

  16. Gribbin, Erwin Schrödinger, 133.

  17. Walter J. Moore, Schrödinger: Life and Thought (Cambridge University Press, 1992), 404.

  TWENTY-SEVEN The Triumph of the Big Bang

  1. Robert Bless, Discovering the Cosmos (University Science Books, 1996), 527; Jeffrey Crelinsten, Einstein’s Jury: The Race to Test Relativity (Princeton University Press, 2006), 48, 177–78; John Earman, Michel Janssen, and J. D. Norton, eds., The Attraction of Gravitation: New Studies in the History of General Relativity (Center for Einstein Studies, 1993), 161–63.

  2. Robert William Smith, The Expanding Universe: Astronomy’s “Great Debate,” 1900–1931 (Cambridge University Press, 1982), 112–13; Jay M. Pasachoff and Alex Filippenko, The Cosmos: Astronomy in the New Millennium, 4th ed. (Cambridge University Press, 2014), 414; David Levy, ed. The Scientific American Book of the Cosmos (St. Martin’s Press, 2000), 60.

  3. Levy, Scientific American Book, 100; Giora Shaviv, The Synthesis of the Elements: The Astrophysical Quest for Nucleosynthesis and What It Can Tell Us about the Universe (Springer, 2012), 211–13.

  4. Pasachoff and Filippenko, Cosmos, 416; William McCrea, “Astronomical Achievements Out of This Galaxy,” New Scientist 98, no. 1354 (April 21, 1983): 174.

  5. Edwin Hubble, The Realm of the Nebulae (Yale University Press, 1982), 21; Michio Kaku, Einstein’s Cosmos: How Albert Einstein’s Vision Transformed Our Understanding of Space and Time (W. W. Norton, 2004), 209.

  6. Kenneth R. Lang, Astrophysical Formulae, vol. 2, Space, Time, Matter and Cosmology, 3rd ed. (Springer, 2006), 107.

  7. Hubble, Realm of the Nebulae, 122.

  8. Ibid., 201–2.

  9. Kaku, Einstein’s Cosmos, 123–35; Helge Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy: The Historical Development of Two Theories of the Universe (Princeton University Press, 1996), 29–31; David Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity Out of Physics and Astronomy (Springer, 2012), 168.

  10. Kragh, Cosmology and Controversy, 34; Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity, 174.

  11. Robert M. Wald, General Relativity (University of Chicago Press, 1984), 213.

  12. Harlow Shapley, ed., Source Book in Astronomy, 1900–1950 (Harvard University Press, 1960), 363.

  13. Milton K. Munitz, ed., Theories of the Universe: From Babylonian Myth to Modern Science (Free Press, 1957), 425. The quote is actually from Hoyle’s 1950 popularization of his 1948 scientific paper.

  14. Simon Mitton, Fred Hoyle: A Life in Science (Cambridge University Press, 2011), 128–29.

  15. Topper, How Einstein Created Relativity, 180.

  16. Mitton, Fred Hoyle, 116; Ralph A. Alpher and Robert Herman, “‘Big-Bang’ Cosmology and Cosmic Blackbody Radiation,” in Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, ed. B. Bertotti et al. (Cambridge University Press, 1990), 147.

  17. Charles Seife, Alpha and Omega: The Search for the Beginning and End of the Universe (Penguin, 2004), 47; N. Mandolesi and N. Vittorio, eds., The Cosmic Microwave Background: 25 Years Later (Kluwer Academic, 1990), 20–24.

  18. Bertotti et al., Modern Cosmology in Retrospect, 344.

  19. Frank Durham and Robert D. Purrington, Frame of the Universe (Columbia University Press, 1983), 208.

  20. Elizabeth Leane, Reading Popular Physics: Disciplinary Skirmishes and Textual Strategies (Ashgate, 2007), 35.

  21. Steven Weinberg, The First Three Minutes: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe, 2nd ed. (Basic Books, 1993), 8, 149.

  22. Ibid., 153.

  23. Leane, Reading Popular Physics, 18; Weinberg, First Three Minutes, 154–55.

  TWENTY-EIGHT The Butterfly Effect

  1. Pierre-Simon Laplace, quoted in Leonard Smith, Chaos: A Very Short Introduction (Oxford University Press, 2007), 2.

  2. H. R. Shaw, Craters, Cosmos, and Chronicles: A New Theory of Earth (Stanford University Press, 1995), 387; William E. Doll et al., eds., Chaos, Complexity, Curriculum, and Culture: A Conversation (Peter Lang, 2008), 135–37, 154.

  3. Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 154–55.

  4. Danette Paul, “Spreading Chaos: The Role of Popularizations in the Diffusion of Scientific Ideas,” Written Communication 21, no. 1 (January 2004): 37–38; Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 155.

  5. Doll et al., Chaos, Complexity, 155.

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