The Story of Western Science
Page 32
three principles of, 160–63
Channeled Scablands, 149–51
Chaos: Making a New Science (Gleick), 213, 252, 255–56
reading sources for, 256
chaos theory, 255–56
Charles I, king of England, 88n
Charles II, king of England, 60, 88
Charlotte, queen of England, 116
chemia, use of term, 84
chemistry, chemists, 84–87, 106, 116, 117, 128, 129, 135, 153, 187, 191, 202, 204, 226, 255
see also biochemistry
Chicago, University of, 149
Chicxulub, 149
China, flood in, 124
chromosomes, 177–78, 189–93, 201, 202
Church, Christian, 203
and the age of the earth, 106-10, 137
Aristotelization of, 75-76
on creation, 106
and heliocentrism, 76-79, 80
and human dissection, 64
and the Inquisition, 76-79
and medieval education, 42
Methodist, 137
Protestant, 116
Roman, 50-51, 75-79
chyme, 65
chymical furnaces, 81, 146
chymistry, as term, 84
Clarke, H. T., 27
Clements, William, 153
Clifford, William, 220
coal, 116–17, 157
Cohen, Bernard, 102
Cohen, H. Floris, 41
Cohen, Seymour, 194
College for the Promoting of Physico-Mathematical Experimental Learning, 88
Columbia Plateau, 149–50
Columbia University, 178, 189
Comenius, John Amos, 82
comets, 111, 151, 152, 154
Commentariolus (Copernicus), 1, 46–49, 51
common notions, 27
Commonwealth, 88
Compendium of the Almagest, The (al-Farghani), 41
compounds, 226
computers, 254
conclusion, in scientific method, 58
Considerations on the Nature, Quality and Distinctions of Coal and Culm (Hutton), 116–17
Constantinople, 41, 43–44
continental drift, theory of, 141–48, 143, 149
derision for, 143–44
continental shelves, 146
continents, 126, 141–42
continuous creation model, 245
contraction theory, 141–42, 144
convection, in continental drift, 146–47, 147
Copenhagen, Denmark, 232
Copenhagen, University of, 106
Copenhagen interpretation, 234–35
Copernicus, Nicolaus, 1, 61, 65, 82, 86, 197, 241
orbital scheme of, 48–52, 48, 55, 71, 76–77
core, of earth:
as liquid, 142–43
as molten, 108–9, 112, 135, 141–42
cork, 186
Corpus (Hippocrates), 5–8
corpuscles, 85, 86, 226, 228
Correns, Carl, 177
cosmic background radiation, xix, 246–48
cosmology, 252–56
Cosmology and Controversy (Kragh), 243n
cosmos, xviii
Newtonian rules for, 215–17
see also universe
Cowley, Abraham, 60–61
Cracow, University of, 46–47
Craftsman (divine creator), 12–14, 16
creationism, 167, 209
evolutionary scientists vs., 209
Creation of the Universe, The (Gamow), 246n
Cremonini, Cesar, 75
Crick, Francis, 19–200, 302
Cromwell, Oliver, 88
crust, of earth, 141, 146, 147, 153
culm, 116
cupels, 85
Curie, Marie S., 136, 192
Curie, Pierre, 136, 192
Cuvier, Georges, 103, 115, 120–27, 128–30, 132, 162, 166
cytology, 180, 182
Dalton, John, 226
Darwin, Charles, 155, 163, 166–76, 190
Darwinian fundamentalism, 209
Darwinism, 18, 163
defense of, 181–84
neo-, 199–211
opposition to, 179–81
see also evolution; natural selection
Davies, Paul, 248
Dawkins, Richard, xviii, xix, 34, 155, 199, 203, 205, 208, 210, 252
Dean, Dennis, 119
death, 158–62
De circulatione sanguinis (Harvey), 69
deductive reasoning, 57–58, 66, 91
Deep Impact, 256
“deep time” chronology, 113, 118–19, 125, 126, 137
deferents, 39–40, 49
De humani corpus fabrica (Vesalius), 64–65
Delbrüch, Max, 194
Deluc, Jean André, 116–17, 119
Demiurge, 13, 25
Democritus, 9, 11–12, 18, 32, 33
demon, use of term, 253
demonstration, observation and experimentation in, 63–69, 72
De motu (Berkeley), 216
De motu (Galileo), 71–73
De motu cordis (“On the Motion of the Heart”; Harvey), xix, 53, 63, 68–69
Denmark, Danish, 55, 106, 178, 231, 232
deoxyribonucleic acid, see DNA
deoxyribose, 188
De rerum natura (On the Nature of the Universe; Lucretius), 34, 36
Derham, William, 99
Descartes, René, 96
Descent of Man, The (Darwin), 172
design, 12-13, 16-18, 32-33
determinism:
biological, 206–11
change in, 253
“Deterministic Nonperiodic Flow” (Laplace), 254
Dialogue concerning the Two Chief World Systems, Ptolemaic and Copernican (Galileo), 53, 70, 75, 78–79
reading sources for, 79
Dialogues (Plato), 13, 14
diastase, 187
diastolic action, 66
dimensions, two, three, and four, 218–20, 225
dinosaurs, extinction of, 152, 153–54
Diogenes Laertius, 26
disciplinary reductionism, 204, 208
Discourse on Method (Descartes), 96
disease:
gods in healing of, 5–6
hereditary, 190–91
natural factors vs. divine in, 12
displacement, 28
dissection:
animal, 63–64, 67
human, 9, 63–64, 68–69, 72
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid), 193–97
discovery of, 185–86, 188
preservation of, 199–203, 205, 209
Dobzhansky, Theodosius, 182–83
dominant characteristics, 175
Dominicans, 78
Doppler, Christian, 218
Doppler effect, 218, 239
Double Helix, The: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA (J. D. Watson), xix, 155, 185–86, 195, 197–98, 255
double-helix model, 185, 196–97, 199–202
Drake, Stillman, 72, 79
Dufour’s gland, 204
Dujardin, Félix, 186
Dutton, C. E., 142
earth:
calculation of age of, 106–13, 115–16, 124–25, 134–40, 141
catastrophic change theory of, see catastrophism
as center of universe, see geocentric model
composition of, see geology, geologists
cooling of, 108–9, 111–12, 141–42
layers of, see strata
as one of many planets, 106, 110
orbit of, 29–30, 47–49, 77, 81
as prime entity, 11, 13, 37
projected end of, 118, 134–36, 140
rotation of, 47–49, 77, 97
science of, xviii, 103–54
seven Epochs of, 113, 114
size of, 30
slow change theory of, see uniformitarianism
warming of, xviii
earthquakes, 142
earth science, 103–54
<
br /> see also geology, geologists
East India Company, 169
East Indies, 170
eccentric (core of universe), 39–40
eclipses:
of Aldebaran’s moon, 47
lunar, 4
solar, 4, 223–24
ecology, 184
Edda, 250
Eddington, Arthur, 223–24, 238
Edinburgh, University of, 115, 166
education, Christian, 42–43
Egypt, ancient, 4, 84
Einstein, Albert, 3, 151, 213, 215, 220–24, 222, 225, 227, 231, 233, 233, 234, 235–36, 238–39, 242, 243
Einstein 1905: The Standard of Greatness (Rigden), 227n
Eismitte, Greenland, 146
elaboratories, origin of term, 82
Eldredge, Niles, 208
electricity, 220, 221
electromagnetism, 220, 230, 246
electron microscopes, 233
electrons, 226–29, 231–34, 236
Elements (Euclid), 27
elephants, 120–21
Elizabeth I, queen of England, 56
Elliot, Hugh, 163
Ellis, Robert, 61–62
embryology, 180, 181
emotions, DNA preservation as motivation for, 206
Empedocles, 11
empirical inquiry, 17–18
“empty, the,” 12, 32
energy:
Einstein’s equation for mass and, 221
properties of, 230
sun and, 135
engineering, 70
entomologists, 204
entropy, 135n
environment:
adaptations to, 170
life affected by, 161
environmental science, xviii
enzymes, 187, 192–93
Epicurus, 32–34, 61
epicycles, 39–40, 46, 49
epilepsy, 6
Epitome of the Almagest (Regiomontanus), 44–45, 46
Epochs of Nature, 113, 114
equant, 40, 46, 49
Erasistratus, 64
Eratosthenes, 105
erosion, 111, 130, 141, 142, 150
Essay on the Principle of Population (Malthus), 169, 170
Essay on the Theory of the Earth (Cuvier), 127
Establishing the New Science: The Experience of the Early Royal Society (Hunter), 88n
ether, 37, 96
ethics, 205
of Epicurus, 33–34
of Plato, 12
ethology, 204, 205–6
Etna, Mount, 130
Eton, 80
Euclid, 27
Euclidean geometry, 218–19
eugenics, 206
“eureka” (I have found it), 28
Evershed, John, 239
evolution, theory of:
forerunner of, 157–63
human beings in, xx
philosophical basis of, 16–20
see also Darwinism; natural selection
Evolution: The Modern Synthesis (Huxley), 155, 179, 183–84
Evolution above the Species Level (Rensch), 183
evolutionary biology, 236
biological determinism vs., 206–11
evolutionary psychology, 207
experiment, experimentation:
extrapolation in, 100, 112
mental vs. actual, 87
proof through, 68–69, 85, 197
technological helps for, 80–93
truth revealed through, 86–87
experimental method, 94–102, 108, 111, 121, 122
development of, 57–58, 63–69, 72, 82, 87
Experiments in Plant Hybridization (Mendel), 155, 174, 178
extinction, of species, 120–24, 152, 153
Eysenck, Hans, 209
Farghani, Ahmad al-, 41
Farrington, Benjamin, xvii
Ferguson, Kitty, 241n
Filippenko, Alex, 241
fire, as element, 11, 13, 37–38
First Three Minutes, The: A Modern View of the Origin of the Universe (Weinberg), xix, 213, 238, 248–51
Fisher, Osmand, 142
Fisher, Ronald, 200–201
Fitzgerald, George, 226
Fitzroy, Robert, 167
Fizeau, Armand, 218
fleas, 81
Flemming, Walther, 177, 189
floods, 124, 135, 149–50
Florence, Italy, 80
food, as essential to human beings, 169
Foscarini, Paolo Antonio, 76
fossils, fossilization, 119, 129, 133, 142, 152, 159, 180
theories of, 90–91, 107–8, 120–24, 143
fourth dimension:
time as, 223
warping of, 219–20
fractions, 22n
France, French, 110, 112, 120, 130, 136, 157–58, 162, 181, 186, 187, 216, 218, 227, 253
Frank, Steven A., 203
Franklin, Rosalind, 195–96
French and Indian War, 157n
French Revolution, 121, 124
Friedmann, Alexander, 243
fruit flies, 189–93, 200
furnaces, 81, 85, 146
Galápagos Islands, 167–68
galaxies, 30, 73, 215
motion of, 241–42
multiplicity of, 240–41
Galen:
anatomy texts of, 63–65
Harvey’s challenge to, 65–69
Galileo, 53, 70–79, 89, 96–97, 131, 221
Church investigation of, 76–79, 80
falling objects experiments of, 71, 72, 74–75, 77–78, 97
microscope of, 81
reading sources for, 79
telescopic observations of, 73–74, 74, 81, 240
Gamow, George, 197, 246
Gauss, Carl Friedrich, 218–19
Geber, 84–86
Geiger, Hans, 228–29
Geiger counter, 228, 235
gemmules, 174, 178
“General Scholium” (Newton), 99–102
General Theory of Relativity, The (Einstein), 223–24
genes, 189, 193, 199–201
in DNA preservation, 200–203, 207
as molecules, 192
origin of term, 178
Genesis, 112, 116, 118, 124, 128, 137, 180
genetics, 178, 180–84, 236
biochemistry in, 185–98
manipulation of, 199–201
population, 200–203
Genetics and the Origin of Species (Dobzhansky), 183
genotypes, 190–91, 193
geocentric model, 29–30, 37–45, 39, 40, 50, 74, 79, 82
Geographika (Eratosthenes), 105
geography, 105, 117, 184
Geological Society of London, 129
geology, geologists, xx, 89, 103–54, 252
genesis and evolution of, 105–14, 121, 125, 130–31, 137–38, 151, 159
origin of term, 116–17, 123
three interlocking principles of, 131
see also catastrophism; uniformitarianism
geometry, 21–29, 43, 70, 218–19, 223
George III, king of England, 166
Gerard of Cremona, 43
Germany, Germans, 45, 83, 85, 112, 120, 144, 157–58, 177, 179, 180, 186, 189, 190, 206, 226, 228, 232
Gibraltar, Strait of, 58
Gilluly, James, 150
glaciers, 142, 149
Gleick, James, xviii, 213, 252, 255–56
glossopetrae, 107
God:
as creator, 120, 129, 132, 134–35, 161, 167, 179–80, 199, 216–17
and divine revelation, 76
in Great Chain of Being, 18
intervening in natural order, 112, 217
in natural philosophy, 100
Goddard, Dr., 90
gods, Greek, 3–7, 9, 12–13, 18, 23, 32
gold, 85
Gorgias of Heraclea, 6
Göttingen, University of, 219–20
Gould, Stephen Jay, xviii, 155, 199, 206, 208–11, 252, 255
&
nbsp; grasshoppers, 178, 189
gravitas (heaviness), 97
gravity:
in four-dimensional universe, 219–20
in general theory of relativity, 223
Newton’s theory of, 97–102, 215–17
Great Chain of Being, 18
Great Deluge, 124–25
Great Instauration (Bacon), 57–60
Greece, ancient, 32, 240
atomic theory in, 226
change in, 16–20, 118
chemistry in, 84
European rediscovery of scientific legacy of, 43–44
geography in, 105
language and vocabulary of, 14–15, 19, 47
mathematical measurement of universe in, 21–31, 38–39
number system of, 30–31
origins of universe in, 3–8, 38, 43, 106, 118
philosophy of, 10–15, 16–20, 25–27, 32–34
Greek Science: Its Meaning for Us (Farrington), xvii
Greenland, Wegener’s expeditions to, 144, 146
Gribbin, John, 248
Guericke, Otto von, 83
Guicciardini, Nicolò, 98n
Haeckel, Ernst, 163, 177
Haldane, J. B. S., 200, 201
Hamilton, William D., 202, 205
Hamilton’s Rule, 202–3
Hammond, J. C., 145
haplodiploidy, 202
Harmony of the Spheres, 23
Harvard University, 154, 206
Harvey, William, xix, 53, 63–69, 70, 92
reading sources for, 69
Hawking, Stephen, 52, 248
hawkweed, 176
healing, 5–6, 68
heart, nerves and, 72–73
heart function, 65–68
Heath, Thomas, 31
“heavy matter,” 37, 46, 71
Heisenberg, Werner, 232–33
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle, 233
heliacal rising, 4
heliocentric model, 29–30, 46–52, 48, 55, 76–78, 96–98, 216; see also solar system
hemipterans, 189
hemophilia, 190–91
Henking, Hermann, 189
Henslow, John, 167
Heraclitus, 11
heredity, see inheritance
heresy, 76
Herodotus, 32
Herophilus, 64
Hess, Harry, 146–47
Hipparchus, 105
orbital scheme of, 39–41, 39, 50
Hippasus, 24
Hippocrates, xviii, 1, 3–8, 9–11, 13
His, Wilhelm, 188
“Historical Sketch of the Progress of Opinion on the Origin of Species” (Darwin), 173
History of Animals (Aristotle), 1, 16, 19–20, 111, 120
History of Christian Theology, A: An Introduction (Placher), 76n
History of the Royal Society of London, The (Sprat), 87n–88n
Holmes, Arthur, 103, 134, 137–40, 146–47
Hooke, Robert, 53, 80, 82–83, 87–95, 107, 186
contention between Newton and, 95–96, 100
Hooker, Joseph, 171
Hoyle, Fred, 213, 238, 244–49, 251
Hubble, Edwin, 213, 238–43, 250–51
Hubble’s Constant (H0), 242
Huggins, William, 218, 239
human beings:
biological impulse as motivation for, 200–203, 205, 207, 209